microbiology

robert hooke

-he was the first man to use the term cells. -he created one of the first microscopes, and he's one of the first who examined microbes in the microscope. -he developed cell theory "all living things are made of cells".

louis pasteur

-provided evidence for biogenesis.(disproved spontanous generation) swan necked flask experiment -developed pasteurization -showed that fermentation is the result of microbes. -developed the first aseptic techniques(used to starilize liquieds or objects) -showed that dust contained bacteria

kochs postulates experiment

-take a rabid racoon - isolate a tissue sample -observe a microbe in the tissue sample -grow microbe in the lab -then grab healthy racoon and inject microbe into it -then observe signs and symptoms -then if its microbe then youll have a rabid racoon (im guessing its the same cow experiment)

how many nanometers in a meter

1 billion(1,000,000,000) (3.3feet)

how many micrometers in 1 meter

1 million (1x10^6)

whats the function of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria

1. its a selectively premeable barrier for h2o, o2 and c02. pass freeely through the membrane from high to low concentration. this is how penicillin kill bacteria. -nutrients(sugars, amino acids) must be transported across the membrane. 2. they have a site of atp production.(1and 2 applies to all bacteria) 3. they form structrues called chomatophores

oil immersion

100x lense need to be small to refract at 100x lesne with oil, the oil prevents light refraction to get to the eye. it helps collect more light with not as much refraction higher magnifcation image is fuzzzy in the light because light bends and its difficult to collect light that is refracted.

ocular or eye peice lenses

10x, you use this and multiply the lenses to whatever other type of power given.

Gram positive Bactria

Bacillus anthrasis, Very sensitivity to lysozyme, penicillin, ampicillin, etc

viruses featrues

DNA or RNA as nucleic acids that surround protective protein coat. obligate(requires) intracellular(host cell) parasites(steals recourses). infects all forms of life non living a cellular can cause diseases to humans like polio, aids, inflamation

binary fission

Dna is copied, cell gets large, and cell divides

isotonic environemnt

FYI: solutes(ions, sugars) cannot pass membrane freely and water which can move accross membrane freely by diffusion(osmosis) when concentration of solutes and water on both sides of the membrane are equal. so no net movement of water.(equilibrium)

what 2 parts of naming do microorganisms consist of?

Genus and species. first letter of genus is always capitalized, entire name is underlined or italicized

alexanders experiment

He routinely grew bacteria on a solid medium called nutrient agar. In one experiment, he noticed that his bacteria plates were contaminated by a fungus called Penicillium chrysogenum. Importantly, growth of Penicillium chrysogenum seemed to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. The fungus was actually producing a substance, called penicillin, which killed the bacteria. Penicillin was then isolated from the fungus and is still used today to treat a variety of infections.

whats the sugar component of sugar in peptidoglycan?

N-acetylglucossamine(nag)

sterilization

The removal of all microorganisms and other pathogens from an object or surface by treating it with chemicals or subjecting it to high heat or radiation. can kill autoclave(hot steam)

Corynobacterium diphtheriae

a bacterium gram positive causes piptherea plenamorphic

microbe streptoBacillus anthrasis

a bacterium that has a long linear chains. a prokaryote. causes anthrax gram positive contains a capsule monomorphic

what is the microbe: saccharomyces cerevisae

a bread and beer eukaryotic yeast (fungus) used to produce bread in alcohol. non pathogenic to humans

tetrad

a cell divides and divides again making 4

eukaryote

a cell that contains a nucleus and organelles.

