Bio Exam 2
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. In which labeled structure is the rate of nutrient absorption the highest?
4 (small intestine)
Nitrogenous waste from an unknown animal is collected and analyzed. The waste is sticky like glue or paste, and upon chemical analysis contains a molecule composed of two fused rings. The waste is most likely from which of the following animals?
A garden snail
Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?
After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.
Which of these is an example of negative feedback?
After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.
is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
Blood
Which of the following occurs when body temperature decreases below normal body temperature?
Blood vessels in the skin constrict to help prevent heat loss.
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancer cells by forming holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis?
Cytotoxic T cells
What converts pepsinogen to its active form in the stomach?
HCl
Pulse is a direct measure of ________.
Heart rate
B cells are stimulated to differentiate under which of the following conditions?
Helper T cells release cytokines
Which of the following are typical features of an inflammatory response?
Increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. Which type of response is most consistent with these symptoms?
Inflammatory response
Damage to the external intercostal muscles, which are located between the ribs and function to help expand the chest cavity, will likely directly result in difficulty with which of the following functions?
Inhalation
Which statement is true about innate immunity?
Innate immunity is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens.
Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?
Integrator
Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material
Which statement best describes what happens to the carbon dioxide produced by humans?
It is converted to bicarbonate ions.
Which of the following statements correctly describes peristalsis?
It results from smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.
Which of the following organs is directly affected by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Kidney
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the ________.
Left atrium
Which of the following best explains the death of a freshwater fish that had been placed accidentally in saltwater?
Loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure
Which of the following events will be initiated by the fight-or-flight response following a stressful stimulus?
MAYBE ADH secretion reduces urine output
Which of the following cells and signaling molecules are involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response?
Mast cells and histamines
Which of the following are the two main systems for communication and control in most animals?
Nervous system and endocrine system
Which of the following is a gas that functions as a local regulator and a neurotransmitter in humans?
Nitric oxide
Breast feeding confers which type of immunity to an infant?
Passive immunity
Which two hormones, in a lactating mammal, promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively?
Prolactin and oxytocin
Yearly vaccinations for influenza viruses are necessary for humans because ________.
Rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?
Regulatory homeostasis.
Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?
Sensor.
Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?
Shivering.
muscle is attached to bones.
Skeletal
Which of the following results in the greatest blood pressure in the mammalian aorta?
Systole of the left ventricle
Fat soluble vitamins
The ---- vitamins are not involved as coenzymes. But they are still essential in our diet, and they are involved in important processes such as vision, bone formation, protection from oxidation, and blood clotting.
water-soluble vitamins
The -----vitamins act as coenzymes in the body. They do not stay bonded to only one enzyme, but are used over and over again by different enzymes.
Which of these provides the best advantage for an animal that conforms to a changing environmental condition, such as temperature?
The animal spends less energy regulating its internal temperature.
You just received a freshwater aquarium as a gift and decide to add more fish. When you get to the pet store, you find that the most beautiful fish are saltwater animals, but you decide to buy them anyway. What will happen when you put your expensive saltwater fish in your freshwater aquarium?
The cells of the fish will take up too much water, and the fish will die.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about ________.
The rhythm of heart contractions
Based on graph (a), one observer suggests that a group of 100 ground squirrels would consume the same amount of oxygen per hour as 1 dog because 100 ground squirrels have the same total body mass as 1 dog. A second observer disagrees.
The second observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels will consume more oxygen per hour than 1 dog.
Which of the following protects both the eyes and the respiratory tract against infections?
The secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces
Lizards also thermoregulate and, as in humans, thermoregulation in lizards involves negative feedback. Lizards, however, are ectotherms and gain most of their heat from external sources. Therefore, they often use behavioral mechanisms to adjust their body temperature. For example, if a lizard's body temperature drops below its normal range, the lizard may seek a sunny resting spot to warm up. What are the stimulus and the response in this example?
The stimulus is decreased body temperature, and the response is the behavior to seek a sunny spot.
What is the first thing that happens when body temperature increases above normal body temperature?
The thermostat in the hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms.
Which of the following statements best explains the similarity in the body form of penguins, seals, and tuna?
Their shapes are the result of convergent evolution, which reduces drag while swimming.
