bio final 2
type 2 curve
drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but flattens out as death rates decline for those few individuals that survive the early period of die-off
Which type of mutation plays the most important role in increasing the number of genes in the gene pool? Duplication Mutation Changes in the nucleotide sequence Point mutation
duplication
desert characteristics
30 N and S of equator due to dry air masses, Microclimate makes it so it is not hitting the coast, Cold at night, hot at day, Plants have adaptation for heat and desiccation, store water, Animals adapted to be nocturnal and water conservation
Mezozoic Era
251-65 mya, coral reefs, dinosaurs, mammals emerged, flowering plants and insect diversified
All animals with bilateral symmetry have __________ germ layer(s).
3
the carbon cycle
CO2 in atmosphere- photosynthetic organisms take up and use in photosynthesis to make organic form, Consumer eating these forms, die, decompose and help recycle forms made, Back into atmosphere from cellular respiration
examples of ecology
Organismal, Population, Community, ecosystem, landscape, global
ecological footprint
amount of land each human needs for life style
Protostome
an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore
solutions to human impacts
Reduce energy use, Convert to renewable sources, Reduce deforestation , International effort
Postzygotic barriers
Reduced hybrid viability, Reduced hybrid fertility, Hybrid breakdown
mutualism examples
Relationship between ants and garden fungi and Relationship between ants and bacteria that grow on their bodies
consequences of large footprint
Reliance on resources from afar, Environmental damage, Social inequality
what kinds of animals are monogamous
birds
how population statistics change over time
birth, death, migration
increase of density
birth, immigration
What are the characteristics of the subphylum of Cephalochordata and Urochordata?
blade-like shape, feed on plankton, leaves burrow to swim to new place, Muscles are arranged in chevron pattern, this is evidence of segmentation
Deuterostomes
blastopore becomes anus
ray finned fish characteristics-
bony rays that support fins, major source of protein
garter snake example
When researchers offered banana slugs to snakes collected from each wild population, most coastal snakes readily ate them. In contrast, inland snakes tended to refuse.
Paedomorphosis example
When salamanders become an adult, they have a change in sexual structures and body
amniotic egg membranes
amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois.
reptile characteristics
amniotes, Scales contain keratin to protect skin from desiccation and abrasion, shell protects egg from drying out, Lizards and snakes do not use metabolism to control body temp, can be ecto birds can be endothermic
amniotes
amniotic egg has 4 kinds of membrane
Some digestion in sponges takes place in the __________. gastrovascular cavity osculum spongocoel amoebocytes
amoebocytes
2 clades of unikonta
amoebozoans and Opistokonts
Difference between gross and primary net
amount of energy producers burn when metabolize
outcomes of interspecific competition
competitive exclusion, coexistence
Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with chance competitive interaction between individuals of the same population the concentration of nutrients within the population's range the random distribution of seeds.
competitive interaction between individuals of the same population
The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____. conidia mycelium asci mushrooms
conidia
The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____. mycorrhizae conidia mushrooms asci
conidia
Which biome is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?
coniferous forest
Ecosystem energy flow
constant input of energy, constant transfer and loss out of ecosystem
how will species respond to climate change
geographic range may shift (if suitable habitat), endangered/extinct
what does it mean to be chemotrophs
get energy from chemicals, export enzymes that digest outside of body and eat chemicals
what. is a climograph
graphing mean temperature and mean precipitation
Do you think a tropical rain forest or temperate grassland likely has more nutrients in the soil?
grassland
climate change impact
greenhouse gases trap waste, Sessile organisms and/or those with limited habitat are disproportionately
Population
group of individuals of same species in same area
Life tables typically follow the fate of a cohort, a _____.
group of individuals who are the same age
Assuming that r has a positive value, in the formula dN/dt = rmaxN(K - N)/K, the factor rN tends to cause the population to do what?
grow increasingly rapidly
A population that is growing logistically _
grows fastest at an intermediate population density
A population that is growing logistically __________. grows fastest as it approaches carrying capacity has a high r grows fastest at an intermediate population density grows fastest when density is lowest
grows fastest at an intermediate population density
How do fungi get to new food?
growth if close by, dispersal of spores for longer distance
Largest negative impact on biodiversity
habitat destruction
Key Characteristics of animals make them efficient consumers
heterotrophs, Tissues formed from layers of embryonic cells, Process food inside their bodies many have efficient digestive system, Nerve and muscle cells, Can move and detect and capture potential prey
marsupials characteristics
high metabolic rates, nipples for milk, give birth to live young, complete embryonic development while nursing
benefits of biodiversity
high productivity, high stability, high resistance (biotic and abiotic stress)
how area affects diversity
higher area = higher species
how latitude affects diversity
higher in tropics, More time for speciation to occur , Climate => Sunlight and precipitation
What was the earliest hominin to have an enlarged brain (relative to body size)?
homo habillus
Enzymes and transport systems in the inner membranes
homologous to those in the plasma membrane prokaryotes
example of altruism
honeybees: The workers themselves never reproduce, but they labor on behalf of a single fertile queen. the workers sting intruders, a behavior that helps defend the hive but results in the death of those workers.
proximate questions
how a behavior occurs or is modified.
Bottleneck effect
how chance in a population ends up reducing the number of the population, ends up changing the allelic effect of the population
Which of the following most accurately measures an organism's fitness? how much food it is able to make or obtain how many fertile offspring it produces its ability to withstand environmental extremes its mutation rate
how many fertile offspring it produces
human k value
how many humans can earth support?
Radiometric dating
how we determine ages, A naturally occurring radioactive "parent" isotope decays to "daughter" isotope at characteristic rate
microsporidian examples
humans, protists, animals
humpback whale video
humpback whale calls are the most complex in the animal kingdom
human impact of savanna
hunting and cattle ranching
lophotrochozoa
identified by molecular data, have widest range of animal body forms
A new species can arise in a single generation _
if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
A population will always grow exponentially under what circumstances? if there are no limiting factors if it is a population with a Type I survivorship curve until it reaches carrying capacity None
if there are no limiting factors
Fossils are
imperfect record of macroevolutionary changes in history of life
A salmon returns to its home stream to spawn. What term best applies to this behavior? imprinting cognition sign stimulus conditioning
imprinting
The formal denition of evolution is all about change. Where does this change? In an individual In the environment In the population In the life span
in population
The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for sh because it helps with __________. sensing chemicals in the water underwater reproduction maintaining O2 sensing vibrations in the water
maintaining O2
Adaptive radiations are often seen after _
major new evolutionary adaptations, such as flight, mass extinctions
the carbon cycle biological importance
makes up organic molecules, building blocks of life
examples of fixed action patterns
male stickleback fish: red color on underbelly
cambrian explosion
many new animals evolve in short time
cephalopods
marine predators, use tentacles to grasp prey, closed circulatory system
where do ascomycetes live
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
monogamy is a
mating system of one male and one female forming an exclusive social pair bond
fruit consists of
mature ovary
anthropoids
monkeys and apes
In some species, it is difficult to distinguish the sexes based on external characteristics. Which type of mating behavior is likely to occur in such species?
monogamous
mating systems
monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry
pan crustaceans
more close to lobsters than myriapods, includes crustaceans and hexapods
sources of genetic variations
mutation, rapid, sexual reproduction
Relationship between ants and fungus
mutualism
There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 890,965 hectares! The bulk of this fungus is most likely _____. haustoria pathogenic mycelia reproductive structures sporangia
mycelia
cyclostomes
myxini and lamprey
cyclostomes
myxini and petromyzontida
what is optimal foraging model
natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits.
