BIO ch.3

proof of endosymbiotic theory

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and in structure. 2. Both organelles are bounded by a double membrane—the outer membrane may be derived from the engulfing vesicle, and the inner one may be derived from the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote. 3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain a limited amount of genetic material and divide by splitting. Their DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a circular loop like that of prokaryotes. 4. Although most of the proteins within mitochondria and chloroplasts are now produced by the eukaryotic host, they do have their own ribosomes and they do produce some proteins. Their ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes. 5. The RNA (ribonucleic acid) base sequence of the ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria also suggests a prokaryotic origin of these organelles.

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell, contains pores that allow things to pass to b/w the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Which structure is found only in prokaryotes? A. capsule B. flagellum C. plasma membrane D. ribosomes

A. capsule

Check all that are true: The nucleus A. contains chromatin. B. stores genetic material. C. has a double membrane. D. is the only organelle containing DNA. E. is found in bacteria. F. can live independently of a cell.

A. contains chromatin. B. stores genetic material. C. has a double membrane.

Chloroplasts

Only in plans with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids where photosynthesis happens

Golgi apparatus

Organelle consorting of sacs and versicles that processes, packages, and distributed molecules about it from the cell

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes (rRNA)

Chromosome

The structure that transmits the genetic material from one generation to the next; composed of condensed chromatin

what two domains contain prokaryotic cells?

archaean and bacteria

flagella/flagellum

long, slender extension used for locomotion for some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm; composed of subunits of the protein flagellin

plasma membrane

membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of the cell.

Lysosomes

membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for digesting macromolecules and bacteria; "garbage disposals"

cellular respiration

metabolic reactions that use the energy from sugar, fatty acid, or amino acid to produce ATP molecules

Chromatin

network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus of a cel

cell wall

on plant and bacteria cells, protects the cell and gives its shape, main constituent of it is cellulose.

what cell has a single loop of DNA?

prokaryotic cells

nucleoid

region of the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is located

which cell is likely to have large surface area? (large or small)

small (think of cube example)

fimbriae

small, bristle like fibers on the surface of a bacteria cell and helps them attach to a surface

Granum

stack of thylakoids

cell theory

states that all organisms are made up of basic living units called cells, and that all cells come only from previously existing cells

Smooth ER

synthesizes phospholipids found in cell membrane

cell

the smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane.

Microtubules

thin, cylinders made of tubulin proteins that are around an empty core, helps with cell devision

Eukaryotic cell

type of cell that has a membrane-bond nucleus and organelles; structurally very complex

scanning electron microscope

uses a narrow beam of electrons to scan over the surface of a specimen that is coated with a thin metal layer. Electrons given off by the metal are detected and used to produce a three-dimensional image on a television screen.

transmission electron microscope

uses a set of electromagnetic lenses to focus electrons passing through a specimen to produce and image that is then projected onto a fluorescent screen or photographic film.

compound light microscope

uses a set of glass lenses to to focus light rays passing through a specimen to produce an image that is viewed by the human eye

The endosymbiotic theory argues that prokaryotes became some of the organelles of early eukaryotic cells. All of the following support this hypothesis except: A.The vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are nearly identical to some free-living prokaryotes C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA D. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by splitting E. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and are nearly identical to some free-living prokaryotes

A.The vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane

Mitochondria

ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration here (power plants of the cell)

What cells don't have cell walls?

Animal and some Protists

who is known for making some of the earliest microscopes?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

In order to digest materials within a cell, the material to be digested must fuse with A. a secretory vesicle. B. a lysosome. C. the Golgi apparatus. D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

B. a lysosome.

The cell theory states: A. all organisms are composed of only one cell. B. all cells come only from other cells. C.organelles are the basic living unit of structure and function of organisms. D.. all organisms are composed of only one cell AND organelles are the basic living unit of structure and function of organisms.

