Bio Exam 3

A large acorn crop causes an increase in the size of _______ populations, which leads in turn to a(n) _______ in the incidence of Lyme disease. A. lizard; increase B. rodent; increase C. bird; increase D. rodent; decrease E. deer; decrease

B

A sample of individuals that is selected from a population and tracked over time is known as a A. survivorship. B. cohort. C. population structure. D. demographic pool. E. None of the above

B

Air temperature decreases by about 0.8°C for every additional degree north or south of the equator. Washington, D.C., is at 38.5°N, and its average temperature is 12.0°C. Atlanta, Georgia, is at 33.5°N. Assuming that the only factor affecting temperature differences between Washington and Atlanta is latitude, what is the expected annual average temperature in Atlanta? A. 4.0°C B. 16.0°C C. 17.0°C D. 18.2°C E. 20.6°C

B

Assume that a population of marmots fits the BD model, with no movement into or out of the population. If 245 individuals are in the population at the start of the month, 43 die during the month, and 37 are born during the month, what is the population size of the marmots at the end of the month? A. 202 B. 239 C. 251 D. 282 E. 325

B

Assuming that a bacterium provides metabolic benefits to humans, which of the following genetically engineered modifications would make it better suited for probiotic therapy? A. Modifications that kill Bifidobacterium B. The ability to survive in highly acidic conditions C. The ability to survive in highly alkaline conditions D. The ability to survive heat beyond 50°C E. Modifications that cause it to undergo the Hadley cycle

B

Different terrestrial biomes are typically distinguished by their A. insects. B. vegetation. C. topography. D. biotic interchange. E. biogeographic zone.

B

Hadley cells and the Coriolis effect both describe movements of air masses, although there are major differences between the two phenomena. Which direction of air movement is involved in both processes? A. Movement east and west B. Movement north and south C. Movement up and down D. All of the above E. None of the above

B

If the per capita birth rate of 360 shrubs is 0.05 and the per capita death rate is 0.02, the per capita growth rate is A. negative. B. 0.03. C. 0.05. D. 0.07. E. 18.

B

If, over a long period of time, a region that is currently in the subtropical desert biome receives substantially more rainfall, this region will most likely become A. temperate rain forest. B. savanna. C. boreal forest. D. tropical rain forest. E. temperate grassland.

B

In a population of 1,250 aphids, 50 died on a particular day while 25 were born. What is the per capita death rate for that day? A. 0.02 B. 0.04 C. 0.05 D. 0.06 E. 0.08

B

In late June, which location would likely receive the most solar energy? A. 1°North B. 20°North C. 45°North D. 20°South E. 45°South

B

In the BIDE model of population growth, the "E" stands for A. ecology. B. emigration. C. extinction. D. environmental. E. None of the above

B

In what way are rockfish and the ticks that cause Lyme disease most similar? A. Both provision their young with oily droplets. B. In both species, relatively few egg-laying adults are required to maintain the population. C. Humans are trying to increase the population sizes of both species. D. Humans are trying to decrease the population sizes of both species. E. None of the above

B

Most of Europe is in the _______ biogeographic region. A. Neotropical B. Palearctic C. Nearctic D. temperate deciduous forest E. None of the above

B

No-fishing areas help maintain populations of the rockfish Sebastes melanops because these areas A. increase dispersal rates between subpopulations. B. allow some females to grow large. C. allow some males to grow large. D. reduce disease risk. E. None of the above

B

Populations of a certain yeast strain grow according to a simple form of logistic growth in which r declines linearly with population density. Suppose that the rate of increase is 0.04 per day when density is very low and the rate of increase is 0.02 per day when the density is 15,000 per cubic centimeter. What is the rate of growth at the carrying capacity? A. -0.04 B. 0 C. 0.02 D. 0.04 E. It cannot be determined.

B

Related animals in the Nearctic and the Palearctic biogeographic regions tend to be more distantly related than related animals in the Neotropical and the Ethiopian regions. What is the most likely explanation for this difference? A. The Neartic and the Palearctic separated from each other earlier than the Neotropical and the Ethiopian did. B. The Neartic and the Palearctic separated from each other more recently than the Neotropical and the Ethiopian did. C. There was more biotic interchange between the Nearctic and the Palearctic. D. There was more adaptive evolution in the Nearctic and the Palearctic than there was in the Neotropical and the Ethiopian. E. The Wallace line impeded evolution in the Nearctic and the Palearctic.