If all humans lived like us
need 4 earths
altruism
negative doer of behavior and positive for recipient
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? heterotrophycells with mitochondria chitin nervous conduction and muscle movement
nervous conduction and muscle movement
mycelia
networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
do all animals have symmetry
no
myxini and lamprey characteristics
no backbone but have rudimentary vertebrae, sister groups
common characteristic shared between myxini and Petromyzontida
no backbone, JAWLESS
turtle characteristics
no holes in skull behind eyes, box like shell of upper and lower shields fused to vertebrae, clavicles and ribs. some on land some in water
coenocytic hyphae
no separations (septa)
evolutionary trends of animals
no tissues, no symmetry, no head, no body cavity
abiotic factors
non-living
1. What type of plant is a bryophyte? Does it have vascular tissue or seeds?
non-vascular land plant no seeds.
Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of nonbird reptiles amphibians mammals sharks
nonbird reptiles
1. To which of the four eukaryotic supergroups do amoebas belong? a. Unikonta b. Rhizaria c. Chromalveolates d. Apicomplexans e. None of the listed responses is correct.- Every group has amoebas
none bc all have it
1. What type of plant is a fern? Does it have vascular tissue
nonflowering vascular plant, have seeds. Vascular tissue is xylem- moves water and nutrients. phloem- moves glucose
Mosses is a
nonvascular plant
human impact of tundra
not common due to temps, oil and mineral extraction
extraembryonic membrane
not part of the body of the embryo. develop tissue layers that grow out from embryo.
what is a keystone species
not super abundant but important to ecosystem
Vertebrates and tunicates share ____ jaws adapted for feeding a high degree of cephalization endoskeleton with a skull notochord and dorsal hollow nerve chord
notochord and dorsal hollow nerve chord
different variations of reproduction
oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
what is oligotrophic
oxygen rich
Relationships with trees
parasitism
Archaean cell walls lack
peptidoglycan
A European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the location of a distant food source it has discovered by: vibrating its wings at varying frequencies. All options performing a waggle dance visual cues
performing a waggle dance
dispersal
permanent move to new home
what is permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil restricts plants that can grow
wind pollination
pollination of plants by means of pollen carried on the wind
human impact of streams/rivers
pollution, blocking areas changing ecosystem
The mating system in which females are more ornamented than males is monogamy polygamy polyandry polygyny
polyandry
you spot four female deer and a single male deer. If this reflects the mating system of this species, it would be an example of what type of mating system?
polygyny
1. What is sporopollenin? What is it used for?
polymer of cell wall of spores and pollen grain. used to prevent dehydration
Cytoplasm
pool for building blocks of cell to make new parts and energy
The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) __________.
population
How is a logistical model different from an exponential growth model
population expansion decreases as resources become scarce. It levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve.
Costa rica sustainability
protect and preserve woodland by not cutting down trees, environmental programs to become carbon neutral
body cavity function
protect organs, hydrostatic skeleton, organs over independently of outer body
Soft bodies
protection
1. What advantages do seeds have over spores?
protection and nourishment
Ribosomes
protein synthesis site, Prokaryotes have a slightly different composition and smaller
1. In mosses, haploid __________ directly produce buds that grow into gametophores. a. Gametophores b. Protonemata c. Antheridia d. Spores e. Archegonia
protonemata bc they develop and bud
Hox genes
provide positional information in an animal embryo. provide positional information, During animal embryonic development
The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes was probably modified from simple lungs of chondrichthyans. developed into lungs in saltwater provides for regulation of buoyancy. Two of the options are correct
provides for regulation of buoyancy.
purpose of notochord
provides skeletal support throughout chordate. Muscles work during swimming
Challenges to Land
scarce water, lack of structural support
Glaucophyte algae
still have peptidoglycan cell wall between their two membranes, Own genome, 15-20kB in length, No introns, Genes, rRNAs, tRNAs sequence comparisons ,
chitin
strong and durable and flexible polysaccharide
- & + outcomes=
strong selective force
Rocky intertidal zone
structural adaptations for hard substrates
Euglenozoans
structurally modified flagella
pollen grain
structure that contains the entire male gametophyte in seed plants
ecology
study of interactions by organisms and environment
abiotic factors may affect the distribution of organisms
temperature, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight, soil
Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of ___
temporal isolation
Aquatic
terrestrial
myriapods characteristics
terrestrial, antennae, 3 appendages
The certainty of paternity is relatively low in most species with internal fertilization because
the acts of mating and birth (or mating and egg laying) are separated over time.
1. Apicomplexans are currently assigned to the SAR clade because __________. a. they have life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages b. they have true roots, stems, and leaves c. they are parasites d. the apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin e. Both the first and third responses are correct.
the apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin
Dispersion is
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.
logistic population growth
the per capita rate of population growth approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity (K).
If you wanted to determine what percentage of the population of Thailand is less than 10 years old, you could look at ______
the population's age structure
The coefficient of relatedness between two brothers is ________
the same as the coefficient of relatedness between mother and daughter
Sponges lack what?
true tissues
Which of the following pairs of biomes is characterized by relatively simple food webs (low biological diversity)?
tundra and desert
intrasexual selection
two same sex organisms battling for a mate
Habitat isolation
two species of garter snakes occur in the same areas
which type of questions are indirect
ultimate
garter snake and naked mole rats are an example of
ultimate causation
1. Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae a. are heterotrophs. b. are unicellular. c. have plastids d. have alternation of generations. e. have cell walls containing cellulose.
unicellular
microsporidians characteristics
unicellular Parasitic cells that form resistant spores synthesize chitin rich walls, reduced mitochondria, small genomes
1. Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium? a. prokaryotic or eukaryotic b. unicellular or multicellular c. diploid or haploid d. autotroph or heterotroph
unicellular or multicellular
ascomycetes examples
unicellular yeasts, cup fungi, plant pathogens
cryptomycetes characteristics
unicellular, flagellated spores, found in aerobic and anaerobic environments, parasites and protists
What is characteristic of the Archaeplastida supergroup
unicellular, related to green algae
Herring gulls fiercely defend the areas around their nests in cliff-top breeding colonies. Within the colony they would show a _____ dispersion pattern.
uniform
Herring gulls fiercely defend the areas around their nests in cliff-top breeding colonies. Within the colony they would show a __________ dispersion pattern.
uniform
Pine trees in a forest tend to shade and kill pine seedlings that sprout nearby. This causes the pine trees to __________.
uniform
o Which of the following taxonomic groups contains all the others? Amoebozoans, Unikonta, Opistokonts, Fungi, Animals
unikonta
hydrothermal sea vents
volcanic origin with diverse prokaryotic organism with unique metabolic properties
salamander characteristics
walk side to side bending of body, paedomorphosis
Insects or other animals transfer pollen from one flower to the sex organs on another flower..
which makes pollination more directed than the wind-dependent pollination of most species of gymnosperms.
stimulus- response chain
which the response to each stimulus is itself a stimulus for the next behavior.
example of dispersal
while land-bound kangaroos have not reached Africa under their own power, other organisms that disperse more readily, such as some birds, have.
ultimate questions
why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection.
Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have ____ cuticle ventral nerve cord wings segmented bodies
wings
Sandy. intertidal zones
worms, crustaceans to bury in sand
reduce gametophytes
Microscopic male and female gametophytes are nourished and protected by sporophyte
chaparral characteristics
Mid latitude and coastal regions, Precipitation and temp is variable , Summer hot, fall. Winter cooler, Organisms adapted to fire, Animal grazing
Communities that exist in the aphotic zone ultimately depend on food manufactured by chemoautotrophic bacteria or ____
algae and cyanobacteria that live in the photic zone
Plankton consists of ___
algae, cyanobacteria, and animals that drift near the surfaces of oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams
Saclike gut
alimentary canal
Sponges lack __________. a. the ability to make organic compounds from CO2 and water b. a complete digestive tract c. a nervous system d. true tissues e. All of the listed responses are correct.
all a. the ability to make organic compounds from CO2 and water b. a complete digestive tract c. a nervous system d. true tissues
hominids
all ancestors of human since the split from ape lineage
bivalves
all aquatic and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops, hinged shell divided into two halves, gills used for feeding
Kin selection in naked mole rats
all individuals in colony closely related
Ecosystem
all organisms living in a community and how they interact with abiotic factors (energy & nutrients)
Descent with modification
all organisms related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past
The Galápagos finches collected by Darwin are thought to have descended from a very small parent population. Different species of finches that are confined to only one or two islands most likely arose by __
allopatric speciation
prokaryotic reproduction characteristics
binary fission, short generation time, exponential growth, considerable genetic variation
human impact of deserts
biodiversity by urbanization and farming
phylum arthropoda
chelicerates, myriapods, pancrustaceans
learning
modification of behavior based on specific experiences
what is ecotone
overlap on climograph
biotic factors examples
plants, animals, protists, bacteria, fungi
lancelets
"cephalochordata" sister group to chordates, blade-like shape, leaves burrow to swim to new locations
eumetazoa
"true animals" have tissues, such as muscle tissue and nervous tissue
tunicates "urochordata"characteristics
'tail chordates'= tunicates, Widespread sessile marine organisms, Larva have all chordate traits, not adults
homosporous spore production
*most seedless vascular*§ Sporangium single spore bisexual gametophyte egg/sperm
angiosperm life cycle
- Gametophyte development - Pollination - Double fertilization - Seed development
Evolutionary advantage of seeds
-a seed may remain dormant until favorable conditions trigger germination -are a variety of dispersal agents: wind, animals, water -stored supply of food
purpose of pharyngeal slits or clefts
-allow water to enter the mouth and exit body without passing through digestive tract. Suspension- feeding in invertebrates
What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates _____ -have a body cavity and pseudocoelomates don't -have a body cavity lined with mesoderm and pseudocoelomates don't -have a digestive system with mouth and anus and pseudocoelomates don't -have a gut that lacks suspension while pseudocoelmates don't
-have a body cavity lined with mesoderm and pseudocoelomates don't
1. Which of the following adaptations is common to all seed plants? a. Pollen b. Ovules c. Heterospory d. reduced gametophytes e. All of the listed responses are correct.
. Pollen b. Ovules c. Heterospory d. reduced gametophyte
2. Which of the following best describes the function of fruits? a. reward for pollinators b. to distract herbivores from eating the leaves c. protection and dispersal of seeds d. food storage for the plant to use over the winter e. Depending on the plant species, any of the listed responses are possible.
. protection and dispersal of seeds
Stamens
1. male parts of a flower 2. make pollen 3. pollen holds sperm cells
life cycle of a pine
1.) Each pine tree (mature sporophyte) (2n) has both ovulate and pollen cones 2.) microsporocytes produce haploid (n) microspores via meiosis. Microspore develops into a pollen grain (male gametophyte enclosed by the pollen wall) 3.) Ovulate cone has 2 ovules (2n) that each contain a megasporangium (2n) 4.) Pollination occurs when pollen grain reaches ovule through the microphyle. Pollen grain forms pollen tube that digests its way thru the megasporangium
how to interpret a life table
1000 sheep are born, reach an age of zero. Of those sheep, 54 will die before they reach 0.5 years of age. That makes for a death, or mortality, rate of 54/1000, or 0.054, which is recorded in the far-right column.
You are watching a movie in which one of the characters excitedly claims to have found human remains in Asia dated at 10 million years old. The date was obtained by carbon
14 dating. What is your reaction?- This can't possibly be true because carbon-14 dating can only be used back to about 75,000 years.
2 frogs would reproduce how many offspring per pair
2
1. A student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. She brings a sample back to her biology lab. Using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga? 1. molecular structure of enzymes inside peroxisomes 2. structure of sperm cells 3. presence of phragmoplasts 4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes a. 1 and 3 b. 1 and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 3, and 4 e. 2, 3, and 4
2, 3, and 4 2. structure of sperm cells 3. presence of phragmoplasts 4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
1. Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore a. 4, 1, 3, 5,2 4, 3, 5, 2, 1 b. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 c. 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 d. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2
4, 5, 2, 1, 3 protonema, gametophore, gamete, embryo, sporophyte
In a Hardy Weinberg population the frequency of allele a is 0.7. What is the % of that population is Aa 42 3 21 30
42
Establishing Protected Areas
7% of land = nature reserves, Placement/design of reserves (to balance human needs) pose many challenges
pathogen effects
= Disease-causing microorganisms, increase by global human travel, increase virulence in new environments
Net Primary Production equation
= GPP - Ra, Ra= energy of respiration of primary producers (autotrophs), NPP=What is available to next trophic level
ecosystem energy flow steps along way
= trophic levels
Terrestrial ecosystems
=> Temp, H20, soil nutrients (N/P
What is an example of an observation that Darwin made? Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits All species produce more offspring than an environment can support Use and disuse theory A and B
A and B
What does a branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent?
A branch point represents a point at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor.
sporopollenin
A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.
Which of the following populations probably exhibits exponential growth?
A fruit fly population that recently arrived on a lush mid-oceanic island previously inhabited only by plants
Sepal
A leaflike structure that protects and encloses the bud of a flower.
Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure
A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded, Selectively permeable
Which of the following is a fixed action pattern?
A stickleback fish attacks a wood block with a red bottom.
ovule
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.
Which of the following best illustrates optimal foraging?
A sunbird will more fiercely defend flowers that produce more food.
Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube?A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte
A) male gametophyte
Some cnidarians go through both a motile stage and a sessile (attached) stage during their life cycle. The attached stage is called A. polyp B. medusa C. larva D. embryo E. mesoglea
A. polyp
the phosphorus cycle biological importance
ATP, DNA, phospholipids
Every environment characterized by
Abiotic factors and Biotic factors
Arthropods have what
CHITINOUS EXOSKELETON bilateral symmetry, body segmentation, a complete digestive system, and an open circulatory system, and they molt when they grow.
what is mimicry
Advantages for predators too!, Mimicry evolution allows may predators to approach prey
heterokaryotic stage
After the fusion of the mycelia, some cells contain two genetically distinct haploid nuclei that do not fuse right away. Mycelia are fused but nuclei are not
What do Hox genes have to do with the evolution of jaws?
All common ancestors of gnathostomes have duplication of hox genes, Enhanced forebrain, sense of smell and vision
Allele frequencies can be altered by __________. Genetic drift Gene flow Natural selection All of the above
All of the above
During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by fossils he collected the works of others such as Lamarck the unique organisms he saw in the Galápagos Islands All of the above
All of the above
Plasmids __________. often contain antibiotic resistance genes replicate independently of the main chromosome can be involved in transfer of genetic material between prokaryotic cells are transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
the nitrogen cycle processes driving movement
Ammonification, nitrification, denitrification
associative learning
Animals associate one feature of their environment with another
1. Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? a. The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. b. Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. c. Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. d. The sporophyte generation is dominant. e. The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.
Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
Limits to Primary Production
Aquatic ecosystems => Light & nutrients (N/P), Sewage & agricultural runoff => Eutrophication
wetland characteristics
Area often saturated in water, Plants adaptations for excess water, Nutrients in these areas with periodic depletion of oxygen, Flooding, Most productive biomes, Bacteria, photosynthetic organisms, Lilies, cat tails, cypress, spruce, invertebrates, birds, otters
Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? Cnidaria Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Mollusca
Arthropoda
Allometric growth
As organism grows, its body proportions change
fruits
As seeds develop from ovules after fertilization, the ovary wall thickens, and the ovary matures
Seeds contain all of the following EXCEPT A. a seed coat .B. an endosperm. C. an embryo. D. a pollen grain. E. triploid tissue.
D. a pollen grain.
Taxonomy
Asks questions about how organisms relate
community
Assemblage of various species living close enough together for interaction
positive interactions
At least one species benefit, and neither is harmed
Annelids __________. a. include leeches, earthworms, and flatworms b. have a mouth that is separate from the anus c. use their pseudocoeloms as hydrostatic skeletons d. have characteristically long bodies with external, but not internal, segmentation e All of the listed responses are correct.
B. have a mouth that is separate from the anus
Allometric growth example
Baby head is bigger than body
Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor that an organism could come into contact with?
Bacteria (bc it is living)
life cycle of basidiomycota
Basidio haploid cell, Spores germinate and make mycelia. Mycelia can grow in all directions. Mycelia of opposite mating type fuse together and continue to divide as dikaryotic mycelia. Make basidiocarp from mitosis Basidiocarps (n+n) 2 unfused haploid nuclei. Under gills, cells that hang down called basidia. Only cells that undergo karyogamy to make diploid nuclei. Then meiosis and get 4 products (basidiospores). They snap off and float out of gills
optimal model
Behavior as a compromise between benefits and costs, To survival & reproduction
behavioral ecology
Behavior as evolutionary adaptation to the environment, focused on ultimate questions
habitat fragmentation
Beneficial for some species, But generally, reduces overall biodiversity, Aided by 'movement corridors'
social behavior benefits
Better hunting success, Food sharing, Increased vigilance, Mates easy to find, Assisting kin
arthropods characteristics
Bilateral symmetry, Triploblasts. Alimentary canal, coelomate, Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton of chitin, Complex organs, including true terrestrial forms, Very diverse group, open circulatory
Eumetazoa
Bilateria (triploblastic)- Planaria, Bilateral symmetry, Cephalization (head), Sac-like gut, Acoelomate (but gastrovascular cavity)
key strategies of restoration ecology
Bioremediation, Biological augmentation, Keystone species
Species interactions important to community composition example
Black rush affects community diversity by making the soil more hospitable
common vs golden spiny mouse
Both naturally nocturnal , Where they coexist, golden spiny mouse becomes diurnal
community is described as
Boundaries of area, Dominant conditions, Dominant species
Fimbria/fimbriae:
Bristlelike surface fibers, Tight adhesion
biological diversity
Can be hard to determine # and abundance in rare, hard to ID, or highly motile species
introduced species effect of biodiversity
Can be intention or unintentional, Intentional introduction of kudzu in US, Without native predators, parasites & pathogens, species can spread rapidly!
radiocarbon dating
Carbon 14, After an organism dies, C14 level doesn't change, less amount of C14 means it is old
characteristics of chondrichthyans
Cartilage fish, restricted distribution of bone is a derived condition, largest and diverse group consists of sharks, rays, Dense bodies (sink or swim), Variation of reproduction
Which of the following is characteristic of protostomes?
Cell fate is determined early during embryonic development.
what cell features ALL cells possess?
Cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm
food webs
Chain lengths limited by energy constraints
1. In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? a. unicellular green algae b. Cyanobacteria c. Charophytes d. red algae e. multicellular green algae
Charophytes
Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such nutrients such as sugar and amino acids, and are repelled by harmful substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is called, gliding motility Chemotaxis tumbling Spirochetes flagellar partitioning
Chemotaxis
mollusk examples
Chitons, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods
Sex pilus/pili
Conjugation between cells
Major factors delimiting Terrestrial biomes
Climate (temp. & precip.)
mollusks characteristics
Coelomate, Alimentary canal, Some with trochophore lava, Terrestrial forms with lungs,In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth
genetic recombination
Combining DNA from two sources, Contributes to diversity, Transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Role of Disturbance
Communities constantly changing, Man-made vs. natural disturbances (glacier/storms/fires), Varying frequency/intensity
species biodiversity
Community level, Endangered- endangered extinction throughout lifetime, Threatened- likely to become endangered in the future, 12% of birds & 21% of mammals = threatened
social behavior cons
Competition for food, Competition for mates, Increased conspicuousness, Increased disease
nutrient cycling Rates variable
Controlled by temp, H2O & nutrient availability, Dependent on decomposers (detritivores)
how air and rain flow in. mountains
Cool air flow during the day, then warm air cools over mountain and releases moisture (rain), cool dry air absorbs and descends (rain shadow)
streams/rivers characteristics
Current, Waters first come is headwater. Cold, O2 rich, Downstream: warmer, well O2, Bottom is silty, Diversity of fish, invertebrates
3 layers in cell envelope
Cytoplasmic membrane (ALL) cell wall (most), outermembrane (some)
Some digestion in sponges takes place in the __________. )A. gastrointestinal tract B. spongocoel C. osculum D. amoebocytes E. gastrovascular cavity
D. amoebocytes
Consider the following list of animals: giant squid, earthworm, largemouth bass, snail, tapeworm, coral, and starfish. The two that belong to the same phylum are the __________, and their phylum is __________.
D. giant squid and snail ... Mollusca
Tapeworms are highly specialized worms that make their living as endoparasites. To which of the following phyla do the tapeworms belong?
D. phylum Platyhelminthes
The gametophyte of mosses has two stages. During the first stage, there is a branching of filament cells called the A. antheridium. B. archegonium. C. rhizoid. D. protonema. E. sori.
D. protonemata
Haploid spores are produced in the ___ of a moss .A. sori B. antheridia C. archegonia D. sporangium E. anther
D. sporangium
semiannual lake turnover
Mixing of the water, more oxygenated water at surface with nutrient rich at the bottom
Evidence of major evolutionary changes come from
DNA, fossils, lice
evolution
Darwin predicted Madagascar an insect, it was found after his death · Universal traits of land plants- alteration of generations, multicellular dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, apical meristems
Permian extinction
Defines boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, Caused extinction of 96% if marine animal species causes was volcanism, global warming
sexual selection
Differences in mating success = differences in reproductive success
climate change
Directional change to the global climate, Lasting three or more decades
savanna characteristics
Distributed sub equatorial and equatorial, Precipitation is seasonal, Dry seasons can last long, Warm temps but seasonal variation, plant species have to be fire adapted for fires and seasonal. Drought, Large herbivores are common but insects more common
Watching squirrels in the park, you start to wonder why they act so oddly. One squirrel bit the tail of another. Which of the following is a question about the proximate cause of this behavior?
Does the presence of a tail close by cause a squirrel to bite?
Why are many of the world's deserts located at latitudes between 30°N and 30°S?
Dry air, originating at the equator, descends toward Earth's surface between 30°N latitude and 30°S latitude.
evolutionary trends of mammals
Duplication of hox genes, jaws, limbs, amniotic egg, protected skin, warm blooded
deuterostome
During development the mouth of deuterostomes develops from an opening into the embryonic gut other than the blastopore, which develops into the anus.
