microbiology
robert hooke
-he was the first man to use the term cells. -he created one of the first microscopes, and he's one of the first who examined microbes in the microscope. -he developed cell theory "all living things are made of cells".
louis pasteur
-provided evidence for biogenesis.(disproved spontanous generation) swan necked flask experiment -developed pasteurization -showed that fermentation is the result of microbes. -developed the first aseptic techniques(used to starilize liquieds or objects) -showed that dust contained bacteria
kochs postulates experiment
-take a rabid racoon - isolate a tissue sample -observe a microbe in the tissue sample -grow microbe in the lab -then grab healthy racoon and inject microbe into it -then observe signs and symptoms -then if its microbe then youll have a rabid racoon (im guessing its the same cow experiment)
how many nanometers in a meter
1 billion(1,000,000,000) (3.3feet)
how many micrometers in 1 meter
1 million (1x10^6)
whats the function of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
1. its a selectively premeable barrier for h2o, o2 and c02. pass freeely through the membrane from high to low concentration. this is how penicillin kill bacteria. -nutrients(sugars, amino acids) must be transported across the membrane. 2. they have a site of atp production.(1and 2 applies to all bacteria) 3. they form structrues called chomatophores
oil immersion
100x lense need to be small to refract at 100x lesne with oil, the oil prevents light refraction to get to the eye. it helps collect more light with not as much refraction higher magnifcation image is fuzzzy in the light because light bends and its difficult to collect light that is refracted.
ocular or eye peice lenses
10x, you use this and multiply the lenses to whatever other type of power given.
Gram positive Bactria
Bacillus anthrasis, Very sensitivity to lysozyme, penicillin, ampicillin, etc
viruses featrues
DNA or RNA as nucleic acids that surround protective protein coat. obligate(requires) intracellular(host cell) parasites(steals recourses). infects all forms of life non living a cellular can cause diseases to humans like polio, aids, inflamation
binary fission
Dna is copied, cell gets large, and cell divides
isotonic environemnt
FYI: solutes(ions, sugars) cannot pass membrane freely and water which can move accross membrane freely by diffusion(osmosis) when concentration of solutes and water on both sides of the membrane are equal. so no net movement of water.(equilibrium)
what 2 parts of naming do microorganisms consist of?
Genus and species. first letter of genus is always capitalized, entire name is underlined or italicized
alexanders experiment
He routinely grew bacteria on a solid medium called nutrient agar. In one experiment, he noticed that his bacteria plates were contaminated by a fungus called Penicillium chrysogenum. Importantly, growth of Penicillium chrysogenum seemed to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. The fungus was actually producing a substance, called penicillin, which killed the bacteria. Penicillin was then isolated from the fungus and is still used today to treat a variety of infections.
whats the sugar component of sugar in peptidoglycan?
N-acetylglucossamine(nag)
sterilization
The removal of all microorganisms and other pathogens from an object or surface by treating it with chemicals or subjecting it to high heat or radiation. can kill autoclave(hot steam)
Corynobacterium diphtheriae
a bacterium gram positive causes piptherea plenamorphic
microbe streptoBacillus anthrasis
a bacterium that has a long linear chains. a prokaryote. causes anthrax gram positive contains a capsule monomorphic
what is the microbe: saccharomyces cerevisae
a bread and beer eukaryotic yeast (fungus) used to produce bread in alcohol. non pathogenic to humans
tetrad
a cell divides and divides again making 4
eukaryote
a cell that contains a nucleus and organelles.