lysol

a dissenfectant, cleaves bonds between sugars of peptido glycan cell wall structure

penicillian chysogonium

a fungus(mold) a eukaryote produces penicillin

resolving power

a set feature of every microscope, having its own power. it is the minimum distance two objects must be separated, which is .2 micrometers, in order to appear as two objects. if two objects are closer together than the resolving power then the object merge together. if an objects diameter is less thatn the resolving power then the object disapears. because a virus is less then .2 micrometers in diameter so they are invisable

antibiosis(use of antibiotics)

a substance produced by one microbe to kill another microbe. example is penicillan

degerming

a type of antisepsis used to prepare for a needle. example is using alcohol to help prepare

edwards jenners experiment

a, he took scrapings from cowpox blisters and used them to inoculate a small child. This patient developed cowpox symptoms but quickly recovered. Importantly, when challenged by an injection of smallpox material, the patient never developed smallpox. We know now that the exposure to cowpox stimulated the body to produce a protective response, called immunity, to the cowpox virus and the related smallpox virus. This method of stimulating the immune system to produce a protective response is called vaccination.

resolution

ability to see fine detail and to be able to distinguish between two objects.

produces agar, a polysaccharide used in laboratory science.

algae

monomorphic

all individual cells of the same species are the same shape. almost all bacteria are monomorphic.

pilli

allows bacteria to attatch

sex pilis

allows bacteria to echange genetic information, known as congigation

polymixin b

an antibiotic found in neosporin, it disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria,

triclosan

antidbacterial soaps, toothpastes

size of bacteria

are 1-5 micrometer long, 1 micrometer wide

size of protozoa

are 100 times larger

size of viruses

are about 10-100 micrometers wide

what are the two bacteria thats gram positive?

b. anthrasis, C diptheria

palisade

bacilli that lie side by side lengthwise. they can also line side by side long ways. like two dominos peices next to each other. always 2 at a time

what bacteria is monomorphic

bacillus anthrasis is monomorphic

streptobaacilli

bacillus: rod shaped almost a square the arrangement is strpto bacillus or long linear chain shape is the cell of lowercase b bacilus genus is:Bacillus *draw rencangle

provides the characteristic taste of yogurt

bacteria

what type of microorganisms are living?

bacteria archea and eukarea

why does pasteurized milk eventually spoil even if it is stored properly and is never opened?

bacteria in the milk was all ready there from the cow. pasteurization is not sterilization, but is used to kill pathogenic bacteria, also reducing a good number of bacteria. mainly used to not get turburculoses in milk

borellia burgdorferi

bacteria, gram negative, spirochete, move using axial filaments. causes lyme disease

treponema pallidum

bacteria, gram negative, spirochete, move using axial filaments. causes syphilis

escharichia coli

bacterium, gram negative bacillus, no arrangement. peritrichous some strains of e. coli are harmless(normal flora) some strains are dangerous ecoli: 0157:147-bloody diahea

neisseria gonorhoeae

bacterium, gram negative, coccus; diplococcus, has fimbrae, uses fimbrie to attach to urinary tract. or more specificly the adhesion attach to tract. its on the fimbrae. causes gonorrhea

contrast pt.3 stuff

being able to see and distinguish a microbe from the environment. helps reduce camouflage making things distinct

vibrio

bent shape(like a kidney bean)

hook

bent stucture that links the filament to the basal body

Lyme disease

bulls eye rash, name after lyme, connecticut, contracted through deer ticks. prevelant between june and september because of ticks cause bells paulsy attacks kids because of low immunity

pt 6 shiz. glycocalyx types

capsule and slime layer a thick sticky mucos layer composed f sugars found outside of the cell wall. they prevent destruction by the phagocytes of the immune system. adhere to surface such as teeth.(dental plaque)

what kind of diseases can bacteria cause and to what kind?

cause disease to humans and produce a disease called anthrax, lyme disease and tuberculosis.

prokaryote

cell has no nucleus or internal organelles

chemotherapeutic agents

chemical substances that kill harmful microorganisms

condenser

coantians lenses that ensure that light produced by illuminator is directed through specimin properly. also controls how much light passes specimin

streptoccoci

coccus: sphere shape streptococci: linear chain of sphere arrangment *draw tiny circle

staphylococci

coccus: sphere shape, staphylococus(arrangement, or random arrangement) or no arrangment

prions features

consist of abnormal form of a protein found in the central nervous system. do not contain DNA or RNA. Cause disease in humans and animals like mad cow disease acellular

cytoplasmic mebrane structure

contains cell wall, and a straight membrane with no loops. has phospholipid bilayer, containing transport protein( which transports sugars or other molecules that dont tranport proteins freely) and receptor protein. outside the cell is termed environrment and inside the cell is termed cytoplasm.