Which sequence is correct in the life cycle of alternation of generations? A. gametophyte spores sporophyte B. gametophyte gametes spores sporophyte C. gametophyte gametes zygote spores sporophyte D. gametophyte spores gametes zygote sporophyte E. gametophyte gametes zygote sporophyte spores
E. gametophyte gametes zygote sporophyte spores
Biomass Pyramid
Each tier = dry mass of all org's in trophic level
how climate varies with seasons
Earth is at constant tilt of 23.5 as it rotates, it stays the same , Towards poles, more variation in where the sun hits the earth
Consequences of inefficiency in energy production
Eating lower on food chain can support more individuals
Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians? Triploblastic bodies Mesoderm Bilateral symmetry A lack of true tissues Ectoderm and endoderm
Ectoderm and endoderm
Fossil record characteristics
Emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, Impact of mass extinctions, Origin of key adaptions (flight)
Measures of Primary Production
Energy per unit area per unit time (J/m2/yr), Biomass added per unit area per unit time (g/ m2/yr)
Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure Serves as a site for
Energy reactions, Nutrient processing
The Water Cycle Biological Importance
Essential to all life
spatial learning
Establishment of a memory (cognitive map) that reflects the environment's spatial structure
the first eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells have nuclear envelope, mitochondria, ER & cytoskeleton, Eukaryotes originated by endosymbiosis
Which of the following describes fungi? Eukaryotic phototrophs with rigid cell walls Eukaryotic nonphototrophs with rigid cell walls Prokaryotic nonphototrophs with rigid cell walls Prokaryotic phototrophs with no rigid cell walls
Eukaryotic nonphototrophs with rigid cell walls
what is vertical layering
Important feature of terrestrial biomes, Provides diverse habitats for animals, Periodic disturbance
the water cycle processes driving movement
Evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, condensation, etc.
how mountains affect sunlight and temp
Every 1,000-m increase in elevation = ~6ºC decrease in temperature
Example of circannual rhythm
Every spring robins gather in the park to build nests and reproduce.
character displacement
Evolution favors splitting up niches between competitors
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of species /group of organisms
Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________. Evolved from a common ancestor are headed for extinction are not related have increased genetic variation
Evolved from a common ancestor
example of species biodiversity
Ex. Coastal red wood ecosystem
Fossil record is biased in favor of species that
Existed for a long time, Were abundant and widespread, Had hard parts such as skeletons, teeth or shells
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species could be expected to
Expand its realized niche
threats to biodiversity
Extinction is a natural event, higher than normal = Biodiversity crisis, 1000+ species extinct in last 400 yr
seedless vascular plants
Ferns, § plants in each clade lack seeds but collectively the two clades are called
Which of the following is characteristic of oligotrophic lakes?
Few littoral plants and a low density of phytoplankton
Disturbance is hypothesized to be the most beneficial in terms of increasing biodiversity at
Moderate levels
Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It has a shell that increases gas exchange. It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. It prolongs embryonic development. tt permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
What is the importance of turnover in temperate lakes?
It brings oxygen-rich water to the bottom and nutrient-rich water to the surface.
Which of the following statements best defines an altruistic act?
It immediately benefits another individual at some cost to the performer.
what is microclimate
Fine, localized patterns in climate
evolution of mammalia
First ones were tiny insectivores and nocturnal, By early cretaceous
Human impacts on earth
Nutrient enrichment, Toxin accumulation, Climate change, Ozone depletion
population conservation
Focus efforts on population size, genetic diversity & critical habitat
declining population approach
Focus on threatened/endangered pop.'s that show decreasing trend, Regardless of size, Emphasize environmental factors that cause decline
water circulation
Global circulation of ocean surface water, reflective of wind patterns
One reason that deserts tend to be found at 30oN and 30oS latitudes is that
Global wind and pressure patterns affect where rain falls
transformation
Foreign 'naked' DNA is up taken by a 'competent' cell, Facilitated by DNA-binding proteins on cell wall
mutation
Formation of new alleles, altering gene number or position
coral reefs characteristics
Formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of coral, Requirements: High o2 and solid substrates, Lots of diversity of organism that can live here, Are animals
Which of the following pairs is NOT a correct match? Chondrichthyes, great white shark Mammalia, kangaroo Osteichthyes, perch Gnathostomata, hagfish
Gnathostomata, hagfish
Elemental Reservoirs Defined by
Organic vs. inorganic materials, Materials directly available for use?
main characteristics of tetrapods
Four feet, digits transmit muscle generate forces to ground when walking, head separated from body by neck, except for fully aquatic species, they do not have gills
Which of these is NOT one of the criteria for maintaining Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? Gene ow must be zero Very large populations Random mating Frequency of all genotypes must be zero
Frequency of all genotypes must be zero
karyogamy
Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus then undergoes meiosis. Occurs in many fungi, and in animals and plants during fertilization of gametes
biogeochemical cycle more mobile elements =>
Gaseous C, N occur in atmosphere
What is the first thing that must happen in order for speciation to occur?
Gene flow between populations must be interrupted.
At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations. Viable, fertile hybrids occur. An allopatric separation occurs. All of the above
Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.
At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred?
Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.
Fish Consumption Advisories for steelhead
General public: Up to 22 inches: 1meal/week, Over 22 inches: 1 meal/month, Women/Children- Never
Adaptive radiation can be a direct consequence of three of the following four factors. Select the exception. Vacant ecological niches Genetic drift Colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species Evolutionary innovation
Genetic drift
conjugation
Genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells
how to write binomial nomenclature
Genus (capitalized) + specific epithet (lowercase), Typed names = italicized, Handwritten = underlined
Shannon Diversity Index
H = - (pA ln pA + pB ln pB + pC ln pC + ...) p=abundance
habitat loss effect of biodiversity
Habitat fragmentation in foothills of LA, 70% of coral reefs damaged by humans
characteristics of mammalia
Have mammary glands for offspring, offspring is fed with milk, hair and fat provides insulation and protection, kidneys help conserve water, internal fertilization
restoration ecology
Help return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
sea otter case study
High mortality rate recently, impact fishing
population ecology
How biotic/abiotic factors influence abundance, dispersion, and age structure of populations
Succession
How community changes after disturbance
ultimate causation major question
How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction? What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
vertebrate characteristics
Hox genes and others duplicated, Neural crest cells during development, Skeletal system, More complex nervous system, Eventually fins and legs
temperate broadleaf forest characteristics
IN, Midlatitude, Northern hemisphere, Lots of rainfall or snow, Winters freezing, summers very hot, Vertical layering in this biome, deciduous trees , Northern hemisphere- animals migrate and birds
porifera (sponges) characteristics
INVERTEBRATE, No symmetry, no tissues, Filter (suspension) feeder, split between eumetazoa, sedentary
Biogeochemical cycles
Involve biotic & abiotic components
cnidaria characteristics
Include jellies, Radial symmetry, Two tissue layers, No head/brain but nerve (diploblast), Nervous system like net, Predator with sac-like digestive cavity
U.S. Human Survivorship
Infant mortality is not provident enough Average life expectancy is increasing
Theory of Serial Endosymbiosis
Ingested/symbiotic prokaryotes living in in larger cells,
Examples of Secondary production efficiencies
Insects 40%, Caterpillar 33/100J = 33%, Fish 10%, Birds and mammals 1-3%
horizontal gene transfer
Interchange of genes between organisms in different domains
Intraspecific vs. interspecific competition
Intra- same animals, interspecific competition = between two species
Why are big, predatory animals rare? Most big, predatory animals are tertiary consumers, which implies that:
It's hard for an ecosystem to support many of them because so much energy is lost at each level of energy exchange
A variety of opossum that lives on an island with no predators lives much longer than its relatives on the mainland, even when both are kept safely in a zoo. The island variant's genes have been selected for slow aging, whereas the mainland variant's genes have been selected for quick reproduction. The island opossum exhibits __________ selection, and the mainland opossum exhibits __________ selection.