lysol
a dissenfectant, cleaves bonds between sugars of peptido glycan cell wall structure
penicillian chysogonium
a fungus(mold) a eukaryote produces penicillin
resolving power
a set feature of every microscope, having its own power. it is the minimum distance two objects must be separated, which is .2 micrometers, in order to appear as two objects. if two objects are closer together than the resolving power then the object merge together. if an objects diameter is less thatn the resolving power then the object disapears. because a virus is less then .2 micrometers in diameter so they are invisable
antibiosis(use of antibiotics)
a substance produced by one microbe to kill another microbe. example is penicillan
degerming
a type of antisepsis used to prepare for a needle. example is using alcohol to help prepare
edwards jenners experiment
a, he took scrapings from cowpox blisters and used them to inoculate a small child. This patient developed cowpox symptoms but quickly recovered. Importantly, when challenged by an injection of smallpox material, the patient never developed smallpox. We know now that the exposure to cowpox stimulated the body to produce a protective response, called immunity, to the cowpox virus and the related smallpox virus. This method of stimulating the immune system to produce a protective response is called vaccination.
resolution
ability to see fine detail and to be able to distinguish between two objects.
produces agar, a polysaccharide used in laboratory science.
algae
monomorphic
all individual cells of the same species are the same shape. almost all bacteria are monomorphic.
pilli
allows bacteria to attatch
sex pilis
allows bacteria to echange genetic information, known as congigation
polymixin b
an antibiotic found in neosporin, it disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria,
triclosan
antidbacterial soaps, toothpastes
size of bacteria
are 1-5 micrometer long, 1 micrometer wide
size of protozoa
are 100 times larger
size of viruses
are about 10-100 micrometers wide
what are the two bacteria thats gram positive?
b. anthrasis, C diptheria
palisade
bacilli that lie side by side lengthwise. they can also line side by side long ways. like two dominos peices next to each other. always 2 at a time
what bacteria is monomorphic
bacillus anthrasis is monomorphic
streptobaacilli
bacillus: rod shaped almost a square the arrangement is strpto bacillus or long linear chain shape is the cell of lowercase b bacilus genus is:Bacillus *draw rencangle
provides the characteristic taste of yogurt
bacteria
what type of microorganisms are living?
bacteria archea and eukarea
why does pasteurized milk eventually spoil even if it is stored properly and is never opened?
bacteria in the milk was all ready there from the cow. pasteurization is not sterilization, but is used to kill pathogenic bacteria, also reducing a good number of bacteria. mainly used to not get turburculoses in milk
borellia burgdorferi
bacteria, gram negative, spirochete, move using axial filaments. causes lyme disease
treponema pallidum
bacteria, gram negative, spirochete, move using axial filaments. causes syphilis
escharichia coli
bacterium, gram negative bacillus, no arrangement. peritrichous some strains of e. coli are harmless(normal flora) some strains are dangerous ecoli: 0157:147-bloody diahea
neisseria gonorhoeae
bacterium, gram negative, coccus; diplococcus, has fimbrae, uses fimbrie to attach to urinary tract. or more specificly the adhesion attach to tract. its on the fimbrae. causes gonorrhea
contrast pt.3 stuff
being able to see and distinguish a microbe from the environment. helps reduce camouflage making things distinct
vibrio
bent shape(like a kidney bean)
hook
bent stucture that links the filament to the basal body
Lyme disease
bulls eye rash, name after lyme, connecticut, contracted through deer ticks. prevelant between june and september because of ticks cause bells paulsy attacks kids because of low immunity
pt 6 shiz. glycocalyx types
capsule and slime layer a thick sticky mucos layer composed f sugars found outside of the cell wall. they prevent destruction by the phagocytes of the immune system. adhere to surface such as teeth.(dental plaque)
what kind of diseases can bacteria cause and to what kind?
cause disease to humans and produce a disease called anthrax, lyme disease and tuberculosis.
prokaryote
cell has no nucleus or internal organelles
chemotherapeutic agents
chemical substances that kill harmful microorganisms
condenser
coantians lenses that ensure that light produced by illuminator is directed through specimin properly. also controls how much light passes specimin
streptoccoci
coccus: sphere shape streptococci: linear chain of sphere arrangment *draw tiny circle
staphylococci
coccus: sphere shape, staphylococus(arrangement, or random arrangement) or no arrangment
prions features
consist of abnormal form of a protein found in the central nervous system. do not contain DNA or RNA. Cause disease in humans and animals like mad cow disease acellular
cytoplasmic mebrane structure
contains cell wall, and a straight membrane with no loops. has phospholipid bilayer, containing transport protein( which transports sugars or other molecules that dont tranport proteins freely) and receptor protein. outside the cell is termed environrment and inside the cell is termed cytoplasm.
