Bio Chapter 1
false
Adaptation involves changes in ecosystems rather than in individual organisms -true -false
carbon dioxide
What is an end product of cellular respiration? -light -sugar -oxygen -glucose -carbon dioxide
The science of life
What statement best describes "biology?" -the science of life -the study of how organisms are related to one another -the naming of organisms -the measurement of populations -the study of natural selection
Evolution
- change over time - organisms today have modification from previously existing forms - operates at the level of populations
to ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested
During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group? -to prove the hypothesis -to replicate the results of the experimental group -to ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested -to allow the comparison of the results with previous experiments -to disapprove the hypothesis
Producers make their own food, consumers depend on producers for food, energy and oxygen, and then decomposers break down their waste and dead organisms
How are producers, consumers, and decomposers dependent on each other?
adaptations
What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive in its environment? -acellular level -DNA -biosphere -asexual reproduction -adapataions
cladogram
What is a branching diagram that depicts the relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics? -cladogram -taxon -linnean system -systematic hierarchy -domains
population
all members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute -population -individual -biosphere -ecosystems -community
metabolism
in living organisms, chemcial reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as -genetics -development -homeostasis -metabolism -adaptation
Natural Selection
is the mechanism by which evolution proceeds
chemical level
most basic level
Unicellular
organisms consists of a single cell
Atom
smallest unit of chemical level
Unicellular & Multicellular
2 types of cellular organisms
fungi-decomposer plant- primary producer bird-secondary consumer caterpillar-primary consumer
Fungi= Plant= Bird= Caterpillar=
Biological Organization
Scientists MUST organize everything
False
The two domains of prokaryotes are bacteria and fungi -true -false
False
The two domains of prokaryotic are Bacteria and Fungi -True -False
Growth
increase in size or in the number of cells
taxonomy
the science of naming and classifying organisms
DNA
What type of molecule carries the hereditary information of an organism? -protein -nucleus -RNA -DNA -hormone
Systematics
field of Biology that studies diversity
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
prokaryotes & bacteria
Fungi
- Eukaryote - yeast, mildews, molds, mushrooms
What is a Cell?
Basic unit of life
False
An organism that reproduces asexually produces genetically variable offspring -true -False
True
Changing your view of reality involves a paradigm shift -true -false
Ecological level
how organisms relate to the environment
metabolism
in living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as: -development -homeostasis -genetics -metabolism -adaptation
Ecosystem
living and nonliving in that area (ex. plants, animals, along with water and sand in Mobile Bay)
Producers
(autotrophs) That can make their own food (ex. plants)
False
Adaptation involves changes in ecosystem rather in individual organism -true -false
population
All members in the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute -individual -community -biosphere -population -ecosystem
True
All of the genes present in population makeup its gene pool -true -false
Two sex cells combine to form a fertilized cell
Which best describes a result of sexual reproduction? -The offspring obtain genes from only one parent -The only source of variation is mutation -Two sex cells combine to form a fertilized cell -One cell divides to produce two identical cells -Clones of the original cells are produced
prokaryotic cells
Which cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles? -neurotransmitters -eukaryotic cells -protists -mutated cells -prokaryotic cells
prokaryotic cells
Which cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane- enclosed organelles? -protists -prokaryotic cells -eukaryotic cells -neurotansmitters -mutated cells
The interactions of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation
Which is a benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? -The offspring are all identical to the parents -Evolution occurs at a slower rate when there are two parents -The interaction of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation -More offspring are produced by the parents -There is less variation from generation to generation
CRISPR
Which tool is used by researchers to rapidly and expensively edit genetic material? -Morpholino -mGene -Veil -CRISPR -ORE FINDER
to ensure continued survival
Why do populations change?
what is a population?
a group of the same species in the same area
homeostatic
Suppose a particular protein is produced in excess of the cells needs. What kind of mechanism will intervene to stop production? -growth -homestatic -metabolic -respiratory -catabolic
mays
Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature. corn is named Zea mays. What is the specific epithet in this name? -corn -Zea mays -Zea -mays -Quercus
biological organisms are interdependent
consider the statement "biological systems interact." what does this mean? -systems combine to reproduce -biological organisms are not interdependent -biological organisms are interdependent -structure and functions are not interrelated -every organisms is in conflict with other organisms
Biology
is the study of life
Asexual reproduction
make an exact copy
Development
changes of overtime
Responses to Stimuli
- React to physical & chemical changes in their internal & external environment - occur in both plants and animals
How many kingdoms?
