Bio Chapter 19

Some evidence that algae are the closest relatives to plants is that they both

All of the answer choices are correct.

What key advantage do angiosperms have over gymnosperms?

Angiosperms can produce flowers and fruits to aid in seed dispersal.

Fossil evidence places the origin of angiosperms in the Jurassic period, at least 144 million years ago. The major lineages of angiosperms today were in place approximately 100 million years ago. Now, angiosperms make up 95% of all modern plant species. What relationship between angiosperms and animals may have aided the rapid diversification of flowering plants?

Coevolution with animals helped spread pollen and seeds.

What key adaptation distinguishes ferns from bryophytes?

Ferns have a vascular system, which allows them to grow taller.

What key adaptation distinguishes gymnosperms from ferns?

Gymnosperms produce pollen and do not require water to reproduce.

Why did the authors choose to look for the rubisco gene in the DNA samples taken from permafrost?

It is used in photosynthesis by all plants.

In the life cycle of plants, what is the difference between a seed and a spore?

Seeds are diploid, and can grow directly into a sporophyte.

When studying an ancient ecosystem's organisms, what was the advantage of looking for DNA samples in permafrost?

The freezing temperature preserves the DNA.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all plants?

They are heterotrophs.

Why did the authors choose to look specifically for vertebrate mitochondrial genes in their core samples?

They wanted to distinguish animal mitochondria from plant mitochondria.

In angiosperms, pollen is the product of a haploid microspore dividing mitotically. Therefore, pollen is

a gametophyte.

Flowers and fruits are unique to

angiosperms

Which of the following was the last to appear in the fossil record?

angiosperms (flowering plants)

Mosses are an example of which of the following?

autotrophs

A cotyledon is

both a nutritional resource and the first leaf for the embryonic plant.

The fruits of plants function in

both protecting and dispersing seeds

Conifers produce

both seeds and pollen in cones

The organelle that contains chlorophyll a and carries out photosynthesis in plants is the

chloroplast.

The four phyla of the gymnosperms are

conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.

The part of the vascular plant that is a waxy coating to minimize water loss from leaves is the

cuticle

What adaptation arose in plants that allowed the uptake of water and minerals in a terrestrial environment?

development of roots

What adaptation arose in plants that allowed the uptake of gases without drying out on land?

development of stomata

In alternation of generations, two haploid gametes fuse in fertilization to form a ________ zygote.

diploid

In plants, the

diploid zygote develops into the sporophyte.

In a biology lab experiment, you and your classmates planted seeds from eudicot and monocot plants in soil that had been processed to remove nutrients. The seeds of each plant were still able to perform metabolism, enabling them to germinate and develop into seedlings. The nutrients were provided from the

endosperm.

A gaseous hormone produced by plants that helps control fruit ripening is

ethylene.

In bryophytes, the sporophyte is conspicuous or dominant.

false

Molecular evidence suggests that plants and green algae did not descend from a common ancestor.

false

Which of the following is not a member of the gymnosperms?

ferns

Production of the lignin molecule in xylem cells is an adaptation that gives vascular plants the ability to

grow tall and form branches

In alternation of generations, a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form ________ spores.

haploid

In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte goes through mitosis to form a ________ gamete.

haploid

In flowering plants, the gametophyte

is smaller than the sporophyte.

The two classes that make up the angiosperms are

monocots and eudicots

Of the three plants measured in the figure, which requires water to allow sperm to swim to the egg?

mosses

The term gymnosperm literally means

naked seed

The part of the vascular plant that transports sugars produced by photosynthesis to the nongreen parts of the plant is the

phloem.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are able to live and reproduce in much drier habitats than bryophytes and plants such as club mosses. The adaptations that are most responsible for reproduction in drier habitats are

pollen grains and seeds.

The adaptive benefit of flowers in the angiosperms is that they

produce both pollen and egg cells.

Plants and algae most recently shared a common ancestor 480 million years ago, and plants colonized land shortly after that. In sexual reproduction, an alga simply releases gametes into the water, and the current carries the sex cells to another individual. What adaptation arose in gymnosperms and angiosperms that allowed reproduction on dry land and over great distances?

production of pollen

In angiosperms, double fertilization

results in the diploid zygote, and the triploid endosperm.

The part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients is the

root

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, a plant embryo (young sporophyte) packaged with a food supply in a tough outer coat is a

seed

In dry weather, plants reduce water loss by closing their

stomata

Openings in plant leaves called ________ allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

stomata

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small angiosperm related to mustard that is commonly used in plant research experiments. In one experiment, an antifreeze protein from a species of bacteria was inserted into the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, and the plants were exposed to freezing temperatures. Plants without the antifreeze protein had 90% mortality, while those with the antifreeze protein only had 20% mortality. What was the dependent variable in this experiment?

the percent of the plants surviving

Stomata allow plants to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere.

true

The tissue of the vascular plant that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves is the

xylem

After a biology field trip, you make a thin section of a flowering plant stem. You observe these two main sets of cells: the lower set of cells is large, has thick walls, and tests positive for the lignin molecule, while the smaller, but uniform red cells do not have lignin. From this evidence, you conclude that the larger cells with lignin are

xylem.