BIO Chpt 24

How does temporal isolation prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species?

Individuals of different species breed at different times of the day or year, preventing the exchange of gametes.

__________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote.

prezygotic

______________ isolation occurs when differences in mating behavior prevent members of two different species from interbreeding.

Behavioral

________________ isolation occurs when differences in mating behavior prevent members of two different species from interbreeding.

Behavioral

An evolutionary scientist classified bacteria based on their use of resources (such as sugars and vitamins) and their growth conditions (such as temperature and pH). What type of evidence was used to classify these species?

Ecological factors

True or false: In sexually reproducing organisms, members of different species can usually interbreed.

FALSE

True or false: Reproductive isolating mechanisms occur because members of populations intentionally want to maintain themselves as separate species.

FALSE

Morphological characteristics

Individuals that have similar physical features are classified to the same species.

One way of identifying a species is by its ability to interbreed. Indeed, the process by which members of one species are unable to successfully interbreed with members of another species is termed reproductive

Isolation

Behavioral isolation

Members of different species differ in their mating rituals.

_____________________ isolation is a prezygotic mechanism that prevents an interspecies hybrid zygote from forming because breeding for two different species occurs at different times of the day or year.

Temporal

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sexually reproducing species?

They usually cannot interbreed with other species.

A male from species A mates with a female from species B. If the reproduction is successful their offspring is:

an interspecies hybrid

Two different species are prevented from interbreeding due to differences in mating behavior. This is example of:

behavioral isolation

A physical barrier that prevents members of different species from coming into contact with one another is an example of:

habitat isolation

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

habitat isolation

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species. Hybrid _________ results when a zygote cannot successfully develop past the early stages of embryonic development. Hybrid ___________results when an interspecies hybrid zygote reaches maturity but cannot produce viable gametes. Hybrid______________

inviability sterility breakdown

There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans, or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example?

molecular features

All of the following are species concepts that have been proposed by evolutionary biologists EXCEPT:

physiological species concept

Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as:

prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms

A reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents the formation of a zygote is called ______, whereas ______ isolating mechanisms come into play after the zygote is formed.

prezygotic; postzygotic

If two sympatric species of trees release pollen at different times of the year, what type of prezygotic isolation keeps these two species reproductively isolated?

temporal

Four species of frogs live in the same area; however, their peak breeding seasons are at different times of the year. This is an example of

temporal isolation

Two species that have similar morphological characteristics but reproduce at different times of the day or year are experiencing:

temporal isolation

Evolutionary lineage species concept

A group of individuals that form a line of descent, with new species arising through speciation from an immediate ancestral species

Ecological species concept

A group of individuals that require the same habitat resources and influence the environment and other species the same way

Biological species concept

A group of individuals who can interbreed with one another and produce viable, fertile offspring

General lineage species concept

A population of an independently evolving lineage

hybrid inviability

An egg cell is successfully fertilized by the sperm of a different species, but the resulting zygote fails to develop past the early embryonic stages.

hybrid breakdown

An interspecies hybrid is able to produce gametes and reproduce with other hybrids, but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities.

hybrid sterility

An interspecies hybrid zygote develops to maturity, but it is incapable of producing viable gametes.

A vast number of species have yet to be classified. This is especially true among ___________ which are difficult to categorize into distinct species.

Bacteria And Archea

Which of the following are difficult to categorize into distinct species?

Bacteria or Archea

What are reproductive isolating mechanisms?

Barriers that prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species.

Geographic isolation

Come into contact with one another because they live in different places.

What kinds of genetic data are used to determine if two populations are actually different species?

DNA sequences within genes chromosome structure gene order along chromosomes chromosome number

What type of isolation occurs when members of one species are unable to successfully interbreed with members of another species?

Reproductive

Temporal isolation

Species reproduce at different times of the day or year.

Mechanical isolation

Structural differences between species prevent mating.

_________ isolation is a prezygotic mechanism that prevents an interspecies hybrid zygote from forming because breeding for two different species occurs at different times of the day or year.

Temporaral

Which of the following are examples of morphological traits that can be used to classify organisms as the same species?

sensory structures body shape cell anatomy

Members of different species that are prevented from coming into contact with one another, often because of some kind of physical barrier, are experiencing

habitat

What type of isolation serves as a prezygotic isolating mechanism when a geographic barrier prevents different species from interbreeding?

habitat

Lions (Panthera leo) and tigers (Panthera tigris) never have an opportunity to interbreed in nature because lions (Panthera leo) are native to Africa and tigers (Panthera tigris) are native to Asia. This is an example of:

habitat isolation

Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, whereas the other species spends most of its time on land. This is known as:

habitat isolation

A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations as two separate species. Which characteristics is this biologist most closely utilizing to distinguish species?