K;r
What do sea urchins eat?
Kelp
A __________ is a chordate but not a vertebrate. Shark Lamprey sea star Lancelet Frog
Lancelet
Community and Ecosystem biodiversity
Larger ecosystem, Entire landscape, region, Human activity is effecting this
Soil Nutrients
Levels dependent on decomposition rates
Nutrient Cycling
Life depends on recycling chemical elements!
what is a biome
Life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes)
what is kin selection
Natural selection that thus favors altruism by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives
They saw ___ in serial endosymbiosis
Organelles and bacteria similar in size, Mitochondria and chloroplasts- binary fission,
nonhuman apes
Lineage diverged from old world monkey lineage 25-30 MYA, Humans share most recent common ancestor with this group, Hominids
cross fostering mice example
Male California mice are highly aggressive toward other mice. male white-footed mice are less aggressive. male California mice raised by white-footed mice were less aggressive toward intruders.
synapsids
Mammary glands, Internal fertilization most viviparous, Hair, Differentiation of teeth
Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life All living things require oxygen to survive. Organisms are rarely well-suited to their environments. Evolution is based on descent with modication. Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things
Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things
heterosporous spore production
Megasporangium on Megasporophyll --> Megaspore --> Female Gametophyte ---> Eggs Microsporangium on microsporophyll --> microspore --> Male Gametophyte ---> Sperm
Physical features of landscapes influence biodiversity
Many species use more than on kind of ecosystem, Border species
sand dune succession example
Marram Grass (~6-20 yr) > Grass/Cottonwood > Conifers (~50-100 yr) > Black oak/hickory (~100-150 yr)
Keystone Species example
Marram grass facilitates colonization of other plants by stabilizing sand
mating choice
Mating behavior = higher reproductive success, Attracting, choosing between & competing for mates and caring for offspring
eutherian anthropoids
Monkeys, Great Apes, Chimpanzees
DNA analysis of living human population
Nuclear FOXP2 gene for language (many changes in last 200,000 years), Mitochondrial DNA 9eve, 200,000 years ago in Africa), Y- chromosome (changes suggest migration from Africa)
transduction
Movement of genes between bacteria by phages
Sand Dune Succession
Moving away from shore is like moving back in time,
mollusk 3 main parts
Muscular foot (large muscle for movement), Visceral mass (internal organs), Mantle (secretes shell)
What is the ultimate form of variation in living organisms? Mutation Sexual reproduction Genetic drift Natural selection
Mutation
You can buy mycorrhizal fungus to add to soil when you plant trees and other plants. Why would you want to do this? Mycorrhizal fungi prevent transposons from accumulating in plant cells. Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in the absorption of essential nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi produce carbohydrates needed by plants. Mycorrhizal fungi live in plant leaves and produce toxins that discourage herbivores.
Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in the absorption of essential nutrients.
the nitrogen cycle available form
N2 gas can be fixed by bacteria, Ammonium or nitrate for plant uptake, Animals can only use organic nitrogen
the nitrogen cycle
N2 in atmosphere, fixed (g to available in water/land) in natural way through microorganisms, Fixation in root nodules- can fix nitrogen, Assimilated- made in organic forms by plant, Humans make fertilizer using nitrogen
the nitrogen cycle biological importance
Nucleic acid, all living organisms need DNA or RNA, Part of amino acids/proteins
Populations at theory's equilibrium must satisfy 5 conditions
No net mutations, Random mating, No natural selection, Very Large Population Size, No migrations (gene flow)
northern coniferous forest characteristics
North America, Largest terrestrial biome on earth, Precipitation variable, periodic drought, Conifers and main vegetation, Animals are migratory- birds, Large mammals and birds- moose, brown bears, tigers
Keystone species
Not as abundant
Plasmodial Slime molds
Not multicellular. A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle.
benefits of prokaryotes
O2, temp, decomp, digestion, vitamins, bioremediation
the water cycle Major reservoirs
Ocean -97 glaciers- 2, lakes
early multicellular eukaryotes
Oldest fossils of multicellular eukaryotes are small red algae ~1.2 BYA, Larger, more diverse soft-bodied organisms
How are fossils dated
Order of fossils in rock strata- order they were formed, Relative fossils ages inferred, but NOT actual ages
exploitation
One species kills another for food (predation/herbivory), Or derives resources from living host, harming it (parasitism)
biodiversity hotspot challenges
Only a small fraction of earth's surface, Never includes all taxonomic groups, Biased towards vertebrates and plants, Conditions may change over time
what is coexistence
Only if there are 1+ significant differences in their niches
2. Of the following, which is a difference in how reproduction occurs in gymnosperms compared to angiosperms? a. Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm. b. Only gymnosperms can contain male and female sporangia on the same plant. c. Only angiosperms have reduced gametophytes. d. Only angiosperm pollen grains form pollen tubes. e. Double fertilization only occurs in gymnosperms
Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm.
Primary production
Only way energy enters living systems, Entire ecosystem dependent on PP
ocean pelagic zone characteristics
Open ocean water, top layer constantly mixed by wind, more o2, Deeper gets less turnover, more pressure, less nutrients, Covers 70% of earth's surface, Largest biome, Drifters: plankton, plant drifters form food source, Fish, turtle, marine mammals
birds and mammals came when
Originated during the Mesozoic, Radiated after extinction of dinosaurs
genes and environment
Our behavior reflects a combination of both genetics and environmental conditioning
ozone depletion impact
Ozone protects earth from damaging UV, Layer decrease 2-10% mid-latitudes past 20 years, Human-produced CFCs decrease ozone
What era did the Cambrian explosion occur in?
Paleozoic Era
The correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent, is ___
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
_________ fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms Parasitic Mutualistic Decomposer The first and second responses are both correct.
Parasitic and Mutualistic
life history traits
Patterns in survival & reproduction in populations, offspring. and reproduction, Age at first reproduction
intertidal zones characteristics
Periodically submerged based on tides, Rocky, sandy, fully covered sometimes or no water, Constant change of conditions like 02 and nutrients, salt levels, Mechanical forces make tides strong, Sponges, sea amenities, small fish
Pheasants do not feed their chicks. Immediately after hatching, a pheasant chick starts pecking at seeds and insects on the ground. How might a behavioral ecologist explain the ultimate cause of this behavior? Pheasants learned to peck, and their offspring inherited this behavior. Pecking is the result of imprinting during a critical period. Pecking is a fixed action pattern (FAP). Pheasants that pecked survived and reproduced best.