Which statement best describes why cells of the digestive system secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, in their inactive forms?
These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.
Which of the following statements about growth factors is true?
They are local regulators that stimulate division and development of target cells.
Which statement describes an advantage to birds that secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste?
Uric acid requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal
Which type of circulatory system is most likely present in organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells?
a closed circulatory system
Which process does the large surface area in the intestine make more efficient?
absorption
Which type of cell is specialized to store fat in animals?
adipose cells
Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as _____.
ammonia
Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects, variously, the very cells that synthesize it in the testis, the neighboring cells, and distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of ________.
an autocrine signal, a paracrine signal, and an endocrine signal
Cartilage is found
at the ends of bones such as the femur
Which statement best explains why cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?
because cattle have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms
Which statement best describes how stomach cells survive the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach?
because they are covered by a thick, mucous secretion and rapidly undergo active mitosis
Which statement best describes the transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman`s capsule?
blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus causes transfer to occur
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
branched
Which statement best describes what secretions of the parietal cells do upon activation by stomach acidity?
break peptide bonds of proteins in the stomach
The outer part of the kidney is the _____.
cortex
During aerobic exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscle cells will ________, thus the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the muscle tissue from the blood will ________.
decrease; increase
A neuron consists of
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
Damage to the SA node in humans is most likely to result in a ________.
disruption on the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
What tissue lines most exchange surfaces of multicellular animals?
epithelial tissue
The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate heat loss by what process?
evaporation
Which of the following molecules provides the greatest energy storage for animals?
fats
Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest. See Concept 40.4 (Page)
fish, dog, mouse
The water-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes in the body. They do not stay bonded to only one enzyme, but are used over and over again by different enzymes. The fat-soluble vitamins are not involved as coenzymes. But they are still essential in our diet, and they are involved in important processes such as vision, bone formation, protection from oxidation, and blood clotting. Folic acid is a vitamin that is used in reactions that transfer single-carbon units. The vitamin also helps reduce the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida and cleft lip. Women of child-bearing age should consume the recommended amount of this vitamin. Vitamin A is absorbed from some foods like carrots in the form of carotene. The vitamin accumulates in the rods and cones of the eyes and plays a role in vision. Vitamin C is involved in the formation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which are important amino acids and part of the collagen that forms the connective tissues. Lack of this vitamin causes scurvy, which can be prevented with citrus and other fruits.
functions of vitamins
Filtrate is formed as fluid is forced through the walls of the glomerulus and, initially, collects in the structure indicated by the letter
glomerulus
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as ________.
homeostasis
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________ and are released from the ________.
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
Consuming alcohol results in increased urine excretion due to which of the following?
inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Folic Acid
is a vitamin that is used in reactions that transfer single-carbon units. The vitamin also helps reduce the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida and cleft lip. Women of child-bearing age should consume the recommended amount of this vitamin.
Vitamin A
is absorbed from some foods like carrots in the form of carotene. The vitamin accumulates in the rods and cones of the eyes and plays a role in vision.
Vitamin C
is involved in the formation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which are important amino acids and part of the collagen that forms the connective tissues. Lack of this vitamin causes scurvy, which can be prevented with citrus and other fruits.
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.
isoosmotic; seawater
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.
its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal?
larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
Molecules that act quickly over short distances are types of ________.
local regulator
Which of the following occurs in the processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules?
maintenance of homeostasis of pH in body fluids
Lymphocytes mature in the ________. I)spleen II)thymus III)bone marrow
only II and III
Terrestrial animals are ____
osmoregulators that must obtain water from the environment
Which hormone is correctly paired with its action?
oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
In animals, the catabolism of which molecules contributes most of the production of nitrogenous wastes?
proteins and nucleic acids
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?
reabsorption
Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which _____.
reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of connective tissues?
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.
renal arteries
Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.
renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal cells
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
In which organ does almost all enzymatic digestion of food occur?
small intestine
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
smooth muscle
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of smooth muscle?
spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
stratified epithelium
Which of the following properties are displayed by cardiac muscle cells?
striated appearance and presence of intercalated disks
The force driving simple diffusion is ____, while an energy source that drives active transport is _____
the concentration gradient, ATP
Metabolic rate is
the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Nervous tissue functions
to sense stimuli
True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.
true