edward jenner

discovered immunity, was the first to perform a vaccination

robert koch

discovered that specific microbes cause specific disease. he developed koch's postulates. showed that anthrax is caused by a microbe. he developed the germ theory of disease, microbes can cause disease

sarcina

divides and baby cells go on top

coccobacillus

egg looking, half way cocco, other half baciilus(coocoobacillus is the shape which is egg like) *draw egg

protozoa features

eukaryotes unicellular, no celll walls, use psudopods to move(they almost always move) are classified by how they move hunt and eat smaller microbes can cause disease in humans like malaria, african sleeping sickness,toxoplasmosis

helminths features

eukaryotes, multicellular worms, typical parasites and cause disease to humans like guina worm disease no cell walls

what features do fungi have

eukaryotes, they can be unicellular or multicellular. they have chitin as cell walls. gains nutrients by degrading material( recycle carbon and nitrogen in the environment.) dont move can cause disease(athletes foot, yeast infections, ringworm)

algae features

eukaryotes, they go though photosynthesis(use energy and sunlight to capture carbon dioxide gas, bi-products are sugar and oxygen) they have a cellulose(polysacharaides like plants) as cell wall. some of them use flagella for motility unicellular or multicellular(like kelp) dont cause any diseases

robert koch's experiment

examine bacteria, then culture the bacteria inject cow with that bacteria cow dead from anthrax so draw blood from it examine blood and find bacteria. problems with this is that you got to find a human if its a human disease but that is not ethical, you also need to know where the bacteria thrives in the body. you dont know where the bacteria is or if the bacteria cultured is even the cause of the disease(anthrax,plague, and tuberculosis)

swan-necked flask experiment

experiment #1: control -he took a long neck flask with beef wroth with open air. -then boiled it to sterilize (killing all living things). -he let it sit over night(incubate) -then it became a spoiled beef broth. experiment #2: -take the beef broth, use a flame to bend the neck of the flask. make it look bendy like.(still open to air tho) - then you boil it to sterilize - then you incubate. and apparently the broth never spoils.(disproving spontaneous generation) in the biogenesis explanation- dust combines bacteria, dust gets trapped in the bend of the flask.

ocular lenses

eyepeices. helps magnify image slightly, most do 10x

flagella parts

filament, hook and basal body.

peritrichous

flagella is everywhere around cell (per-perimiter(all around))

specimen stage

flat structure that holds microscope slide in correct position

what helps influence or increase resolution? pt.3 stuff

focusing the microscope, using immersion oil increase resolution(helps decrease light refreaction), having high quality lenses and cleaning the lenses and the sample help influence resolution increasing contrast increases resolution.

make blue cheese "blue"

fungus(mold)

causes bread to rise

fungus(yeast)

what kind of gram is ecoli salmorella

gram negative

what are the two different types of bacteria?

gram positive(purple)- use pennicilin if positive gram negative(red or pink)- difficult to deal with.

ethylalcohol

hand sanitizer

phospholipidso

has a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail

gram negative bacteria features

has fewer layers of peptidoglycan no teichonic acids no lipoichoic acids more resistance to lyzosyme more resistant to penicillin, methiothinin etc. more sensitive to polymysin B contains porins to move nutrients across outer membrane into the cell secretin systems move waste across outer membrane (outside of the cell) lipoproteins connect outer membrane to peptidoglylcan and the cytoplasmic membrane. between the membrane is called the periplasm, or periplasm space. litquid environement just like the cytoplasm in cell.

alexander fleming

he discovered the first natural antibiotic, penicillin by accident

antonie von leeuwenhoek

he was the first to observe bacteria (he initially called it animucules). created an early microscope) first to make the magnifying glass.