Pheasants that pecked survived and reproduced best.
the carbon cycle processes driving movement
Photosynthesis- moves from inorganic to organic, Burning fossil fuels, respiration
the carbon cycle available form
Photosynthetic organisms Co2 convert to organic molecules, Organic molecules consumed by heterotrophs
Major factors limiting Aquatic biomes
Physical and chemical environment (like salt)
Colonization of Land
Plants & fungi likely colonized land together, Fossilized plants show evidence of mutually beneficial associations with fungi (mycorrhizae)
radiata bilateria split
Radial symmetry- slice any direction with mirror image, Bilateral symmetry- 2 halves when cut
biotic factors may affect the distribution of organisms
Predation, Herbivory, Competition, Mutualism, Parasitism
why do we care about biodiversity
Preserve diversity for future generations, Importance to agriculture, medicine, Virus resistance gene found in wild rice varieties, Rosy periwinkle has cancer-inhibiting compounds, 25% of prescriptions in US derived from plants!
cognition and solving problems
Process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment
Trophic Efficiency
Production at one level compared to production at previous level, Generally, ~10% (90% not transferred to next level)
Why is salt a good preservative to use for foods such as pork and fish? Salt breaks down the peptidoglycan found in the capsule of prokaryotes. Salt breaks down the chitin contained in the cell walls of prokaryotes. Salt is a toxin to prokaryotic cells and leads to their death. Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce. Prokaryotes living in the food products will take in excess water and explode.
Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce.
tropical forest characteristics
Rain is constant but some have seasonal effects, Temp is high year-round due to where the sun is hitting more directly, and the tilt isn't affecting
adaptive radiation
Rapid evolution of diversely adapted species, from a common ancestor, when new environment comes available
r selection colonizers
Rapid growth, Early maturity, Many, small offspring, Little parental care
limitations to associative learning
Rats can associate bad food with smell, but not sight/sound
Which of the following sets of animals contains only gnathostomes?
Rays, turtles, pigeons, and tuna
zoopagomycetes characteristics
Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stageform filamentous hyphae and reproduce asexually by producing nonflagellated spores
the phosphorus cycle
Rocks- weathered, phosphorus enters soil, can be up taken by plants in phosphate, Organic form- when consumers have access , Leached into water systems
Primary Succession on Sand Dunes
Sand blows into dune along shore of Lake Michigan, As lake recedes, vegetation colonizes them
__________ are members of the phylum __________ and feed by __________.
Sea anemones ... Cnidaria ... using stinging cells to capture small animals that venture too close to them
marine benthic zone characteristics
Seafloor, Organisms vary by area they are in, Hydrothermal sea vents
temperate grassland characteristics
Seasonal precipitation, Cold winters, below freezing, hot summers, Flowering plants, Fires common and droughts, Grazing animals such as horses, bison
1. Which of the following best states the advantages that seeds have over spores? a. Seeds can survive even in conditions that are unfavorable for the parent plants. b. Seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering. c. Seeds are single cells, demanding fewer nutrients from the parent plants. d. Seeds can survive for extended periods of time at reduced metabolic rates. e. Most seeds are poisonous; therefore, they are not consumed by animals and persist in the environment for long periods of time.
Seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering.
Stromatolites characteristics
Segmented rock formed with prokaryotic organisms
killer whales
Several otter whale attacks sighted in 1990's
Selection that acts over evolutionary time to preserve traits that increase an individual's ability to mate is? Sexual selection Directional selection Stabilizing selection Balancing selection
Sexual selection
basidiomycota "club fungi"
Sexual spores produced in basidia, Fruiting bodies are basidiocarps. Decomposers of wood
darwin's natural selection
Showed patterns in the natural world, Explained process of natural selection, testable, not falsified
how do fungi get to food locally
Single spore landed in middle of ring and spore began to grow mycelium underground and expanded. To reproduce, they came up
resource partitioning
Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist
k selection competitors
Slow growth, Long maturation time, Few, large offspring, Lots of parental care
The average human birth weight ranges between 7-8 pounds. Which of these explains the observation Diversifying selection Genetic drift Directional selection Stabilizing selection
Stabilizing selection
1. List a characteristic from the Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarion subgroups of SAR.
Stramenopile- most photosynthetic, hair like projections paired with smooth, 3 groups alveolates- membrane enclosed sac, apicomplexans (go through animal wall) photosynthetic, parasites, have dinoflagellates rhizaria- has most amoebas
small population approach
Studies processes that cause extinctions in decreasing populations
what is the differences between the curves
The Type I curve, illustrated by the large mammals, tracks organisms that tend to live long lives the Type II curve considers birds, mice, and other organisms characterized by a relatively constant mortality or survivorship rate throughout their life expectancies. The Type III curve, small mammals, fishes, and invertebrates, is the opposite: it describes organisms with a high death rate (or low survivorship rate) immediately following birth.
one theory of killer whales eating otters
Switched to feeding on smaller mammals due to past overexploitation by commercial whalers, But need to eat many, many more to survive
culture
System of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior (and fitness) of individuals in a population
binomial nomenclature
System of taxonomy based on resemblances, Linneaus
semi in vitro pollination
Take ovules, scoop them out, put on Jello, took stigma and put pollen grains on it, pollen grains formed tubes, decapitated style and put head on jello
gnathostomes characteristics
Teeth and jaws help grip food, Phalangeal slits are more used for gas exchange, Enhanced forebrain, sense of smell and vision, Lateral line system
earth's climate
Temperature, precipitation, sun, wind, Varies by latitude and season, Determined by position relative to sun
Seasons on Earth in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are caused by
The angle of the sun's rays striking Earth changing as the Earth orbits the sun with a constant tilt
reproductive rate
The average number of offspring that a female produces during her lifetime
Which of the following is true about the phylum Cnidaria? a. This phylum has more species than any other phylum. b. The bodies of cnidarians are bilaterally symmetrical and show cephalization. c. All cnidarians except corals are in the medusa stage. d. The bodies of its members are organized around a gastrovascular cavity. e. All of the listed responses are correct.
The bodies of its members are organized around a gastrovascular cavity.
what is true about the phylum Cnidaria
The bodies of its members are organized around a gastrovascular cavity.
Which of the following describes the distribution of survivorship or mortality for a population that has a Type II survivorship curve?
The chance of death is roughly constant over all ages.
Ants carry dead ants out of an anthill and dump them on a "trash" pile. If a chemical from a dead ant is applied to a live ant, other ants will carry it, kicking and struggling, from the anthill, until the substance wears off. Which of the following explains this behavior? The ants are responding to a circadian clock. The ants have become imprinted on the chemical. The ants can only learn by operant conditioning. The chemical is a sign stimulus for a fixed action pattern. The ants are following a stimulus-response chain
The chemical is a sign stimulus for a fixed action pattern.
With each cycle, consider
The chemical's biological importance, The form in which each chemical is available for use, The chemical's major reservoir, Key processes driving movement of each chemical
Endosymbiosis of Chloroplasts
The chloroplasts of eukaryotes evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
A blackcap warbler from a captive migratory population is mated with another blackcap warbler from a captive nonmigratory population. The lab-reared offspring exhibit a modest amount of migratory restlessness. This behavior, which is intermediate between that of the two parents, could be interpreted as evidence for which of the following statements?
The differences in migratory behavior among populations are influenced by genetic differences among the populations.
carpel
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Which of the following statements about biomes is correct?
The major factors affecting the distribution of biomes are temperature and precipitation.
characteristic of sponges
They consist of two layers of cells with a noncellular gelatinous layer between them. They have collar cells. They have holes, or pores, in specialized cells, through which water enters.
Animal behavior is governed by complex interactions between ________
genetic and environmental factors
evolutionary. consequences of competition
The more niches overlap, the more likely competition will occur
Which of the following choices is an expression of a population density?
The number of Paramecium caudatum in a 250-mL solution in a glass flask
life cycle of a pine
The pine tree is the sporophyte and produces sporangia in male and female cones Small cones produce microspores called pollen grains, each of which contains a male gametophyte The familiar larger cones contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed
Which of these is true about the pocket mice? The appearance of dark volcanic rock caused a mutation for dark fur As a species, mice are evolving dark fur The same mutation could be advantageous in some environments but not others All are true
The same mutation could be advantageous in some environments but not others
Which choice below describes a feature of grassland that explains why its remnants are concentrated in arid regions of North America and central Asia?