B. all cells come only from other cells.

Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material? A. mitochondria B. chromatin C. nuclear envelope D. chloroplasts

B. chromatin

This organelle absorbs and converts oxygen while releasing CO2 and water? A. lysosomes B. mitochondria C. endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus E. chloroplasts

B. mitochondria

The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on A. vesicles that constantly shuttle back and forth from the various cell destinations and these vesicles determine which protein in the Golgi apparatus to pick up and deliver. B. the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell. C. how long it takes the vesicle to travel from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. D. proteins drifting away in all directions and are only used at the cell sites that need them.

B. the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell.

Which cells have vacuoles

Both plant and animal; more prominent in plant and hold watery fluid

Which type of cells will have modifications that increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio? A. cells that form a waterproof barrier B. cells that secrete proteins C. cells that specialize in absorption D. cells that secrete lipids

C. cells that specialize in absorption

Which of the following structures are NOT found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells? A. lysosome B. nucleus C. chromosomes D. mitochondria E. chloroplast

C. chromosomes

Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the A. nucleus. B. mitochondria. C. rough endoplasmic reticulum. D. chloroplasts.

C. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only and exist in pairs, located in a centrosome

Cellular respiration is best associated with the A. ribosome. B. chloroplast. C. Golgi apparatus. D. microtubule. E. mitochondrion.

E. mitochondrion.

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes, as the proteins are synthesized on these ribosomes that pass into the interior of the ER. Proteins destined for the membrane of the cell or secreted

what domain does eukaryotic belong in?

Eukarya (plants, fungi, animals, and protists)

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are what kind of cell?

Eukaryotic cell

Endosymbiotic theory

Explanation of evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes

Peroxisomes

Ezyme-filled vesicles in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products

Cytoskeleton

Internal frame work of the cell, insuring of microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments

Actin filaments

Long, extremely thin, flexible fibers that occur in bundles or mesh like networks Plays a role in the movement of the cell and it's organelles

Flagellum

Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans and sperm

Who stated that plants where made from cells?

Matthias Schleiden

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell the contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function on the cell, sites DNA

Vacuoles

Membranous sac, storage and can contain variety of substance. Give flowers there pigments

Which type of cell (eukaryotes or prokaryotes) are more adaptable?

Prokaryotes; in particular, archaeans have been found living under conditions that would not support any other form of life. Archaeal membranes have unique membrane-spanning lipids that help them survive in extremes of heat, pH, and salinity.

secretory vesicles

Proteins and lipids are packed into these, secretory vesicles go to the plasma membrane to discharge their contents (exocytosis)

Stroma

Region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana; contains DNA and ribosomes

Who first used the term cell?

Robert Hooke

Intermediate filaments

Ropelike assembly of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells

Who found out that all cells come from preexisting cells?

Rudolf Virchow

Cilia

Short,Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis; composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Organelle

Small, membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function

polyribosomes

Stein gs of ribosomes that work together to translate a mRNA message.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes (rough ER)

Who stated that animals are made of cells?

Theodor Schwann

peptidoglycan

a complex molecule that is unique to bacteria and composed of chain of disaccharides joined together by peptide chains

capsule

a gelatinous sheath that is outside of the cell wall and it on certain bacteria and algae

Check all that are true: The cytoskeleton is involved in which of the following? A. movement of cells B. secretion of hormones from cells C. anchoring organelles in place D. movement of organelles.

all are right: A. movement of cells B. secretion of hormones from cells C. anchoring organelles in place D. movement of organelles.

prokaryotic cell

cells that generally lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Which types of cells tend to have a greater surface area?

cells that specialize in absorption because large surface area is needed for adequate exchange of materials.

endosymbiotic theory

explantation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by the ingestion of bacteria or other material of prokaryotes

plasmid

extrachromosomal ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes can be transferred between cells.

thylakoid

flattened sac within chloroplast; membrane contains chlorophyll; location where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur

Thylakoids

flattened saclike membranes that are arranged in stacks; membrane contains chlorophyll; where photosynthesis occurs

cytoplasm

hold all the organelles of the cell, composed of water, salts, and dissolved organic molecules; region of cell between the nucleus or the nucleoid region of bacterium, and the plasma membrane