6
Homeostasis
a balanced internal state within an organisms
eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus; more complex (ex. plant, fungi, animals and plants
False
with deductive reasoning, you draw conclusions from specific observations -True -False
Consumers
(heterotrophs) Depend on producers for food, energy, and oxygen (ex, animals and humans)
False
Adaptation involves in ecosystem rather than in individual organisms -true -false
False
An organism that reproduces asexually produces genetically variable offspring -true -false
premises, conclusions
In deductive reasoning, we begin with ___ and make ___ based on that infromation -observations conclusions -premises, conclusions -premises, observations -observations, inductions -observations, premises
True
Systems biology is also called integrative biology -true -false
neither the investigator nor the subjects know who is in the experimental or control group
Which scenario best describes a double blind study? -no one knows who is in the experimental or control groups -the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or control groups -the investigator and the subjects wear blindfolds -neither the investigator nor the subjects know who is in the experimental or control group -the investigator doesn't know if subjects are in the experimental or control groups
Community
all the plants and animals in that area] (ex. all the plants and animals in Mobile Bay)
Cell Theory
only cells reproduce more cells
Multicellular
organisms that consists of multiple cells
What is Life?
organisms that share a common set of characteristics
False
A falsiate hypothesis cannot be tested -true -false
Zika and other mosquito borne diaseases
CRISPR research can decrease the spread of what type of disease? -HIV -liver disease -Zika and other mosquito borne diseases -heart disease -cancer
List the 7 characteristics of Living organisms
Cells Grow & Develop Metabolism Move Respond to Stimuli Reproduction Adaptation
The trees turned black so the white moths eventually died, but because they were spotted more easily, the black moths thrived
Explain the adaptation moths went through during the Industrial Revolution
7
How many characteristics of living organisms?
order
Similar families of organisms are next grouped together in the same -genus -class -order -kingdom -phylum
class
Similar families of organisms are next grouped together in the same: -order -genus -phylum -class -kingdom
True
Similar orders are placed in the same class -True -False
true
Similar orders are placed in the same class -true -false
interrelation of structure within and among organisms
The human body is made up of specialized cells that perform different functions. For example, a neuron is a specialized cell of the nervous system that receives and transmits signals throughout the body. To perform these tasks, the neuron uniquely possesses branched protoplasmic protrusions, called dendrites and axons, which conduct the signals to and from its cell body. This illustrates which of the five major biological themes? -Evolution' -Transmission of information within and among organisms -interaction among biological systems -interelation of structure and function in biological systems -activity of living cells
adaptations
What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive in its environment? -asexual reproduction -DNA -adaptations -biosphere -acellular levels
- Neither investigators nor subjects know who is in the experimental or control groups
Which scenario best describes a double-blind study? -The subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or control groups -The investigator and the subjects wear blindfolds -Neither the investigator nor the subjects know who is in the experimental or control groups -No one knows who is in the experimental or control groups -The investigator does not know if subjects are in the experimental or control groups
Protists
You discover an organism that is eukaryotic, unicellular, and photosynthesis. Based on this evidence, to which group would you assign this organism? -Protists -Plantae -Bacteria -Fungi -Archaea
Protists
You discover an organism that is eukaryotic, unicellular, and photosynthetic. Based on this evidence, to which group would you assign this organism? -Bacteria -Fungi -Archae -Plantae -Protists
biosphere
all of the ecosystems working together (ex. atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere)
bread mold= fungi chimpanzee=animals oak tree=plants prokaryotes=bacteria unicellular eukaryotes=protists
bread mold= chimpanzee= oak tree= prokaryotes= unicellular eukaryotes=
possesses a nucleus
by definition, an organism that is eukaryotic: -possesses organ systems -possesses a nucleus -is a protist -is unicellular -belongs to the domain Bacteria
hormones
chemical messengers
molecule
combination of 1 or more type of atoms
sexual reproduction
genetic variation, they are all different
genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters
information in living organisms is transmitted by which mechanism: -genes, hormones, and neurotranmitters -neurotransmitters only -genes only -genes and hormones -hormone only