edward jenner
discovered immunity, was the first to perform a vaccination
robert koch
discovered that specific microbes cause specific disease. he developed koch's postulates. showed that anthrax is caused by a microbe. he developed the germ theory of disease, microbes can cause disease
sarcina
divides and baby cells go on top
coccobacillus
egg looking, half way cocco, other half baciilus(coocoobacillus is the shape which is egg like) *draw egg
protozoa features
eukaryotes unicellular, no celll walls, use psudopods to move(they almost always move) are classified by how they move hunt and eat smaller microbes can cause disease in humans like malaria, african sleeping sickness,toxoplasmosis
helminths features
eukaryotes, multicellular worms, typical parasites and cause disease to humans like guina worm disease no cell walls
what features do fungi have
eukaryotes, they can be unicellular or multicellular. they have chitin as cell walls. gains nutrients by degrading material( recycle carbon and nitrogen in the environment.) dont move can cause disease(athletes foot, yeast infections, ringworm)
algae features
eukaryotes, they go though photosynthesis(use energy and sunlight to capture carbon dioxide gas, bi-products are sugar and oxygen) they have a cellulose(polysacharaides like plants) as cell wall. some of them use flagella for motility unicellular or multicellular(like kelp) dont cause any diseases
robert koch's experiment
examine bacteria, then culture the bacteria inject cow with that bacteria cow dead from anthrax so draw blood from it examine blood and find bacteria. problems with this is that you got to find a human if its a human disease but that is not ethical, you also need to know where the bacteria thrives in the body. you dont know where the bacteria is or if the bacteria cultured is even the cause of the disease(anthrax,plague, and tuberculosis)
swan-necked flask experiment
experiment #1: control -he took a long neck flask with beef wroth with open air. -then boiled it to sterilize (killing all living things). -he let it sit over night(incubate) -then it became a spoiled beef broth. experiment #2: -take the beef broth, use a flame to bend the neck of the flask. make it look bendy like.(still open to air tho) - then you boil it to sterilize - then you incubate. and apparently the broth never spoils.(disproving spontaneous generation) in the biogenesis explanation- dust combines bacteria, dust gets trapped in the bend of the flask.
ocular lenses
eyepeices. helps magnify image slightly, most do 10x
flagella parts
filament, hook and basal body.
peritrichous
flagella is everywhere around cell (per-perimiter(all around))
specimen stage
flat structure that holds microscope slide in correct position
what helps influence or increase resolution? pt.3 stuff
focusing the microscope, using immersion oil increase resolution(helps decrease light refreaction), having high quality lenses and cleaning the lenses and the sample help influence resolution increasing contrast increases resolution.
make blue cheese "blue"
fungus(mold)
causes bread to rise
fungus(yeast)
what kind of gram is ecoli salmorella
gram negative
what are the two different types of bacteria?
gram positive(purple)- use pennicilin if positive gram negative(red or pink)- difficult to deal with.
ethylalcohol
hand sanitizer
phospholipidso
has a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail
gram negative bacteria features
has fewer layers of peptidoglycan no teichonic acids no lipoichoic acids more resistance to lyzosyme more resistant to penicillin, methiothinin etc. more sensitive to polymysin B contains porins to move nutrients across outer membrane into the cell secretin systems move waste across outer membrane (outside of the cell) lipoproteins connect outer membrane to peptidoglylcan and the cytoplasmic membrane. between the membrane is called the periplasm, or periplasm space. litquid environement just like the cytoplasm in cell.
alexander fleming
he discovered the first natural antibiotic, penicillin by accident
antonie von leeuwenhoek
he was the first to observe bacteria (he initially called it animucules). created an early microscope) first to make the magnifying glass.
