Bio-Chapter 21 FULL

What are some of the commercial products that red algae are used for?

*Dental impressions *Cosmetics *chocolate

What are some of the commercial products that diatoms are used for?

*Filtering agents *polishing adhesives

Algae are ___ protists

photoautotrophic

Five Supergroups of Eukaryotes

Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta

Unikonts

Recently proposed group of eukaryotes that includes animals, fungi, and some protists. Two major groups: Amoebozoans and the opishthokonts.

The members of the Supergroup Archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the _________.

Red Algae

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of A. diatoms. B. dinoflagellates. C. red algae. D. brown algae. E. multicellular green algae.

B. dinoflagellates

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of Archaeplastids. Chromalveolates. Excavates. Amoebozoans. Rhizarians.

Chromalveolates.

A certain type of this algae has cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and helps to build coral reefs. A. diatoms B. dinoflagellates C. multicellular green algae D. brown algae E. red algae

E. red algae

Diatoms share a more recent common ancestor with dinoflagellates than with water molds. True False

False

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes?

Giardia lamblia—malaria

Supergroup Opisthokinta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT

Plants

Alternation of Generations

The alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms. This term refers only to ife cycles in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular.

Entamoebas

These are parasites that infect all classes of vertebrate animals as well as some invertebrates.

Chromalveolates that live along the rocky shores of the north temperate zones are able to withstand pounding tides and drying because of their holdfasts and mucilaginous cell walls.

True

Most Chromalveolates have the alternation of generations life cycle, but some species of Fungus have a diplontic life cycle.

True

Most ciliates ____ their food

ingest

Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through) the bite of a mosquito. the bite of a tsetse fly. having sex with an infected partner. ingesting contaminated water or food.

ingesting contaminated water or food.

The eukaryotic supergroup that contained both animals and fungi is the supergroup

opisthokonts

The loose-fitting calcium carbonate shell of a foraminiferan is called a _____

test

The eukaryotic supergroup that contains foraminiferans and radiolarians is the supergroup ____

rhizarians

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows?

sporozoan—flexing the pellicle

Select all that apply. Which of the following are associated with brown algae structure?

-chloropyll a -laminarin -chlorophyll c -brown pigments -a broad range in size and complexity

The ciliates contain two nuclei, what is each one for?

1.) Macro-nucleus: Metabolic functions 2.) Micro-nucleus: Reproduction

_________ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes. A. Euglena B. Plasmodium C. Amoeba D. Giardia

A. Euglena

An eyespot is A. a pigmented organelle that shields light. B. a protein band beneath the plasma membrane. C. a swelling near the base of a long flagellum that detects light. D. All of the choices are true.

A. a pigmented organelle that shields light.

Chromalveolates

Best hypothesis is that they emerged from secondary endosymbiosis of red algae from presence of plastids containing red algae DNA. Most controversial. Contains two important groups, Alveolates and under them: Dinoflagellates

Diatoms share a more recent common ancestor with dinoflagellates than with water molds. True False

False

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Amoebozoans?

Plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Apicomplexans

Sister Taxa with Dinoflagellates, these are nearly all parasites of animals and can cause serious human diseases. Have complex life cycles that typically require two or more hosts to complete.

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT

prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium.

A eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular, that is not a plant, animal, or fungus is a ____

protist

An amoebid cell is one that moves by using:

pseudopods

Which of the following structures is NOT related to choanoflagellate structure?

pseudopods

A protozoan with a glassy silicon test and pseudopods that extend outward from the test is called a ____

radiolarian

The algae that contain pigments that are best adapted to absorb sunlight at very great depths in the oceans are the ___ algae

red

The members of the Supergroup Archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the _________. dinoflagellates brown algae red algae diatoms multicellular green algae

red algae

The members of the supergroup archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the _____

red algae

Ulva, the multicellular leaf-life chlorophyte, goes by the common name of_____

sea lettuce

When do most protists use sexual reproduction?

sexual reproduction occurs when condition deteriorate, and the formation of the spores allow protists to live in hostile environments.

The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to the kingdom Protista. six different supergroups. Domain Archaea. Domain Eubacteria

six different supergroups.