B

Suppose that Earth's tilt suddenly shifted, such that it was still tilted in the same direction but at a 26° angle instead of a 23° angle. Such a change in tilt would make which of following events most likely? A. New York City would receive more sunlight in December. B. New York City would receive more sunlight in June. C. Earth overall would receive more sunlight. D. All of the above E. None of the above

B

Suppose that of a cohort of 300 mice in a mice colony born in January, 150 are still alive at the start of September, and 120 are still alive at the start of October. What is the mortality rate during the month of September? A. 0.15 B. 0.20 C. 0.30 D. 0.50 E. 0.80

B

The larger population that comprises many subpopulations is known as a A. habitat patch. B. metapopulation. C. megapopulation. D. population structure. E. None of the above

B

The primary feeding source of black-legged tick larvae is A. deer. B. rodents. C. birds. D. acorns. E. adult ticks.

B

The rule of adiabatic cooling says that temperature drops about 1°C for every additional 220 meters of elevation. The town of Amherst, Massachusetts, is at 90 meters elevation. The nearby town of Shutesbury is at 420 meters. Assuming that differences in climate between these two towns are solely due to elevation, what should the average temperature in Shutesbury be if the average temperature for a given day in Amherst is 5°C? A. 1.7°C B. 3.5°C C. 6.5°C D. 7.0°C E. 8.3°C

B

The sun's rays fall most directly on the equator in A. early January. B. late March. C. mid May. D. late June. E. early September.

B

What is the best explanation for the existence of so many related mammals in Africa and South America? A. The dispersal of the organisms across the ocean B. Evidence that the two continents were once part of the same continent C. Biotic interchange D. Natural history E. Human activity

B

Where would you most likely find salinity levels varying considerably over space and time? A. In the aphotic zone B. In an estuary C. In the abyssal plain D. In the pelagic zone E. Both a and b

B

Which of the following factors would be most conducive to counting all of the individuals in a population instead of taking a sample? A. Small body size of the individuals in the population B. Relatively stationary individuals C. A large population D. Both a and b E. None of the above

B

Which of the following is likely to cause an increase in the carrying capacity of a population? A. An increase in the potential birth rate B. An increase in food supply C. An increase in the resource requirement per individual D. Both a and b E. None of the above

B

Which of the following statements about biogeography is false? A. The biota in contemporary biogeographic regions evolved largely independently of one another during the Tertiary. B. The southern biogeographic regions separated from each other after the northern biogeographic regions did. C. The most likely explanation for the presence of southern beeches in both South America and New Zealand is that those two areas were once part of the same continent. D. The theory of continental drift helped explain many of the early mysteries in biogeography. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

B

Which of the following statements about climates is true? A. On average, regions near the equator receive substantially more hours of sun each year than do regions near the 45° latitudes. B. The rate at which solar energy arrives on any surface depends on the angle of the sunlight. C. There is no difference between "weather" and "climate." D. Air temperature usually increases with increasing elevation. E. None of the above

B

Which of the following statements about human life histories is false? A. Differences among human populations illustrate that life histories can vary considerably within a species. B. Populations with long life expectancies have much higher average ages of puberty than populations with short life expectancies. C. Life expectancy is the age to which the average person survives. D. The nomadic Aeta people of the Philippines have a life expectancy of under 25 years. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

B

Which of the following statements about population growth is true? A. If the per capita birth rate and the death rate remain constant, the population will grow additively. B. If the per capita birth rate and the death rate remain constant, the population will grow multiplicatively. C. With additive growth, populations generate large numbers much more easily than they do with multiplicative growth. D. Both a and c E. Both b and c

B

Which of the following statements about southwestern Australia is false? A. It has a climate similar to that of coastal California. B. Its soils are rich in nutrients. C. The leaves of many plants in this region are long lived. D. The leaves of many plants in this region protect themselves by means of defensive compounds. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

B

A BIDE model of population growth is more applicable than a BD model for a population A. that follows logistic growth. B. that is shrinking. C. that is part of a metapopulation. D. in which reproduction occurs at regular intervals. E. None of the above

C

A captive population of monkeys that had a size of 130 in the year 1966 had a size of 520 in the year 2010. Assuming that the rate of population growth was constant, the doubling time of this population was _______ years. A. 11 B. 15 C. 22 D. 44 E. 88