Ecological factors

gametic isolation

Gametes are exchanged, but the egg is not successfully fertilized to produce a zygote.

____________ isolation serves as a prezygotic isolating mechanism by preventing members of two species from ever coming into contact with one another because of differences in their habitats.

Habitat

Select all of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms that occur at the premating stage.

Habitat isolation, Temporal isolation

Which of the following types of prezygotic isolating mechanisms are described correctly?

Habitat isolation: Members of two different species never come into contact with one another because they live in different places. Gametic isolation: Gametes are exchanged, but the egg is not successfully fertilized to produce a zygote. Mechanical isolation: Mating is attempted, but anatomical differences prevent the successful exchange of gametes.

Lions (Panthera leo) are native to Africa and tigers (Panthera tigris) are native to Asia, so they never have an opportunity to interbreed. This is an example of

Habitat reproductive isolation

Which of the following is not a mechanism of prezygotic isolation?

Hybrid breakdown

Select all of the drawbacks to using reproductive isolation in distinguishing species.

If populations have nonoverlapping geographic ranges, it can be difficult to determine if they can interbreed, It cannot be applied to species that are extinct. Some species can interbreed in nature but still maintain populations with distinct characteristics.

Which of the following is an example of behavioral isolation?

Inability of different species of meadowlarks to recognize each other as potential mates due to differences in their songs

Evolutionary relationships

Individuals that have descended from the same ancestor are members of the same species.

When individuals of different species successfully mate and produce offspring, their offspring is known as a(n)

Interbreed species

Although morphological characteristics are often used to differentiate species, what are some drawbacks to this approach?

Many traits are continuous, such as size and weight. Members of the same species can look different. Different Species Can Look Similar

Mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange between members of different species are termed reproductive _________________ mechanisms and often play a role in plant and animal speciation.

Members of the same species can look different. Different species can look similar. Many traits are continuous, such as size and weight.

Physical traits such as height, weight, the color of a frog's skin, or the shape of a bird's beak are also known as ______ traits.

Morphological

Reproductive Isolation

Organisms that are unable to produce viable and fertile offspring are classified to different species.

Ecological factors

Organisms that have similar habitat requirements, such as temperature, rainfall, and soil pH, are classified to the same species.

Molecular features

Organisms with similar DNA sequences are considered to be members of the same species.

Which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born, is infertile?

Postzygotic

____________ isolating mechanisms block the development of a viable and fertile individual after fertilization has taken place.

Postzygotic

Which of the following are methods used by biologists to distinguish different species?

analyzing DNA or other molecular sequences observing the outward appearance of individuals assessing the ability of individuals of different groups to successfully interbreed determinating evolutionary relationships and lineages determining the organisms' ecological niches

Reproductive isolation is a criterion often used to determine species, but it is inappropriate to use for organisms that:

are extinct reproduce asexually

Two species of frogs live in the same pond, but cannot interbreed because they have different mating calls. This is an example of a specific type of prezygotic isolation, called ______________ isolation.

behavioral

When individuals of different species successfully mate and produce offspring, their offspring is known as a(n)

interspecies species

Mechanical

isolation is a prezygotic isolating mechanism that prevents the exchange of gametes due to morphological features.

The inability of members of two different species of dragonfly to mate because the grasping appendages of the male do not fit the body shape of the female is an example of ______ isolation

mechanical

A scientist studying turtles on an island thought that the larger and smaller ones were separate species, but later realized they were female and male of the same species. What type of characteristic was the scientist using at first to distinguish species?

morphological

What characteristics are often used to identify different species?

morphological traits ability to interbreed evolutionary relationships ecological factors molecular features

The most commonly used characteristics to identify species are _______________ traits, ability to ____________ molecular features, ecological factors, and______________ relationships.

morphological traits, ability to interbreed, evolutionary relationships

A category of reproductive isolating mechanisms called _______________ isolating mechanisms block the development of a viable and fertile individual after fertilization has taken place.

postzygotic

_________________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote, whereas __________________ isolating mechanisms come into play after the zygote is formed.

prezygotic postzygotic

The formation of an interspecies hybrid zygote is prevented by __________________ isolating mechanisms, whereas ____________

prezygotic and postzygotic

Reproductive isolating mechanisms fall into two main categories:

prezygotic isolating mechanisms and postzygotic

Which of the following describes a way for defining species?

species concept

Which of the following are characteristic of reproductive isolation?

there is no gene flow between two groups of organisms (species). it is necessary for species to remain separate it is maintained by certain prezygotic and postzygotic barriers