causes a disease obtained from eating undercooked pork

helminth- disease trickanosis

periplasm function

helps break down nutrients and lipids and stuff

hypotonic environment

human body- when solutes on the outide of a bacteria membrane has less solutes on the outside but more water then the inside of bacteria. bacteria then swells. the cell is needed to prevent lysis of bacteria

plenamorphic

individual cells in the same speicies can have different shapes. like one will be spherical, egg like, bean like etc

leptospira

internal flagella that are anchored at the end of the cell. lies underneath teh outer membrane, rotation produces a corkscrew motion

resolving power of for example (.2) micrometers means what?

it means you cant see anything less then that resolving power. anything less then .2 is something you cant see.

antisepsis

killing pathogens on living tissue. examples are (h2o2)hydrogen peroxide, betadine

cell wall

kindda like a chain linked fence with holes. little molecules can pass freely but not bigger molecules

lipopolly sacharides

known as lipid A or endotoxin. causes fever and shock. its what leached out of gram negative bacteria

O-specific poly sacharaide

lies on top of lipopolly sacharides, used to identify gram negative bacteria

illuminator

light source(light bulb)

diaphragm

like an iris it helps control amount of light focused through sample. opens and closes

what connects peptido glycan sheets

lipotochoic acids

biogenisis

living organisms (including van Leeuwenhoek's animalcules) can only arise from other living organisms.

streptobacilli

long chains of bacilli linked end to end

slime layer

long finger like projections, has liquid consistancy slime layer is loosely attached too cell

fimbrae

looks like flagella but not same length, like a bunch of pokey lines comin out of a cell. their for attatchment. known as pilli.

what kind of dissenfectancs kils bacteria

lysol, triclosan, chlorhexidine, ethyl alchohol, all these chemicals are ffective against gram negative bacteria

magnifaction

make things or species look bigger. objective and occular lenses increase magnfication

trichous

means flaggela

viroids features

microbes composed of RNA which are infectous not protected by a protein coat and dont contain proteins. causes disease in plants non living a-cellular

phototaxis

movement in response to light

aerotaxis

movement in resposne to loxygen

magnetotaxis

movment in repsonse to magnetic fields

chemotaxis

movment in response to a chemical stimulus

thermotaxis

movment in resposne to temperature

antibiotics

natural chemicals that inhibit the growth of microbes. ONLY works against one type of infection wich is bacteria.

atrichous

no flaggella

monotrichous

one flaggela.

what types of microbes are prokaryotic?

ones with no nucleus like bacteria and archea, the majority or organisms are prokaryotic

where are the lipopolly sacharides, and o-specific poly sacharide located in gram negative bacteria

outisde the membrane or LPS layer.

diplococci

pair after dividing in one plane

diplobacilli

pair of bacilli end to end after dividing

pasteurized milk

pasteurization is not sterilization, but is used to kill pathogenic bacteria, also reducing a good number of bacteria. mainly used to not get turburculoses in milk

cell wall structure

peptido glycan, prevents osmotic lysis. prevents large molecules getting in cell, like fairly large molecules. cell wall determines shape. anchor point for flagella can cause disease in humans

how are the peptido and sugars connected?

peptidoglycan sheet

filament

portion of the fagellum that extends outward from the cell composed of flagellin protein subunits

domain bacteria features.

prokarytotic unicellular assume a limited number of shapes they have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan divide by binary fission(not mitoses or meiosis) move using flaggela-differnt then other flaggela can cause disease in humans

causes an infection in humans that is obtained from the cat litter

protozoan-disease toxoplasmosis

sanitation

reduces the number of microbes to a safe level. doesnt target specific microbes though. just reduced number. example is a dishwasher.

how flagella move

rotate like a propeller, random movement, flagella run, move in one direction or tumble around, stop and wiggle.