C

A researcher is examining the patterns of rainfall on an island off the coast of South America and is searching for explanations for such patterns. This researcher is best described as engaged in A. the study of biogeography. B. ecosystem analysis. C. the study of physical geography. D. probiotic therapy. E. None of the above

C

According to Heinrich Walter's rule of thumb, if the average temperature in a given month is 15°C, the amount of precipitation that must fall in order to ensure terrestrial plant growth during that month is _______ mm. A. 15 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 E. 60

C

An increase in the amount of serpentine soil in the region where Edith's checkered spot butterflies are found would likely lead to a(n) _______ in the population of this butterfly because _______ in serpentine soil. A. increase; their predators cannot live B. increase; oak trees are found C. increase; purple owl's clover is found only D. decrease; their host plants do not perform well E. decrease; their competitors thrive

C

At the beginning of May, 259 butterflies are found in a certain locality. During the month, 45 butterflies emigrate, 10 die, and 67 immigrate into the area. There are no butterfly births. What is the population size at the end of the month? A. 192 B. 249 C. 271 D. 281 E. 346

C

At the winter solstice (in late December), the sun's rays hit most directly at the A. equator. B. Tropic of Cancer. C. Tropic of Capricorn. D. Tropic of Coriolis. E. North Pole.

C

At which latitude would you most likely find deserts? A. 0° B. 15° C. 30° D. 45° E. No particular latitude is prone to desert.

C

Boreal forests A. are found near the equator. B. are found near tropical savannas. C. are the biomes geographically closest to Arctic tundra. D. Both a and b E. None of the above

C

For conservation purposes, a continuous corridor of habitat would be least needed for a species A. with low dispersal ability. B. with a low birth rate. C. that can fly. D. with a metapopulation structure. E. None of the above; a continuous corridor of habitat is needed equally for all of these species.

C

For the terrestrial fauna in the Americas, the formation of the Central American land bridge 6 million years ago led to A. independent evolution of biotas. B. continental drift. C. biotic interchange. D. the formation of a biome. E. None of the above

C

For which of the following populations would biologists most likely measure population density in terms of number per unit of volume rather than number per unit of area? A. Pine trees in a forest B. Mice in a patch of grassland C. Guppies in a lake D. Squirrels on a campus E. Oak seedlings in a backyard

C

Generally speaking, individuals have to allocate resources to _______ before they can allocate them to other activities or practices. A. growth B. reproduction C. homeostasis D. growth and reproduction equally E. All of the above

C

If four hundred robins are found in a ten-hectare plot, the density of robins in that plot is _______ robins/ha. A. 10 B. 14 C. 40 D. 400 E. 4,000

C

If, over a long period of time, a region that is currently in the temperate seasonal forest biome becomes considerably colder, this region will most likely become A. temperate rain forest. B. savanna. C. boreal forest. D. tropical rain forest. E. None of the above

C

In addition to being a co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace made important contributions to studies A. of how ocean currents form. B. of Hadley cells. C. of the large-scale distributions of animals and plants. D. in the use of climate diagrams. E. None of the above

C

In many respects, the coast of California and the coasts of Mediterranean countries are similar. They have similar climates with warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. They also are inhabited by ecologically similar organisms. These two regions can thus be said to be in the same A. biogeographic zone. B. niche. C. biome. D. photic zone. E. biotic interchange.

C

Intensive fishing of the rockfish led to the evolution of _______ fish because _______ fish were selectively caught. A. larger; smaller B. larger; larger C. smaller; larger D. smaller; smaller E. more oily; more oily

C

Populations of a certain yeast strain grow according to a simple form of logistic growth in which r declines linearly with population density. Suppose that the rate of increase is 0.04 per day when density is very low and the rate of increase is 0.02 per day when the density is 15,000 per cubic centimeter. What is the approximate carrying capacity (per cubic centimeter)? A. 7,500 B. 15,000 C. 30,000 D. 60,000 E. It cannot be determined.

C

Stimulating the growth of a bacterium that carries out metabolic functions beneficial to the host is an example of _______ treatment. A. probiotic B. protobiotic C. prebiotic D. abiotic E. biospheric

C

Suppose the population density of a sample of a bagworm population is 45 per square meter. Assuming that the population is uniformly distributed, what would be the population size if the bagworms encompassed an area that was 1 km × 200 m? A. 200,000 B. 900,000 C. 9 million D. 20 million E. 90 million

C

The Oriental and the Palearctic biogeographic regions are separated by A. ocean. B. desert. C. a mountain range. D. the Wallace line. E. Pangaea.