The kinetoplastids that are responsible for the African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease are called ______

trypanosomes

An aquatic, fungus-like protist that could be found parasitizing a dead insect would be called a _____

water mold

Saprolegnia, a _______, is feeding on the dead goldfish pictured here. This classifies it as a heterotrophic protist.

water mold

Dinoflagellates

These are under alveolates and are characterized by cells that are reinforced by cellulose plates. Two flagella located in groves in this "armour" make dinoflagellates spin as they move through water. Contain many important species of Phytoplankton. Blooms of these cause red tide (because of carotenoids)

Mixotrophs

These combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is

Trichomonas

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is Trichomonas. Plasmodium. Giardia. Entamoeba. Paramecium.

Trichomonas.

The general term for a unicellular protist that moves the flagella but that is not photosynthetic is:

zooflagellate

Chromalveolates that live along the rocky shores of the north temperate zones are able to withstand pounding tides and drying because of their holdfasts and mucilaginous cell walls. True False

True

Some protistans can reproduce by both sexual and asexual means. True False

True

The reason biologists believe that green algae and land plants, both members of the supergroup Archaeplastida, are related is because both of them possess chlorophyll a & b as well as cell walls made of starch.

True

The reason biologists believe that green algae and land plants, both members of the supergroup Archaeplastida, are related is because both of them possess chlorophyll a & b as well as cell walls made of starch. True False

True

The term "protists" is used to refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi. True False

True

Water molds are heterotrophic because they are parasitic on fish, plants, and insects.

True

Water molds are heterotrophic because they are parasitic on fish, plants, and insects. True False

True

Water molds may live in water or on land, and they are parasitic on fish, plants, and insects. True False

True

The group of green algae that, based on genetic data, is most closely related to land plants are the ___

charophytes

Unifying features of organisms classified in the supergroup Excavata include:

zooflagellates with atypical or absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella and/or deep oral grooves.

A ____ is a photosynthesis protist with two flagella and proactive cellulose plates that is an important component of phytoplankton.

dinoflagellates

A spore that is mobile, by way of one or more flagella is called a _____

zoospore

Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most Protists?

mitochondria and plastids

Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most Protists? chloroplasts and Golgi Bodies mitochondria and Endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria and nucleus mitochondria and plastids

mitochondria and plastids

Which definition would best describe the feeding mechanism of Euglena? carnivorous decomposer heterotrophic photoautotrophic mixotrophic

mixotrophic

Regarding nutrition, golden-brown algae are most commonly ___

mixotrophs

Which is NOT a feature found in protozoans? multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic usually motile

multicellular

small freshwater and marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of the water are called ____

plankton

Supergroup Opisthokinta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT choanoflagellates. plants. animals. fungi.

plants.

The structure that bears sporangia and that forms during the sexual phase of a slime mold life cycle can also be called a _____ body

fruiting

Bacteria being classified as a protist, the slime molds were classified as:

fungi

The various forms of algae (Archaeplastids) are NOT considered plants because they

lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves

Diatoms provide both _____ and food for heterotrophs in freshwater and marine habitats.

oxygen

The cellular structures that form as ciliates ingest their food are called food ____.

vacuoles

Saprolegnia, a ________, is feeding on the dead insect pictured here. This classifies it as a heterotrophic protist. green algae slime mold ciliate water mold

water mold

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of A. archaeplastids B. chromalveolates C. excavates D. amoebozoans E. rhizarians

B

A common cause of amoebic dysentry is A. trichomonas vaginalis B. entamoeba histolytica C. plasmodium falciparum D. giardia intestinalis

B

Supergroup Opisthokinta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT A. animals B. plants C. fungi D. choanoflagellates

B

The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by A. amoebozoans B. rhizarians C. excavates D. opisthokonts E. chromalveolates

B

The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to A. the kingdom Protista B. six different supergroups C. domain Archaea D. domain Eubacteria

B

Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles? A. eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from anaerobic bacterium while chloroplasts were derived from aerobic bacterium B. eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium C. eukaryotic cells acquired nuclei and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Nuclei were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria D. eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria

B

Which is NOT a feature found in protozoans? A. heterotrophic B. multicellular C. usually motile D. eukaryotic

B

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description? A. chlamydomonas-unicellular B. volvox-filamentous C. ulva-multicellular D. chara-multicellular

B

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup excavates? A. euglenoids, amoeboids, and cellular slime molds B. diplomonads, euglenoids, and parabasalids C. diplomonads, euglenoids, and diatoms D. foraminifernas, radiolarians and fungi

B

Which of the following pairs of Protists would be most closely related due to both of them possessing plastids? A. archaeplastids and rhizaria B. archaeplastids and chromalveolata C. rhizaria and chromoalveolata D. amoebozoa and excavata