domain archea features

same as domain bacteria for the most part, only unique difference are: that their cell was dont contain peptidoglycan not gram positive or gram negative they dont cause disease live in extreme environemnts like gysers or great salt like

sarcinae

sarcina is the arangment of cube(8 number of cells) coccus shape: sphere

amphitrichous

single flaggelum at each end

whats a chomatophore

site of photosynthesis- doesnt apply to pathogenic bacteria, but only certain ones. cytoplasmic membrane and photosynthesis enzymes they form loops around inside the cell wall and inside those loops are photosynthesis enzymes called chromatophore

hypertonic

solute concentration outside the cell is reallly high, more water inside cell bacteria. shrinks cell(plasmalysis)dies

shapes of bacteria

sphere, rectangle, egg like, boomerang lookin one, and squigly or long squigly

spirillum

spir: spiril but fewer bends like 2 or less solitary bacteria

spirochete

spiro: spiriles or long squigly like string. 2 or more bends solitary bacteria

basal body

structure that links the flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, responsible for converting chemical enrgy atp, into rotational movement.

peptidoglycan structure

sugar and peptide components. a sugar: n-acetylglucossamine(nag) N-acetylmuramic acid(nam) peptide component: tetrapeptide side chain

chlorhexidine

surgical hand scrubs, mouthwash

lysosyme

sweat, tears, saliva.

synthetic antibiotics

synthesized in the lab. salvasan(sulfa drugs) was first one made for drugs.

what acts as staples to connect peptidoglycan sheets

teichoic acids

whats the peptide componnent of peptidoglycan?

tetrapeptide side chain, peptide cross bridge

disinfection

the act of disinfecting, using specialized cleansing techniques that destroy or prevent growth of pathogenic microbes. used on inanimate objects or non living things, like using bleach

capsule

the bacerial cell, they are uniform in width. they are gel-like(more solid) capule is firmly attatched to the cell

objective lenses

the lenses with multiple objective power magnification (scanner4x, low,10x, high 40x, oil 100x)

spontaneous generation

theory that simple forms of life(bacteria earthworms) could arise from none living material like air, food and water

strains

they are like "breed"

strepto coccie

they divide and become long linear chain

pennicillin, ampicillin, methicillin do what to cell wall of peptidoglycan, and vuamomycin

they prevent formation of peptide cross bridges. gram positive are sensitive to this.

lophotrichous

two or more flaggela at one or both ends of cell.

peptidoglycan sheet

used for strength and integrity, more sheets the more tough, up too 30 sheets. found in gram positive bacteria helps with hypertonic environemnts sugars linked by covalent bonds, end-to-end, so alternating NAG, and NAM. known as glycan chain the peptides are attatched to the NAM alternating up and down on linear chain strip. which will connect or produce peptide cross bridges linking other alternating chain strips forming a sheet

what are the uses advantages and disadvantages of transmission electron microscope

uses: can examine fine detail internal structures advantages: highest magnification (1,000,000x) very high resolving power(0.3nm) disadvantages: very difficult to use, very expensive, difficult to prepare sample. requires sectioning the specimin. prone to false positive results (artifacts)

what are the uses advantages and disadvanges of scanning electron microscope

uses: can examine surface features of any microbe used to examine viruses. advantages: high magnification(75,000x), high resolving power(10nm), it doesnt require sectioning of the sample disadvantage: prone to artifacts(false positive) expensive microscope, difficult sample population

what are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of light microscope?

uses: you'll see living microbes, routine analysis of bacteria. advantage: its easy to use, small and portable, relatively cheap, easy to prepare sample disadvantage: cant use to see nonliving microbes(1000x) limited mangification, limitied resolving power(.2micrometers)

causes the flu

virus

non living microorganisms?

virus viroids and preons

pt 5 pennicillin function

weakins bacterias cell walls so water gets in bacteria to kill it because of osmosis.(osmotic lysis) also ampicillin, uancomycin, methicillin, lysozome(tears, sweat, saliva) all help disrupt the cell wall.

stapholocci

when you cant determin the arrangment

fermentation

yeast converting sugars to carbon dioxide gas, and ethyl alcohol in the absence of oxygen. invovled in bread, and alcohol production.