C

The continental United States is in the _______ biogeographic region. A. Neotropical B. Palearctic C. Nearctic D. temperate deciduous forest E. None of the above

C

The number of individuals in a population divided by the area that the population takes up is known as the _______ of the population. A. structure B. demography C. density D. dispersion E. dynamics

C

The population densities of skunks in western Massachusetts vary considerably from year to year; therefore, skunk density is A. at equilibrium. B. density dependent. C. dynamic. D. a metapopulation. E. None of the above

C

The rate at which the world's population is increasing is slowing because A. the carrying capacity of Earth is increasing. B. the carrying capacity of Earth is decreasing. C. birth rates have declined more quickly than death rates have declined. D. of climate change. E. None of the above

C

The relationship between the rate at which kangaroo rats can harvest seeds and the seed density best illustrates A. the principle of allocation. B. the diversity of life history traits. C. that resource acquisition increases with resource availability. D. that life histories are quantitative descriptions of life cycles. E. the BD model of population change.

C

Which of the following does not constitute a resource for a rodent? A. Calcium for bone growth B. Energy stored in an apple C. High temperature D. Time spent acquiring other resources E. All of the above are resources.

C

Which of the following represents the correct ranking, from smallest (least encompassing) to largest (most encompassing)? A. Biosphere, community, ecosystem B. Biosphere, ecosystem, community C. Community, ecosystem, biosphere D. Community, biosphere, ecosystem E. Ecosystem, community, biosphere

C

Which of the following statements about agriculture is true? A. Agriculture tends to increase the diversity of plant species in a given area. B. Agricultural systems tend to show more spatial heterogeneity than nonagricultural systems do. C. Agricultural systems typically are monocultures. D. Both a and b E. None of the above

C

Which of the following statements about air temperature is true? A. Warm and cold air are equally dense. B. Cold air is denser than warm air, and thus will rise. C. Cold air is denser than warm air, and thus will sink. D. Warm air is denser than cold air, and thus will rise. E. Warm air is denser than cold air, and thus will sink.

C

Which of the following statements about carrying capacity (K) is true? A. When N = K, the birth rate in a population is necessarily zero. B. The rate of population growth in an unlimited environment is proportional to K. C. In a population at its K, the birth rate equals the death rate. D. All of the above E. None of the above

C

Which of the following statements about habitat corridors is true? A. They are places where an endangered species can live and breed. B. They are usually used in captive breeding studies. C. Their presence mitigates the deleterious effects of habitat fragmentation. D. They are most effective as a conservation measure for species that disperse little. E. None of the above

C

Which of the following statements about metapopulation dynamics of the Edith's checkerspot butterfly is false? A. A severe drought caused extinction of most subpopulations. B. The largest subpopulation did not go extinct. C. Suitable patches were recolonized quickly, regardless of their distance from the patches of existing subpopulations. D. Extinct subpopulations could remain at zero densities for years. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

C

Which of the following statements about the current geological period is false? A. Human activities are playing a large role in changing the factors that influence the distribution of animals. B. Humans are changing Earth's climates. C. In general, human activity is making ecological systems more complex. D. In general, human activity is making ecological systems more homogenous. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

C

Which of the following would not cause population growth to be density dependent? A. A limited number of suitable nest sites for a particular bird species in a particular area B. An increase in the incidence of malaria as populations increase C. An unexpected drought that kills plant seedlings D. Large aggregations of guppies that attract predators E. All of the above are factors that would cause population growth to be density dependent.

C

A biologist is observing the movement patterns of robins in a meadow and recording data about her observations, rather than testing a particular hypothesis about the birds. This scientist would be best described as engaged in the study of A. physical geography. B. biogeography. C. biomes. D. natural history. E. None of the above

D

Australia will likely slam into Asia many million years in the future. The most likely consequence of this fusion will be A. continental drift. B. Hadley cell formation. C. independent evolution of biotas on the two continents. D. a biotic interchange. E. All of the above

D

Eighty-one pocket gophers were present in Maddox Field at the start of 2006. During that year, 24 individuals were born, and 19 died. Twelve individuals immigrated, and 10 emigrated. How many pocket gophers were present in Maddox Field at the start of 2007? A. 76 B. 81 C. 86 D. 88 E. 146

D

If the Gulf Stream were to shut down, as some models of global climate change predict, _______ would become _______. A. California; warmer B. California; colder C. London; warmer D. London; colder E. Lima, Peru; colder

D

If you went north from a spot in the Oriental biogeographic region, you would most likely reach the _______ biogeographic region. A. Eurasian B. Nearctic C. Antarctic D. Palearctic E. Ethiopian

D

In a population of 400 gray foxes, the per capita birth rate in a particular time period is 0.07 and the per capita death rate is 0.14. The actual number of foxes born in that time period is A. negative. B. 0.07. C. 0.14. D. 28. E. 56.