B

Which protistan structure is not correctly matched with its function? A. pseudopodia-movement and feeding B. cyst-a reproductive structure C. trichocyst-defense and capture of prey D. pyrenoid-synthesis of starch

B

Saprolegnia, a _______, is feeding on the dead insect pictured at right. A. slime mold B. ciliate C. water mold D. green algae

C. water mold

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the __________ are most closely related to land plants. Spirogyra Ulva Volvox Chara Chlamydomonas

Chara

Excavata

Contain an "Excavated" feeding grove on one side of their body. This clade emerged from morphological studies of the cytoskeleton. 3 Subgroups: Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans

Alveolates

Contain membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane that are hypothesized to help regulate water/ion content and stabilize the cell's surface.

Golden Algae

Contain yellow and brown carotenoids, and are typically biflagellated. They are components of freshwater and marine plankton.

A common cause of amoebic dysentery is Entamoeba histolytica. Plasmodium falciparum. Giardia intestinalis. Trichomonas vaginalis.

Entamoeba histolytica.

_________ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes.

Euglena

_________ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes. Euglena Giardia Amoeba Plasmodium

Euglena

Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles? Eukaryotic cells acquired nuclei and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Nuclei were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from anaerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from aerobic bacterium.

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium.

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description? Volvox—filamentous Chara—multicellular Chlamydomonas—unicellular Ulva—multicellular

Volvox—filamentous

Which type of slime mold has free-living cells that feed by phagocytosis and aggregate to produce spores when conditions are poor?

cellular

Describe the purpose of the chloroplast, the pyrenoid, and the red eyespot in algae.

chloroplast in protists are used for photosynthesis. pyrenoid in protists is you for starch storage. *Red Eyespot in protists is used to detect light.

A protist with a test made of calcium carbonate that contains many opening through which pseudopods extend is a ______

foraminiferan

A common cause of amoebic dysentery is

Entamoeba histolytica

Which group of excavates are unicellular, flagellated protists with masses of DNA in their mitochondria?

-Kinetoplastids

Match the supergroups with the correct description: -Archaeplastids -Chromoalveolata -Excavata -amoebozoa -opisthokonta -rhizaria

-contains land plants and both green and red algae -includes brown and golden algae as well as water molds -includes zooflagellates -inlcudes protists that use pseudopods for motility -includes muticellular protists -includes foraminiferans and radiolarians

a supergroup is a taxonomic group located between ___ and ___

-domain -kingdom

Name the organisms that are responsible for: *1.)Malaria *2.)Toxoplasmosis *3.)Vaginitis *4.)Giardia *5.)Chagas disease *6.)African sleeping sickness

1.) Plasmodium 2.) Taxoplasma 3.) Thricomonas 4.) Diplomad 5.) Trypanosoma cruzi 6.) Trypanosoma brucei

What are the common carriers for: *1.) Malaria *2.) Toxoplasmosis *3.) Chagas disease *4.) African sleeping sickness

1.) by Mosquito 2.) by cats 3.) by kissing bug 4.) by tsetse fly

A common cause of amoebic dysentery is A. Trichomonas vaginalis. B. Entamoeba histolytica. C. Plasmodium falciparum D. Giardia intestinalis.

B. Entamoeba histolytica.

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description? A. Chlamydomonas—unicellular B. Volvox—filamentous C. Ulva—multicellular D. Chara—multicellular

B. Volvox—filamentous

Plasmodium has two hosts in its life cycle. They are A. nutria and birds. B. mosquitoes and humans. C. deer ticks and deer. D. tsetse flies and humans.

B. mosquitoes and humans.

Diplomonads, Parabasalids and Euglenozoans

Both D/P have modified mitochondria and respire anaerobically. All three have some parasitic species. Euglenozoans are are distinguished between the other two because of a rod with a crystalline structure in their flagella.

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the __________ are most closely related to land plants.

Chara

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is A. plasmodium B. giardia C. entamoeba D. trichomonas E. paramecium

D

Forams

Foraminiferans are named for their porous shells called tests. They use pseudopodia to swim, test formation, and feeding.

Kinetoplastids and Euglenids (Under Euglenozoans)

Kinetoplastids have a single large mitochondria. Kinetoplastids feed on many prokaryotes and are also parasites, they can cause Chagas disease, which is transmitted by blood-sucking insects and can lead to congestive heart failure. Euglenids are mainly mixotrophs and contain a pocket at one end which one or to flagella emerge.