organelles
internal structures that perform specific tasks functions
cells, reproduce, and movement
list 3 characteristics to be considered living
population- shrimp in Mobile Bay Community- all plants & animals in Mobile Bay ecosystem- plants, animals, sand, rocks in Mobile Bay biosphere- all ecosystems in Mobile Bay
list and give examples of the ecological levels
prokaryotic cells
no nucleus (ex. bacteria)
Homeostatic mechanisms
self-regulating control systems the ensure homeostasis is maintained (sweating-> releasing heat)
order
similar families of organisms are next grouped together in the same: -order -kingdom -phylum -genus -class
Metabolism
sum of all chemical activities in a organism (nutrition, growth & repair, energy conservation)
Adaptation
traits that help organisms survive in a environment (ex. tongue on a frog, wings of a bird, fur of a polar bear)
Decomposers
(heterotrophs) Obtain nutrients by breaking down wastes and dead organisms; allows recycling nutrients (ex. bacteria and fungi)
Linnaean System
- 2 part name: 1st part= genus 2nd part= species - Genus name= captialized & can be abbreviated - species= lower case *BOTH underlined or italized
Organisms move
- Amoeboid motto - Beating of Cilia/Flagella - Sessile organisms move as larvae - orientation of plants
Protista
- Eukaryote - Algae, protozoa, water mold and slime mold
Plantae
- Eukaryote - nonvascular (mosses), vascular
Animalia
- Multicellular organisms that eat other organisms for nutrition - Eukaryote
4 Darwinian Observations about Natural Selection
1) Individual members of the species show some variation from one another (all look different) 2) Organisms produce more offspring than will survive 3) Organisms compete for resources, those that are best at doing it pass it on to their young 4) The best fit organisms pass traits on to their young; best adapted to survive (ex. moths from lab)
Fungi
An organism prokaryotic nor photosynthetic, and must obtain its nutrients by secreting disgestive enzymes into the environment, belongs to which group of organisms? -Protists -PLantae -Fungi -animalia -Bacteria
List the 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
true
Changing your view of reality involves a paradigm shift -true -false
to ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested
During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group? -to prove the hypothesis -to disapprove the hypothesis -to replicate the results of the experimental group -to ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested -to allow the comparison of the results with previous experiments
through the release of chemicals, visual displays and sounds
How do individuals communicate with other organisms?
through cell signaling
How does the body communicate between cells (within individuals)?
DNA, carrying genes, is passed on from parents to offspring during sexual reproduction
How does the body transmit information from generation to generation?
IV,III, and V
Identify three of the five basic themes in Biology: I. The cellular composition of life II. The evolution of life III. The interaction of living systems IV. The mechanisms of disease V. The transmission of information
Kingdom-> Phylum->Class->Order->Family-> Genus-> Species
King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda Hierarchical Taxonomy
organisms living today descended from previously existing forms
One of the conlclusions drawn from Darwins theory of evolution is that: -living organisms contain substances produced by cells -existing organisms can adapt to environmental changes -living organisms are composed of basic units called cells -genetic information can be passed from organism to organism -organisms living today descended from previously existing forms
homeostatic
Suppose a particular protein is produced in excess of the cells needs. What kind of mechanism will intervene to stop prodution? -catabolic -respiratory -homestatic -metabolic -growth
soil, water, sun, and zucchini seeds
Suppose we want to examine the effects of a fertilizer on the size of zucchini produced, and therefore, we need to establish the experimental and control groups. The control group for this experiment would be defined under which conditons? -soil, fertilizer, water, sun and zucchini seeds -soil, fertilizer, water, sun, but no zucchini seeds -soil, water, and sun -soil, water, sun, and no zucchini seeds -soil, water, sun, and zucchini seeds
maintain a constant internal environment
The primary purpose of homoestasis is to: -maintain a constant internal environment -accept responses to stimuli -allow unrestricted movement of an organism -provide unlimited growth within an organism -convert an organism to live in a harmful environment
True
The scientific name for coffee if Coffee arabica. More specifically, the species name is arabica -true -false
DNA mutation
The ultimate source of variation is ____
Chordata
To which phylum do humans belong? -Animalia -Mammalia -Homo sapiens -Chordata -Vertebrata
genes
What are units of hereditary information? -hormones -RNA -genes -nucleotides
A cel splitting into identical halves