D

Suppose that of a cohort of 300 mice in a mice colony born in January, 150 are still alive at the start of September, and 120 are still alive at the start of October. If the survivorship during October is 0.4, how many mice died during the month of October? A. 10 B. 40 C. 48 D. 72 E. 90

D

Suppose that of a cohort of 300 mice in a mice colony born in January, 150 are still alive at the start of September, and 120 are still alive at the start of October. What is the survivorship up to the start of September? A. 0.15 B. 0.30 C. 0.45 D. 0.50 E. 0.60

D

The doubling time of a population of annual plants is 14 years. Assuming that the initial size of the population is 500 and that the rate of increase remains constant, how large will the population be after 42 years? A. 1,000 B. 1,500 C. 2,000 D. 4,000 E. 8,000

D

The human population size is expected to be about _______ in the year 2025. A. 800 million B. 2 billion C. 5 billion D. 8 billion E. 20 billion

D

The principle of _______ explains why growth and reproduction rates are usually _______ correlated. A. homeostasis; positively B. homeostasis; negatively C. allocation; positively D. allocation; negatively E. the carrying capacity; positive

D

The term "ecology" was coined by A. Charles Darwin. B. Alfred Russel Wallace. C. Ralph Nader. D. Ernst Haeckel. E. Henrick Walter.

D

To reduce the incidence of Lyme disease, the most important factor is to control the population size of _______, because this in turn reduces the number of larval ticks that _______. A. deer; hatch from eggs B. deer; find blood meals C. rodents; hatch from eggs D. rodents; find blood meals E. cattle; hatch from eggs

D

Wallace's line in the Malay Archipelago separates the _______ and the _______ biogeographical regions. A. Malay; Australasian B. Malay; Antarctic C. Ethiopian; Oriental D. Australasian; Oriental E. Neotropical; Nearctic

D

Which of the following events led to an increase in the carrying capacity of Earth for humans? A. The agricultural revolution B. The "Green Revolution" C. Climate change D. Both a and b E. Both b and c

D

Which of the following is a major assumption of the BD model of population change? A. Populations always grow. B. Populations are limited by a fixed carrying capacity. C. Once an organism has acquired a unit of some resource, this resource can be used for only one function at a time. D. Individuals do not move into or out of the population. E. None of the above

D

Which of the following levels of organization consists of an ecosystem minus its physical component? A. Population B. Biosphere C. Organism D. Community E. None of the above

D

Which of the following statements about mammalian gut bacteria is false? A. The host genotype can affect the environment in which the bacterial community lives. B. Nutritional inputs can affect the environment in which the bacterial community lives. C. The composition of the bacterial community can affect the host. D. The benign environment in human stomachs facilitates the establishment of gut bacteria. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

D

Which of the following statements about metapopulations is false? A. Compared to larger subpopulations, smaller subpopulations have a greater risk of going extinct due to environmental disturbances. B. Compared to larger subpopulations, smaller subpopulations have a greater risk of going extinct because of chance factors. C. Dispersal between subpopulations can increase the length of time during which a metapopulation can persist. D. If the patch habitat is favorable, extinction of a small subpopulation is highly unlikely. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

D

Which of the following tends to increase r? A. An increase in survivorship B. An increase in the mortality rate C. An increase in fecundity D. Both a and c E. All of the above

D

Which of the following would be considered an abiotic factor in the environment? A. Temperature B. Salinity C. Light D. All of the above E. None of the above

D

Which of these would be considered a life-history tradeoff? A. Strains of Drosophila melanogaster that reproduce early do not live very long. B. Mice that grow quickly have reduced survival. C. Baboon populations that are well nourished have a higher rate of population growth than those that are not. D. Both a and b E. None of the above

D

Winds in the upper (40-60°N) latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere generally come from the A. north. B. south. C. east. D. west. E. None of the above; the winds are variable and come from no particular direction.