Rhizarians: Three groups; Radiolarians, Forams, and cercozoans

Many of these species are among the organisms referred to as Amoebas. (these feed by pseudopodia, extensions that may bulge from the cell surface)

Archaeaplastida

Red algae, green algae, and land plants make up the fourth supergroup known as: These descended from the ancient protist that engulfed a cyanobacterium.

Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph?

The presence of a light trapping pigment.

Oomycetes

These were mistaken for fungi, their name actually means "egg Fungus". Systematics determined that it is just a case of convergent evolution. They typically are decomposers or parasites. They caused potato late blight, (Irish Famine).

The unicellular protists that have small sacs lying just beneath their plasma membranes are the _____

alveolates

A stramenopile alga with valves made of silica is called a ____

diatom

The protists with threadlike pseudopods called filopodia and that are closely related to fungi are the _____

nucleariids

Which of the following is made from brown algae?

-algin -fertilizer

Which of the following are products made from red algae?

-carrageenan -agar -sushi wrappers

Match the euglenid structures with the correct function: -Contractile vacuole -pyrenoid -chloroplast -eye spot

-elimination of excess water -carb synthesis -photosynthesis -photoreceptor that detects light

Which of the following are uses for diatomaceous earth?

-filtering agents -polishing agents -soundproofing material

Which of the following are examples of the importance of rhizarian tests to humans?

-indicate oil deposits -used as index fossils

Which of the following are diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoans?

-malaria -toxoplasmosis

Protozoans are a diverse group of organisms and may be:

-motile via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia -heterotrophic -autotrophic -unicellular

Which of the following organisms of supergroup excavata lack mitochondria and produce ATP by fermentation?

-parabasalids -diplomonads

Select all responses that describe the green algae.

-starch carbs storage -chlorophyll a -chlorophyll b -cell walls that contain cellulose

Which of the following would be a likely habitat of a charophyte?

-suspended in water -on aquatic plants -on submerged rocks

Which of the following forms are found among the protists?

-unicellular -multicellular -colonial -filamentous

Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most Protists? A. mitochondria and plastids B. chloroplasts and golgi bodies C. mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum D. mitochondria and nucleus

A

_______ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes A. euglena B. plasmodium C. amoeba D. giardia

A

Plankton are A. freshwater or marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of water. B. parasitic protozoans that cause human disease. C. organisms that are found living on or near the ocean floor. D. multicellular, macroscopic brown algae.

A. freshwater or marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of water.

In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the ________, while asexual reproduction occurs in _______. A. mosquito; humans B. humans; mosquitoes C. tsetse fly; humans D. deer tick; deer

A. mosquito; humans

What is responsible for producing colors other than green/yellow-green in algae?

Accessory pigments produce color in algae.

Which of the characteristic(s) apply to the Supergroup Archaeplastida? They contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. They include multicellular and unicellular organisms. They include land plants and the green algae, Chlorophyta. All of the above apply. They include only multicellular organisms that contain plastids.

All of the above apply.

Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have the greatest chance of success?

All of the above are scenarios that would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have the greatest chance of success? Spraying the edges of the Everglades with a pesticide that will kill mosquitos Developing a vaccination that would prevent the ability of the merozoites to reproduce within the hosts bloodstream Devise a insect repellant that would prevent the Anopheles mosquito from biting a human host All of the above are scenarios that would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

All of the above are scenarios that would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

Red Algae Green Algae

Are red because of phycoerythrin. Green algae have a structure and pigment composition much like the chloroplasts of land plants. Green makes up two groups; Charophytes and Chlorophytes. The first is most closely related to land plants

The most common mode of reproduction observed in protists is ___ reproduction, especially on favorable environments.

Asexual

A distinctive form of this pictured organism is found in each geologic period. Which statement(s) about this organism is/are true? The organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of Supergroup Rhizarian and have a skeleton called a test. These organisms may be used as index fossils to date sedimentary rock. The Egyptian pyramids are built of this type of limestone. All of the above are true. The organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of Supergroup Excavates.

All of the above are true.

If a public health official was trying to reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide" which of the following actions would they take? Place a ban on eating fish that were exposed to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catanella Avoid eating shellfish that live in coastal areas that have a high influx of nutrients Decrease the amount of nutrients that are washed into the aquatic ecosystem All of the above would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide".

All of the above would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide".

Slime molds, found in the Supergroup Amoebozoa, were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi?

All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

Slime molds, found in the Supergroup Amoebozoa, were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi? Slime molds lack cell walls. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi. They are flagellated cells at certain stages of the life cycle. The vegetative state of the slime mold is mobile and amoeboid.