causes a disease obtained from eating undercooked pork
helminth- disease trickanosis
periplasm function
helps break down nutrients and lipids and stuff
hypotonic environment
human body- when solutes on the outide of a bacteria membrane has less solutes on the outside but more water then the inside of bacteria. bacteria then swells. the cell is needed to prevent lysis of bacteria
plenamorphic
individual cells in the same speicies can have different shapes. like one will be spherical, egg like, bean like etc
leptospira
internal flagella that are anchored at the end of the cell. lies underneath teh outer membrane, rotation produces a corkscrew motion
resolving power of for example (.2) micrometers means what?
it means you cant see anything less then that resolving power. anything less then .2 is something you cant see.
antisepsis
killing pathogens on living tissue. examples are (h2o2)hydrogen peroxide, betadine
cell wall
kindda like a chain linked fence with holes. little molecules can pass freely but not bigger molecules
lipopolly sacharides
known as lipid A or endotoxin. causes fever and shock. its what leached out of gram negative bacteria
O-specific poly sacharaide
lies on top of lipopolly sacharides, used to identify gram negative bacteria
illuminator
light source(light bulb)
diaphragm
like an iris it helps control amount of light focused through sample. opens and closes
what connects peptido glycan sheets
lipotochoic acids
biogenisis
living organisms (including van Leeuwenhoek's animalcules) can only arise from other living organisms.
streptobacilli
long chains of bacilli linked end to end
slime layer
long finger like projections, has liquid consistancy slime layer is loosely attached too cell
fimbrae
looks like flagella but not same length, like a bunch of pokey lines comin out of a cell. their for attatchment. known as pilli.
what kind of dissenfectancs kils bacteria
lysol, triclosan, chlorhexidine, ethyl alchohol, all these chemicals are ffective against gram negative bacteria
magnifaction
make things or species look bigger. objective and occular lenses increase magnfication
trichous
means flaggela
viroids features
microbes composed of RNA which are infectous not protected by a protein coat and dont contain proteins. causes disease in plants non living a-cellular
phototaxis
movement in response to light
aerotaxis
movement in resposne to loxygen
magnetotaxis
movment in repsonse to magnetic fields
chemotaxis
movment in response to a chemical stimulus
thermotaxis
movment in resposne to temperature
antibiotics
natural chemicals that inhibit the growth of microbes. ONLY works against one type of infection wich is bacteria.
atrichous
no flaggella
monotrichous
one flaggela.
what types of microbes are prokaryotic?
ones with no nucleus like bacteria and archea, the majority or organisms are prokaryotic
where are the lipopolly sacharides, and o-specific poly sacharide located in gram negative bacteria
outisde the membrane or LPS layer.
diplococci
pair after dividing in one plane
diplobacilli
pair of bacilli end to end after dividing
pasteurized milk
pasteurization is not sterilization, but is used to kill pathogenic bacteria, also reducing a good number of bacteria. mainly used to not get turburculoses in milk
cell wall structure
peptido glycan, prevents osmotic lysis. prevents large molecules getting in cell, like fairly large molecules. cell wall determines shape. anchor point for flagella can cause disease in humans
how are the peptido and sugars connected?
peptidoglycan sheet
filament
portion of the fagellum that extends outward from the cell composed of flagellin protein subunits
domain bacteria features.
prokarytotic unicellular assume a limited number of shapes they have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan divide by binary fission(not mitoses or meiosis) move using flaggela-differnt then other flaggela can cause disease in humans
causes an infection in humans that is obtained from the cat litter
protozoan-disease toxoplasmosis
sanitation
reduces the number of microbes to a safe level. doesnt target specific microbes though. just reduced number. example is a dishwasher.
how flagella move
rotate like a propeller, random movement, flagella run, move in one direction or tumble around, stop and wiggle.