D

You are managing a metapopulation of a threatened beetle that lives on a plant that is found in patches. Thus, the beetle is also found in patches, and these patches vary in size. If you are faced with limited resources and cannot attempt to save all of the beetle subpopulations, where should you concentrate your efforts, and why? A. On the smallest patches, because these are at highest risk for extinction B. On the smallest patches, because subpopulations in these patches will have the highest growth rates C. On the smallest patches, because these have the lowest likelihood of being affected by environmental disturbances D. On the largest patches, because these have the highest potential to re-seed the other patches E. On whichever patch provides the easiest access, because patch size does not matter

D

According to Malthus, the food supply for humans increases _______, but the population grows _______. A. logistically; multiplicatively B. logistically; additively C. multiplicatively; additively D. multiplicatively; logistically E. additively; multiplicatively

E

Aquatic biomes are distinguished primarily by A. their temperatures. B. the speeds of their current. C. their pH. D. their turbidity. E. their salinity.

E

Because oceans have a _______ heat capacity, air over land close to oceans shows _______. A. low; increased average temperatures B. low; decreased variability in temperature C. high; increased average temperatures D. high; increased variability in temperature E. high; decreased variability in temperature

E

Each month, the per capita birth rate of a population is b, and the per capita death rate is d. The initial size of the population is N. Assuming that the birth and death rates remain constant, what formula represents the population size after five months? [Hint: Think about how populations increase and generate a formula based on that knowledge.] A. N × (b - d) B. N × 5(b - d) C. N×(b-d)5 D. N × (1 + b - d) E. N×(1+b-d)5

E

Energy from the sun determines A. air temperature. B. air and wind circulation patterns. C. ocean surface currents. D. Both a and b E. All of the above

E

If a total of 2,400 oak trees are counted in a 6 km × 2 km rectangular patch of land, the density of the oak trees is _______ per square km. A. 24 B. 48 C. 96 D. 120 E. 200

E

If the rotational speed of Earth decreased somewhat, the most likely result would be A. increased seasonality. B. decreased seasonality. C. a reversal in the direction of the prevailing winds. D. an increased prevailing wind speed. E. a decreased prevailing wind speed.

E

If the survivorship of a cohort of geese is 0.75 for the month of March, what is the fecundity of this cohort? A. 0.25 B. 0.375 C. 0.75 D. 1 E. The answer cannot be determined from the data given.

E

In general, ocean surface currents circulate A. clockwise in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. B. counterclockwise in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. C. clockwise in the Atlantic Ocean and counterclockwise in the Pacific Ocean. D. counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. E. clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

E

In which biome is most of Brazil located? A. Temperate grassland B. Desert C. Tropical savanna D. Boreal forest E. Tropical rain forest

E

In which biome is most of Massachusetts located? A. Temperate grassland B. Tundra C. Temperate rain forest D. Boreal forest E. Temperate seasonal forest

E

One reason that apple maggot flies are distributed in patches is that they feed off of apple, hawthorn, and other similar trees, which themselves are not evenly distributed. These trees represent _______ for the flies. A. homeostasis B. equilibria C. metapopulations D. corridors E. habitats

E

The boundaries between biogeographic regions are mainly the result of A. biotic interchange. B. adaptations of organisms. C. Hadley cells. D. natural history. E. continental drift.

E

The concept of logistic growth refers to populations that A. grow without limits. B. are declining in size. C. rapidly overshoot the number the environment can support and then fluctuate around that number. D. grow very rapidly and then crash when environmental resources are depleted. E. grow rapidly at small population sizes, but whose growth rate slows and eventually stops as it reaches the number the environment can support.

E

The long-term average atmospheric conditions of a region is referred to as its A. weather. B. biotic factor. C. biome. D. community. E. climate.

E

Which of the following activities or modes of reasoning is not useful in the study of ecology? A. Deductive logic B. Inductive logic C. Mathematical modeling D. Experimentation E. All of the above are useful in the study of ecology.

E

Which of the following consequences of human activity does not have the potential to degrade natural ecological systems? A. Habitat loss B. Habitat fragmentation C. Pollution D. Water diversion E. All of the above can lead to degradation of natural ecological systems.