All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

What does an amoeboid use to ingest food?

Amoeba's use pseudopods to ingest food

Which group of organisms feed via phagocytosis?

Amoebids

Opisthokonts

An extremely diverse group of eukaryotes that includes animals, fungi, and several groups of protists

The evolutionary relationships between the eukaryotic supergroups are depicted in the diagram. Which of the following pairs of Protists would be most closely related due to both of them possessing plastids?

Archaeplastids & Chromalveolata

Which of the following pairs of Protists would be most closely related due to both of them possessing plastids? Archaeplastids & Rhizaria Archaeplastids & Chromalveolata Rhizaria & Chromalveolata Amoebozoa & Excavata

Archaeplastids & Chromalveolata

Paramecia contain both a macronucleus and one or more small micronuclei. What are the functions of these bodies? A. The macronucleus undergoes meiosis to produce haploid micronuclei that are exchanged in conjugation; this then produces a micronucleus for general cell housekeeping. B. The micronucleus is exchanged in conjugation; the macronucleus is for general cell housekeeping. C. The micronuclei control the cell and the macronuclei are exchanged in conjugation for reproduction. D. The micronucleus is always for conjugative reproduction, while the micronucleus functions for general cell coding.

B. The micronucleus is exchanged in conjugation; the macronucleus is for general cell housekeeping.

Which protistan structure is not correctly matched with its function? A. pseudopodia - movement and feeding B. cyst - a reproductive structure C. trichocyst - defense and capture of prey D. pyrenoid - synthesis of starch

B. cyst - a reproductive structure

The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by A. radiolaria. B. foraminiferans. C. ciliates. D. diatoms (as diatomaceous earth). E. dinoflagellates.

B. foraminiferans.

What type of life cycle is this (shown at right)? A. alternation of generation B. haploid C. diploid D. asexual

B. haploid

The amoeboids, cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds are a ______ grouping. A. paraphyletic B. monophyletic C. polyphyletic D. None of the above.

B. monophyletic

Which is NOT part of the correct description of a protozoan? A. heterotrophic B. multicellular C. usually motile D. eukaryotic

B. multicellular

Supergroup Opisthokinta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT A. animals. B. plants. C. fungi. D. choanoflagellates.

B. plants.

The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to A. the kingdom Protista. B. six different supergroups. C. Domain Archaea. D. A and C are correct.

B. six different supergroups.

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the _____ are most closely related to land plants A. volvox B. spirogyra C. chara D. ulva E. chlamydomonas

C

The endosymbioant hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT A. mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria B. a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which evolved into mitochondria C. Prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium D. chloroplasts originated when a nucleated cell engulfed cyanobacterium

C

Which disease is mismatched with the incorrect causative agent? A. fish kills-dinoflagellate B. fish ick-a ciliate C. malaria- an amebozoan D. african sleeping sickness-a trypanosome

C

Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph? A. the presence of mitochondria within the cell B. the ability to synthesize organic compounds C. the presence of a light trapping pigment D. the presence of cellulose in the cell wall E. the ability to sythesize inorganic compounds

C

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup amoebozoans? A. amoeboids and euglenoids B. plasmodial and water molds C. plasmodial and cellular slime molds D. cellular slime molds and radiolarians E. choanoflagellates and diplomonads

C

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the __________ are most closely related to land plants. A. Volvox B. Spirogyra C. Chara D. Ulva E. Chlamydomonas

C. Chara

The main function of the contractile vacuole is A. chlorophyll production. B. synthesis of carbohydrate. C. eliminating excess water. D. to be a photoreceptor to detect light. E. resistance for survival during winter and times of drought.

C. eliminating excess water.

Which disease is mismatched with the incorrect causative agent? A. fish kills - dinoflagellate B. fish ick - a ciliate C. malaria - an amebozoan D. African sleeping sickness - a trypanosome

C. malaria - an amebozoan

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT A. mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. B. a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which evolved into mitochondria. C. prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium. D. chloroplasts originated when a nucleated cell engulfed a cyanobacterium.

C. prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium.

Which can have a cellular form as well as an acellular (plasmodial) form with multiple nuclei? A. sporozoa B. zooflagellates C. slime molds D. diatoms E. ciliates

C. slime molds

A distinctive form of this pictured organism is found in each geologic period. Which statements about this organism is/are true? A. the organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of supergroup rhizarian and have a skeleton called a test B. these organisms may be used as index fossils to date sedimentary rock C. the egyptian pyramids are built of this type of limestone D. all of the answer choices are correct E. the organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of supergroup excavates

D

Amoebic dysentry is transmitted by (through) A. the bite of a mosquito B. the bite of a tsetse fly C. haveing sex with an infected partner D. injesting contaminated water or food

D

Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have the greatest chance of success? A. spraying the edges of the Everglades with a pesticide that will kill mosquitos B. developing a vaccination that would prevent the ability of the merozoites to reproduce within the hosts bloodstream C. devise a insect repellant that would prevent the anopheles mosquito from biting a human host D. all of these scenarios would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Eveglades

D

Slime molds, found in the supergroup amoebozoa, were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi? A. slime molds lack cell walls B. they are flagellated cells at certain stages of the life cycle C. the vegetative state of the sllime mold is mobile and amoeboid D. all of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi

D

The various forms of algae (Archaeplastids) are NOT considered plants because they A. are not multicellular B. lack strengthened cell walls C. never have specialized tissues D. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves E. all of the choices are differences that separate the algae from plants

D

Which of the characteristics apply to the supergroup archaeplastida? A. they contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria B. they include multicellular and unicellular organisms C. they include land plants and the green algae, chlorophyta D. all of these apply E. they include only multicellular organisms that contain plastids

D

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? A. trypanosoma brucei-sleeping sickness B. trichomonas vaginalis-vaginitis and urethritis C. entamoeba histolytica-amoebic dysentry D. giardia lamblia-malaria

D

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? A. amoeboids-pseudopodia B. ciliates-cilia C. zooflagellates-flagella D. sporozoan-flexing the pellicle

D

if a public health official was trying to reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide" which of the following actions would they take? A. place a ban on eating fish that were exposed to the dinoflagellate alexandrium catanella B. decrease the amount of nutrients that are washed into the aquatic ecosystem C. avoid eating shellfish that live in coastal areas that have a high influx of nutrients D. all of these actions would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide"

D

Which of the characteristic(s) apply to the Supergroup Archaeplastida? A. They contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. B. They include multicellular and unicellular organisms. C. They include land plants and the green algae, Chlorophyta. D. All of the above apply. E. A and B only.

D. All of the above apply.

A distinctive form of this pictured organism is found in each geologic period. Which statement(s) about this organism is/are true? A. The organisms pictured are foraminiferans and have a skeleton called a test. B. These organisms may be used as index fossils to date sedimentary rock. C. The Egyptian pyramids are built of this type of limestone. D. All of the above are true. E. A and C only are true.

D. All of the above are true.

A cyst A. is a dormant cell with a resistant outer covering. B. helps protists over winter. C. aids a parasite in the survival of the host's digestive tract. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct.

Slime molds, found in the Supergroup Amoebozoa, were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi? A. Slime molds lack cell walls. B. They are flagellated cells at certain stages of the life cycle. C. The vegetative state of the slime mold is mobile and amoeboid. D. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

D. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? A. Trypanosoma brucei—sleeping sickness B. Trichomonas vaginalis—vaginitis and urethritis C. Entamoeba histolytica—amoebic dysentery D. Giardia lamblia—malaria

D. Giardia lamblia—malaria

This filamentous algae (shown at right) is ______. A. Ulva B. Plasmodium C. Chlamydomonas D. Spirogyra E. Volvox

D. Spirogyra

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is A. Plasmodium. B. Giardia. C. Entamoeba. D. Trichomonas. E. Paramecium.

D. Trichomonas.

Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through) A. the bite of a mosquito. B. the bite of a tsetse fly. C. having sex with an infected partner. D. ingesting contaminated water or food.

D. ingesting contaminated water or food.

The various forms of algae are NOT considered plants because they A. are not multicellular. B. lack strengthened cell walls. C. never have specialized tissues. D. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves. E. All of the choices are differences that separate the algae from plants.

D. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves.

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? A. amoeboids—pseudopodia B. ciliates-—cilia C. zooflagellates—flagella D. sporozoan—flexing the pellicle

D. sporozoan—flexing the pellicle

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavates?