domain archea features
same as domain bacteria for the most part, only unique difference are: that their cell was dont contain peptidoglycan not gram positive or gram negative they dont cause disease live in extreme environemnts like gysers or great salt like
sarcinae
sarcina is the arangment of cube(8 number of cells) coccus shape: sphere
amphitrichous
single flaggelum at each end
whats a chomatophore
site of photosynthesis- doesnt apply to pathogenic bacteria, but only certain ones. cytoplasmic membrane and photosynthesis enzymes they form loops around inside the cell wall and inside those loops are photosynthesis enzymes called chromatophore
hypertonic
solute concentration outside the cell is reallly high, more water inside cell bacteria. shrinks cell(plasmalysis)dies
shapes of bacteria
sphere, rectangle, egg like, boomerang lookin one, and squigly or long squigly
spirillum
spir: spiril but fewer bends like 2 or less solitary bacteria
spirochete
spiro: spiriles or long squigly like string. 2 or more bends solitary bacteria
basal body
structure that links the flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, responsible for converting chemical enrgy atp, into rotational movement.
peptidoglycan structure
sugar and peptide components. a sugar: n-acetylglucossamine(nag) N-acetylmuramic acid(nam) peptide component: tetrapeptide side chain
chlorhexidine
surgical hand scrubs, mouthwash
lysosyme
sweat, tears, saliva.
synthetic antibiotics
synthesized in the lab. salvasan(sulfa drugs) was first one made for drugs.
what acts as staples to connect peptidoglycan sheets
teichoic acids
whats the peptide componnent of peptidoglycan?
tetrapeptide side chain, peptide cross bridge
disinfection
the act of disinfecting, using specialized cleansing techniques that destroy or prevent growth of pathogenic microbes. used on inanimate objects or non living things, like using bleach
capsule
the bacerial cell, they are uniform in width. they are gel-like(more solid) capule is firmly attatched to the cell
objective lenses
the lenses with multiple objective power magnification (scanner4x, low,10x, high 40x, oil 100x)
spontaneous generation
theory that simple forms of life(bacteria earthworms) could arise from none living material like air, food and water
strains
they are like "breed"
strepto coccie
they divide and become long linear chain
pennicillin, ampicillin, methicillin do what to cell wall of peptidoglycan, and vuamomycin
they prevent formation of peptide cross bridges. gram positive are sensitive to this.
lophotrichous
two or more flaggela at one or both ends of cell.
peptidoglycan sheet
used for strength and integrity, more sheets the more tough, up too 30 sheets. found in gram positive bacteria helps with hypertonic environemnts sugars linked by covalent bonds, end-to-end, so alternating NAG, and NAM. known as glycan chain the peptides are attatched to the NAM alternating up and down on linear chain strip. which will connect or produce peptide cross bridges linking other alternating chain strips forming a sheet
what are the uses advantages and disadvantages of transmission electron microscope
uses: can examine fine detail internal structures advantages: highest magnification (1,000,000x) very high resolving power(0.3nm) disadvantages: very difficult to use, very expensive, difficult to prepare sample. requires sectioning the specimin. prone to false positive results (artifacts)
what are the uses advantages and disadvanges of scanning electron microscope
uses: can examine surface features of any microbe used to examine viruses. advantages: high magnification(75,000x), high resolving power(10nm), it doesnt require sectioning of the sample disadvantage: prone to artifacts(false positive) expensive microscope, difficult sample population
what are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of light microscope?
uses: you'll see living microbes, routine analysis of bacteria. advantage: its easy to use, small and portable, relatively cheap, easy to prepare sample disadvantage: cant use to see nonliving microbes(1000x) limited mangification, limitied resolving power(.2micrometers)
causes the flu
virus
non living microorganisms?
virus viroids and preons
pt 5 pennicillin function
weakins bacterias cell walls so water gets in bacteria to kill it because of osmosis.(osmotic lysis) also ampicillin, uancomycin, methicillin, lysozome(tears, sweat, saliva) all help disrupt the cell wall.
stapholocci
when you cant determin the arrangment
fermentation
yeast converting sugars to carbon dioxide gas, and ethyl alcohol in the absence of oxygen. invovled in bread, and alcohol production.