E

Which of the following is the most important criterion for determining the different types of tropical biomes? A. The highest recorded summer temperature B. The lowest recorded winter temperature C. Soil conditions D. The pH of the water E. The length of the dry season

E

Which of the following statements about Haeckel's view of ecology is false? A. It considered biotic interactions. B. It considered abiotic interactions. C. It emphasized the relevance of ecology to evolution. D. It encompassed what Darwin called the conditions of the struggle for existence. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

E

Which of the following statements about cattle on the borderlands between Arizona and Mexico is true? A. Native Americans have kept cattle in this region for at least a thousand years. B. The end of the "Indian wars," the completion of railroads, and other events led to a cattle boom in this region during the latter part of the nineteenth century. C. The area was once rich grassland, but it has become unprofitable shrubland. D. Both a and b E. Both b and c

E

Which of the following statements about life histories is false? A. They are quantitative descriptions of life cycles. B. They include the time course of growth and development. C. They include the time course of reproduction. D. Information about life histories can be summarized in a life table. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

E

Which of the following statements about the BD model and the BIDE model are true? A. In the BIDE model, once the density equals zero, it remains at zero. In the BD model, density can go from zero to non-zero. B. In the BD model, birth rates can never be less than zero. In the BIDE model, the birth rate can be less than zero. C. In the BIDE model, birth rates can never be less than zero. In the BD model, the birth rate can be less than zero. D. In the BD model, death rates can never be less than zero. In the BIDE model, the death rate can be less than zero. E. In the BD model, once the density equals zero, it remains at zero. In the BIDE model, density can go from zero to non-zero.

E

Which of the following statements about the human intestine is false? A. It can act as an ecosystem for bacteria. B. It is densely populated with bacteria. C. It receives a steady supply of nutrients. D. Its environment is regulated within narrow physiological limits. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

E

Which of the following statements about the rockfish Sebastes melanops is false? A. They grow continuously throughout their lives. B. The larger females can produce the most eggs at any given time. C. The larger females are the most able to provision eggs with resources. D. Better provisioned young grow and survive better than those that are less well provisioned. E. All of the above are true; none is false.

E

Which of the following suggests that the human population may be reaching Earth's carrying capacity? A. Family planning practices have caused the birth rate to decline more quickly than the death rate has declined. B. The world's production of oil may have peaked. C. Many natural resources are being degraded at a rapid rate. D. Both a and b E. Both b and c

E

Which of the following includes members from a single species only? A. Population B. Community C. Ecosystem D. Both a and b E. None of the above

...

A young hen is removed from a relatively uncrowded cage and placed in a small space with many other hens. Although the amount of resources she receives in the new environment is unchanged, the crowding is stressful. Given this circumstance, this hen will most likely spend more resources on A. maintaining proper balance of electrolytes and other chemicals. B. continued growth. C. laying eggs. D. All of the above E. None of the above

A

An increase in rainfall brings more plant resources to a population of lizards, but it also brings more predators. This change leads in turn to an increase in both survivorship and fecundity. Under these conditions, which of the following is likely? A. The per capita birth rate of the population will increase. B. The per capita rate of growth of the population will be above zero. C. The per capita rate of growth will increase. D. All of the above E. None of the above

A

Approximately how long did it take the human population to grow from 1 billion to 2 billion? A. Between 100 and 200 years B. Between 200 and 300 years C. Between 300 and 500 years D. Between 500 and 1,000 years E. More than 1,000 years

A

Because of the rotational movement of Earth, an air mass moving north in the Northern Hemisphere will A. be deflected east. B. be deflected west. C. not be deflected. D. be deflected east during winter and west during summer. E. be deflected east during summer and west during winter.

A

Biogeographic regions A. arise because of barriers to dispersal. B. are smaller than biomes. C. reflect specific adaptations of organisms. D. Both a and b E. None of the above

A

Biogeography as a science began when A. European naturalists first traveled the globe and noted patterns in the distributions of organisms. B. Europeans traveled to the Middle East during the Crusades. C. phylogenetic methods were developed. D. the theory of continental drift was accepted. E. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection.

A

Cattle grazing _______ invasive grasses and therefore leads to a(n) _______ in purple owl's clover. This in turn _______ populations of Edith's checkered spot butterfly. A. controls; increase; benefits B. controls; decrease; benefits C. controls; decrease; is harmful to D. fosters the growth of; increase; benefits E. fosters the growth of; decrease; is harmful to

A

If a certain age interval in a population contains ten individuals and has a mortality rate of 1.00, how many individuals will be in the next older age interval? A. 0 B. 1 C. 5 D. 9 E. 10

A

In a population of 1,250 aphids, 50 died on a particular day while 25 were born. What is the per capita rate of increase for that day? A. -0.02 B. 0 C. 0.02 D. 0.04 E. 0.06

A

In a population of 400 gray foxes, the per capita birth rate in a particular time period is 0.07 and the per capita death rate is 0.14. The per capita growth rate of this population is A. negative. B. 0.07. C. 0.14. D. 0.21. E. 28.