Diplomonads, euglenoids & parabasalids

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavates? Foraminiferans, radiolarians & fungi Euglenoids, Amoeboids & cellular slime molds Diplomonads, euglenoids & parabasalids Diplomonads, euglenoids & diatoms

Diplomonads, euglenoids & parabasalids

Protist reproduction A. is always asexual fission B. is always sexual with the adult haploid C. is always sexual with the adult diploid D. is always sexual with alternation of haploid and diploid generations E. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles

E

Which definition would best describe the feeding mechanism of euglena? A. carnivorous B. decomposer C. hetertrophic D. photoautotropohic E. mixotrophic

E

Economically important products of the Rhodophyta include A. agar used to make capsules for drugs and vitamins as well as a solidifying agent for bacterial media. B. a gentle polishing abrasive included in some toothpaste or silver polish. C. wrappings around sushi rolls. D. All of the choices. E. A and C only.

E. A and C only.

Protist reproduction A. is always asexual fission. B. is always sexual with the adult haploid. C. is always sexual with the adult diploid. D. is always sexual with alternation of haploid and diploid generations. E. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.

E. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.

Cercozoans

Forms a large group that contains most of the amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed with threadlike pseudopodia

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? Entamoeba histolytica—amoebic dysentery Trypanosoma brucei—sleeping sickness Giardia lamblia—malaria Trichomonas vaginalis—vaginitis and urethritis

Giardia lamblia—malaria

Algae

Green and Red Algae evolved from the endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria which evolved into plastids. Both types of algae went through secondary endosymbiosis: they were ingested in food vacuoles by heterotrophs, becoming endosymbionts themselves.

Brown Algae

Largest and most complex algae. Many species called Seaweed are brown algae. These are the most complex anatomically, and resemble plants, but these similarities are analogous. Thallus, refers to an algal body that is plantlike.

Heteromorphic Isomorphic

Life cycles in which the sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different. In Isomorphic, they are structurally similar, although they differ in chromosome number.

Stramenopiles: Under them; Diatoms, Golden Algae, Brown Algae, Oomycetes

Major subgroup that include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on the planet, and some heterotrophs. Their name refers to their characteristic flagellum, which has numerous fine, hairlike projections. (name means "Straw" and "Hair")

Amoebozoans

Many species of amoebas that have lobe-or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, psuedopodia. This includes Slime molds, gymnamoebas, and entamoebas. Slime molds diverge in to two main branches, plasmodial and cellular slime molds.

Gymnamoebas

Most are heterotrophs, living in freshwater and soil. Some also feed on nonliving organic matter (detritus)

Protists

Mostly unicellular group of eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, and most eukaryotes are unicellular. The organisms in most eukaryotic lineages are protists. Protists are nutritionally diverse.

Radiolarians

Numerous threadlike pseudopodia form a radial array reinforced by microtubules that trap prey.

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Amoebozoans? Amoeboids and euglenoids Choanoflagellates and diplomonads Cellular slime molds and radiolarians Plasmodial and cellular slime molds Plasmodial and water molds

Plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Plasmodial and Cellular slime molds

Plasmodial are one giant supercell with many nuclei that are not separated by plasma membranes. Cytoplasmic streaming distributes nutrients back and forth through the cell. Cellular slime molds are individual units until food is scarce. They then form one unit like plasmodial slime molds, only they are separated by a plasma membrane.

The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by Rhizarians. Opisthokonts. Chromalveolates. Excavates. Amoebozoans.

Rhizarians.

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description?

Volvox—filamentous

This name of the filamentous algae pictured here, belongs in the supergroup Archaeplastida, is _______

Spirogyra

This name of the filamentous algae pictured here, belongs in the supergroup Archaeplastida, is _______. Spirogyra Plasmodium Ulva Volvox Chlamydomonas

Spirogyra

Which type of green algae uses conjugation tubes? What shape do the ribbon-like chloroplasts take?

Spirogyra use conjunction tubes for sexual reproduction & also have spiraled chloroplast.

What is the problem associated with an overgrowth of dinoflagellates called? What happens?

The overgrowth of dinoflagellates causes the production of deadly toxins that kill sea life & and are also toxic for humans to consume or breath in.

Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph? The ability to synthesize organic compounds. The presence of cellulose in the cell wall. The presence of mitochondria within the cell. The ability to synthesize inorganic compounds. The presence of a light trapping pigment.

The presence of a light trapping pigment.

Endosymbiosis

The process in which certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells, which become endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell.

Diatoms

They are a major component of phytoplankton. Their photosynthetic activity affects global carbon dioxide levels. Typically, they are eaten by many different protists, but during a bloom, many die and fall to the ocean floor, trapping the carbon from photosynthesis within their bodies. The carbon dioxide contained within is therefore pumped to the ocean floor. Causing blooms is a theory to help increasing carbon levels, but ecological effect is unknown.

