Bio (Chapter 3)

Compare and contrast the structure of chloroplasts and mitochondria

Chloroplasts are very similar to mitochondria, but are found only in the cells of plants and some algae. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts produce food for their cells. Chloroplasts help turn sunlight into food that can be used by the cell, a process known as photosynthesis

function of Cilia and flagella

Cilia and flagella move liquid past the surface of the cell. For single cells, such as sperm, this enables them to swim

Give the function of lysosome,

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Trace the path of a protein from rough ER to the plasma membrane

Proteins destined to be secreted move through the secretory pathway in the following order: rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae → secretory or transport vesicles → cell surface (exocytosis)

Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?

Smaller cells have a higher ratio which allow more molecules and ions move across the cell membrane per unit of cytoplasmic volume. Cells small bc they need to be able to get the nutrients in and the waste out quickly.

function of Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells. It is made up of membrane-bound sacs

Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The biggest difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus. They also have other membrane structures called organelles.

function of endoplasmic reticulum.

The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae

functions of centrioles

The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division

Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane which encloses the nucleus which contains nuclear pores. The function of the nuclear envelope and its pores is to regulate the flow of large molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Distinguish between nucleolus, rRNA, and ribosomes

The nucleolus is a dark region of chromatin where rRNA is formed. rRNA joins with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes. Ribosomes are small bodies in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.

Function of nucleus

The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully-enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material.

Describe the endosymbiotic theory and the evidence to support it.

The strongest piece of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory is the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, prokaryote fashion, and can still replicate, transcribe and translate some proteins. Their ribosomes are also fashioned as a prokaryotes would be.