A

In the study of cactus finches in the Galápagos, the most important environmental factor influencing survival rate was discovered to be A. rainfall. B. temperature. C. biotic factors. D. predation. E. None of the above

A

In what way would an area at 60° latitude (North or South) most likely resemble an area near the equator? A. Both would likely experience rising air currents. B. Both would likely experience falling air currents. C. A desert would likely be found in both places. D. Both a and c E. None of the above

A

In which biome is Topeka, Kansas, located? A. Temperate grassland B. Tundra C. Alpine D. Boreal forest E. Temperate seasonal forest

A

In which country would you most likely find the boreal forest biome? A. Canada B. France C. Mexico D. China E. India

A

It tends to rain more in the mountains than in adjacent lowlands because A. as air travels up mountains, it cools. Cool air holds less moisture than warm air does, and the excess moisture is dropped as rain. B. as air travels up the mountains, it is compressed. The mountains squeeze the water out of the air, and the water falls as rain. C. mountains are often in the clouds. D. as air moves down mountains, it expands and does not form clouds, so no rainfall occurs. E. the rain has farther to travel from clouds to the lowlands, and so more evaporates before reaching the ground.

A

Suppose that Earth's tilt suddenly shifted, such that it was still tilted in the same direction but at a 26° angle instead of a 23° angle. Such a change in tilt would most likely lead to A. greater seasonality. B. less seasonality. C. a change in the time of the equinoxes. D. a change in the direction of Earth's rotation. E. None of the above

A

Suppose there are three geographically separated populations of moose in Maine. Population A has a population size of 870 and a per capita growth rate of -0.06 per month. Population B has a population size of 456 and a per capita growth rate of 0.02 per month. Population C has a population size of 1,426 and a per capita growth rate of 0.12 per month. Assuming that the per capita growth rates remain constant, which population is at risk of extinction? A. Population A B. Population B C. Population C D. Both populations A and B E. None of the populations

A

The agent that causes Lyme disease is a A. bacterium. B. virus. C. tick. D. fungus. E. None of the above

A

The collision of India and the rest of Asia occurred about _______ million years ago and led to the formation of the _______ biogeographic zone. A. 45; Oriental B. 45; Palearctic C. 100; Oriental D. 100; Palearctic E. 225; Palearctic

A

The investigation of the effects of temperature on spiny lizard populations showed that A. sites where lizards went extinct had more days above 31°C compared to sites with persisting populations. B. sites where lizards went extinct had fewer days above 31°C compared to sites with persisting populations. C. when temperatures are under 31°C, lizards cannot forage. D. Both a and c E. Both b and c

A

The primary feeding source of adult black-legged ticks is A. deer. B. rodents. C. birds. D. humans. E. None of the above; adult ticks do not feed.

A

Which of the following represents the correct ranking of zones in terms of their proximity to the surface of an ocean (from closest to farthest away)? A. Pelagic, benthic, abyssal B. Pelagic, abyssal, benthic C. Abyssal, benthic, pelagic D. Benthic, pelagic, abyssal E. Benthic, abyssal, pelagic

A

Which of the following series represents additive growth? Series A: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 Series B: 10, 14, 20, 28, 38, 50 Series C: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 A. Series A B. Series B C. Series C D. Both series A and B E. None of the above

A

Which of the following statements about mammalian gut bacteria is true? A. The composition of gut bacteria has been linked to human diseases. B. Only a modest number of bacterial species reside in mammalian guts. C. The bacteria in mammalian guts cannot modify the acid content of their environment. D. The bacteria in mammalian guts alter their own environment, but not their actual host. E. Both b and c

A

Which of the following statements about populations that follow logistic growth patterns is true? A. When population sizes are small, their patterns of growth are similar to their exponential growth. B. Their rate of growth is fastest when they are near their carrying capacity. C. They are not subject to density-dependent factors. D. All of the above E. None of the above

A

Which of the following would be considered a biotic factor in the environment? A. The presence of parasites B. pH C. Salinity D. Temperature E. All of the above

A