What is a distinct characteristic of sexual reproduction? -fusion of egg and sperm -high degree of genetic variation -genes contributed by two parents -formation of a fertilized egg -a cell splitting into identical halves
taxonomy
What is a subspecialty of systematics and is the science of naming and classifying organisms? -taxonomy -cladogram -phyla -binomial system of nomenclature -systems biology
oxygen
What is the by-product of photosynthesis? -water -glucose -oxygen -carbon dioxide -light
They provide movement for the cell
What is the purpose of the cilia and flagella of cells? -They generate cell signaling -They help maintain homeostasis -They contact muscles -They generate the cells metabolism -They provide movement for the cell
They provide movement for the cell
What is the purpose of the cilia and flagella of cells? -they generate cell signaling -they provide movement for the cell -they contract muscles -they generate the cells metabolism -they help maintain homeostasis
DNA
What type of molecule carries the hereditary information of an organism? -nucleus -hormone -protein -DNA -RNA
All life would eventually cease due to a lack of available nutrients
What would be the ultimate effect on an ecosystem if decomposers were eliminated? -The consumers would have to eat twice as much -all life would eventually cease due to a lack of available nutrients -the rate of photosynthesis would increase -energy flow between producers and consumers would increase -producers would outgrow consumers
All life would eventually cease due to lack of available nutrients
What would be the ultimate effect on an ecosystem if decomposers were eliminated? -the consumers would have to eat twice as much -energy flow between producers and consumers would increase -the rate of photosynthesis would increase -producers would outgrow consumers -all life would eventually cease due to lack of available nutrients
organ
When tissues organize, what do they form? -an enzyme -an atom -a nucleus -a cell -an organ
An organ
When tissues organize, what do they form? -an enzyme -an atom -a nucleus -an organ -a cell
the interaction of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation
Which is a benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? -more offspring are produced by the parents -the offspring are all identical to the parents -the interaction of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation -there is less variation from generation to generation -evolution occurs at a slower rate when there are two parents
population
Which organizational unit includes the fewest species of organisms? -ecosystem -biosphere -community -population -class
population changing over time
Which process is most directly associated with the theory of evolution? -sexual reproction producing genetic variation -populations changing over time -mutations changing the gene pool -competition within a population for limited resources -production of large numbers of offspring
producers->consumers->decomposers
Which sequence represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystems? -producers->consumers->decomposers -producers->decomposers->consumers -decomposers->producers->consumers -consumers->producers->decomposers -decomposers->consumers->producers
All living organisms are composed of basic units called cells
Which statement best decribes the cell theory? -All living organisms respond to stimuli -All living organisms can form a population of organisms -All living organisms change locations to find food or to escape predators -All living organisms from and develop -All living organisms are composed of basic units called cells
autotrophs synthesize macromolecules from CO2.,water and energy
Which statement best describes autotrophs organisms? -autotrophs depend on heterotrophs for food and energy -autotrophs synthesize macromolecules from CO2, water and energy -Autotrophs cannot carry out cellular respiration during the day -autotrophs are exemplified by fungi and animals -autotrophs are exemplified by animals and bacteria
it is unchangeable
Which statement concerning a scientific theory? -it predicts new facts -it is supported by many observations -It is unchangeable -it is based on multiple hypothesis -it may suggest practical applications
touch
Which stimulus most directly causes the Venus flytrap in watchman insect? -touch -sound -gravity -light -scent
CRISPR/Cas9
Which technology has been used to successfully deactivate specific human genes, modify yeasts for biofuel production, and modify argicultural crop? -epigentics -vectors -cell signaling -CRISPR/Cas9 -gene therapy
Cellular level
combination of atoms and molecule that make the basic unit of life cells
plasma membrane
outer most membrane of a cell that regulates transfer of materials in and out of cells (ex. bouncer in the club)
population
the species in the same area (ex. Shrimp in mobile bay)
Neurotransmitters
transmits information through the nervous system
genes
what are units of hereditary information? -genes -proteins -hormones -RNA -nucleotides
atom
what is the smallest chemcial unit that retains the characteristics properties of a given element? -tissue -organism -cell -atom -molecule