A supergroup is a taxonomic category that may encompass kingdoms and phyla. True False

True

Brown algae along the rocky shores of the north temperate zones are able to withstand pounding tides and drying because of their holdfasts and mucilaginous cell walls. True False

True

It is believed that eukaryotes evolved their mitochondria from a symbiotic relationship with a free-living aerobic bacteria.

True

It is believed that eukaryotes evolved their mitochondria from a symbiotic relationship with a free-living aerobic bacteria. True False

True

Most Chromalveolates have the alternation of generations life cycle, but some species of Fungus have a diplontic life cycle

True

Most brown algae have the alternation of generations life cycle, but some species of Fungus have a diplontic life cycle. True False

True

The 1840s Irish potato famine was caused by a water mold parasite on potatoes.

True

The 1840s Irish potato famine was caused by a water mold parasite on potatoes. True False

True

The 1840s Irish potato famine was caused by a water mold parasite on potatoes. True False

True

The term "protists" is used to refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi.

True

The term "protists" is used to refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi. True False

True

Saprolegnia, a ________, is feeding on the dead insect pictured here. This classifies it as a heterotrophic protist.

Water Mold

Ciliates

Within the same clade under Chromalveolates. Varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed. Conjugation is the process in which genetic variation occurs. Two individuals go through meiosis, disintegrate 3 of 4 micronuclei, the leftover goes through mitosis, two cells swap 1 of the two micronuclei, these two fuse causing variation. 3 rounds of mitosis produce 8 micronuclei, 4 become macronuclei, the original macronucleus disintegrates and two rounds of Binary fission leaves you with 4 cells.

Describe the endosymbiotic hypothesis.

aerobic bacteria evolved and became mitochondria, & cyanobacteria evolved & became chloroplast.

Whereas ____ are the protists that share common ancestors with land plants, __ are the protists that are most closely related to animals.

algae; protozoans

The group of protozoans that contain a unique organelle at one end of the cell that is used to penetrates a host cell:

apicomplexans

A Chlamydomonas parent cell can produce up to 16 daughter cells contained by the parent cell wall during ______ reproduction

asexual

Ciliates reproducce asexually via ____ and sexually via ___

binary fission; conjugation

A ____ is a complete unicellular protist that moves by means of cilia and digests food in food vacuoles.

ciliate

Separate Spirogyra filaments exchange genetic material during a process called _____

conjugation

The exchange of haploid micronuclei between paramecia that accompanies sexual reproduction is called _____

conjugation

The zooxanthellae are dinoflagellates that often have symbiotic relationships with_____

corals

Which protistan structure is not correctly matched with its function? trichocyst - defense and capture of prey cyst - a reproductive structure pseudopodia - movement and feeding pyrenoid - synthesis of starch

cyst - a reproductive structure

The endosymbiotic theory proposes the evolution of:

eukaryotic cells

The various forms of algae (Archaeplastids) are NOT considered plants because they are not multicellular. lack strengthened cell walls. never have specialized tissues. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves. All of the choices are differences that separate the algae from plants.

lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves.

Which disease is mismatched with the incorrect causative agent?

malaria - an amebozoan

Which disease is mismatched with the incorrect causative agent? African sleeping sickness - a trypanosome fish ick - a ciliate malaria - an amebozoan fish kills - dinoflagellate

malaria - an amebozoan

Protist reproduction

may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.

Protist reproduction is always asexual fission. is always sexual with alternation of haploid and diploid generations. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles. is always sexual with the adult diploid. is always sexual with the adult haploid.

may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.

A _____ is an organism that can use either autotrophic or heterotrophic means of gaining nutrients.

mixotroph

In plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the ______, while asexual reproduction occurs in _______

mosquito humans

In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the _________, while asexual reproduction occurs in ________.

mosquito; humans

In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the _________, while asexual reproduction occurs in ________. deer tick; deer humans; mosquitoes mosquito; humans tsetse fly; humans

mosquito; humans

During sexual reproduction in dinoflagellates, the zygote divides melotically and

one daughter cell is produced

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium. chloroplasts originated when a nucleated cell engulfed a cyanobacterium. mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which evolved into mitochondria.

prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium.

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? amoeboids—pseudopodia sporozoan—flexing the pellicle ciliates-—cilia zooflagellates—flagella

sporozoan—flexing the pellicle

Group of protists that includes water, molds, diatoms, and golden brown algae:

stramenopile