The soil is fertile, and most grassland has been converted to farmland.
ecological niche is
The sum of all resource needs of a particular species, abiotic and biotic
What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?
They have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes., Their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes.
Which of these statements is true about cnidarians? They are segmented They have three tissue layers They have a single opening that acts as both a mouth and anus They can exist in two stages: the polyp and choanocyte stage
They have a single opening that acts as both a mouth and anus
1. Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? a. They are the sites where male gametes are produced. b. They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. c. They are the same as sporangia. d. They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads. e. They are asexual reproductive structures.
They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos.
How do cnidarians feed?
They use those tentacles to capture prey and push food into the gastrovascular cavity.
In cross-fostering experiments, offspring of two species are switched early in development and reared by the opposite species. They are then compared with similar offspring reared by their own species. What is the point of this experimental design?
This experimental design attempts to distinguish between the effects of genetics and those of the environment.
What could a climograph be used for?
To compare the temperature and precipitation of different biomes
Gross Primary Production
Total amount of sunlight converted to chemical energy per unit time
Intrasexual selection
Traits that increase survival/reproduction increase
estuaries characteristics
Transition between river and sea, Salinity varies. Low tide is less salt water, Form a complex network of tidal channels, levy's, Nutrient rich, highly productive, Types of grasses adapted to salt like algae, Attracts invertebrates bc lots of food
communication between animals
Transmission and reception of signals between animals
Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier? The sperm of a marine worm can only fertilize eggs of the same species One species of frog mates in April, but another mates in May. One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows. Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring
Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring
Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.
An oak tree produces thousands of acorns, but very few grow into mature oak trees. The oak tree exhibits a _____ survivorship curve.
Type III
An oak tree produces thousands of acorns, but very few grow into mature oak trees. The oak tree exhibits a __________ survivorship curve
Type III
bioremediation
Use organisms to organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem
Gram stain
Used to determine type of bacteria from cell walls
how do animals communicate
Using visual, tactile, auditory and chemical (pheromones) signals
chordates characteristics
VERTEBRATES, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblasts. Alimentary canal, coelomate, Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal gill slits, Post-anal tail
darwin's observations
Variation exists in populations, offspring share parents' traits, organisms have a great potential to reproduce, but populations generally stable (many die)
What variability must a trait have to be considered an adaptation through natural selection Homology, variation, development Ancestors with vestigial forms of trait Variations, heritability, and differential success Fossil remains and uniform variation
Variations, heritability, and differential success
Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?
Variety of ecological niches leading to adaptive radiation
What are three basic issues that life histories entail?
When reproduction begins, how often the organism breeds, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode
evolutionary consequences of exploitation
Warning/camouflage coloring, Mechanical/chemical defenses, Mimicry
the water cycle
Water in ocean, precipitation -droplets condense saturated with water vapor, movement over land or ocean, water can move through soil and ground runoff can enter ocean again
Global circulation of surface water in the oceans.
Water is warmed at the equator and flows north and south toward the poles, where it cools.
the phosphorus cycle processes driving movement
Weathering of rocks- phosphate in soil, Leaching- phosphate reaches aquatic systems
Secondary Production
What all other trophic levels do with energy
What human factors have contributed?
Wind and precipitation patterns shifting, Global temp's and extreme weather patterns have increased
Which of the following represents gene flow? Wind blows pollen from one population to another. A small population of humans colonizes a newly formed island. An earthquake results in the formation of a canyon. Genes are shufed by crossing over.
Wind blows pollen from one population to another.
osteichthyes characteristics
Within Chordata, vertebrata, gnathostomes, Have hard matrix of calcium phosphate bone, Ray finned fish
sarcopterygii "lobe fins" characteristics
Within Chordata, vertebrata, gnathostomes, Osteichthyes, rod shaped bones surrounded by thick layer of muscle
Changes in Bering Sea, Alaska
Without kelp forests, biodiversity plummets
zygomycetes life cycle
Zygomycetes have asexual and sexual phases in their life cycles. Tubular cells with one + mating type, and one - mating type Build separation with multiple haploid nuclei (gametangia) Heterokaryotic stage- cellular structures fuse plasma membranes, get single plasma membrane with 3 nuclei from each mating type but haven't fused. Build outer cell wall of zygosporangium. Can travel Karyogamy Meiosis- = cells with begin undergoing mitosis to form many spores. They are released out and spread. Single haploid spores form mycelium. Mycelium can make sporangium to make more spores
survivorship curve
a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age
HardyWeinberg equation to test whether
a population is evolving
exponential pop growth
a population that experiences such ideal conditions increases in size by a constant proportion at each instant in time.
A true coelom is __________. a body cavity lined with endoderm and ectoderm a body cavity lined with mesoderm no body cavity body cavity of the abdomen
a body cavity lined with mesoderm
only cephalopods have in the mollusca family
a closed circulatory system
alimentary canal
a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus.
mantle
a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell
A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share ____? a mantle a radula gills distinct cephalization
a mantle
During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to __________. fertilization the formation of a gastrula metamorphosis the formation of a zygote a multicellular blastula
a multicellular blastula
Chimpanzees have a relatively low birth rate. They care for their young, and most chimps live a long life. The chimp survivorship curve would look like ___
a relatively flat line that drops steeply at the end
Which of the following best illustrates optimal foraging?
a sunbird will more freely defend flowers that produce more food
A gram-negative cell wall consists of __________. peptidoglycan and cellulose a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a capsule a thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides cholesterol and peptidoglycan
a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides
1. Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei a. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 b. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 c. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 d. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 e. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
a. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 sporophyte, pollen cone, microspangia, microspore, c
2. Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? a. Ovule b. Ovary c. Fruit d. Stamen
a. Ovule
1. Which of the following adaptations is common to all seed plants? a. Ovules b. Heterospory c. reduced gametophytes d. Pollen e. All of the listed responses are correct.
a. Ovules b. Heterospory c. reduced gametophytes d. Pollen
2. A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from__________. a. an ovary ... an ovule b. an ovule ... a carpel c. endosperm ... an ovary d. an ovary ... a pollen grain e. an anther ... an ovule
a. an ovary ... an ovule
major role in predictable weather patterns
air circulation and precipitation
what happens when warm, moist air approaches a mountain
air rises and cools, releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak
1. If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it a. belongs to a species that is homosporous. b. must be diploid. c. has lost the need for a sporophyte generation. d. has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ. e. is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.
a. belongs to a species that is homosporous.
1. The development of the __________ prevents plants from drying out and protects them from microbes. a. Cuticle b. Gametangia c. apical meristem d. Peristomes e. Stomata
a. cuticle
1. If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would a. increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans. b. increase the dosage of the most common pesticide used to kill Anopheles mosquitoes. c. introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans. d. use a "cocktail" of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes. e. insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.
a. insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.
1. In ovulate cones, megasporocytes undergo __________ and produce __________ megaspores. a. a. meiosis ... haploid b. mitosis ... diploid c. meiosis ... diploid d. mitosis ... haploid e. Depending on environmental conditions, any of the listed responses may occur.
a. meiosis ... haploid
Which choice below generally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction? a. plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination b. germination, meiosis, karyogamy, plasmogamy c. karyogamy, meiosis, plasmogamy, germination d. meiosis, plasmogamy, karyogamy, germination e. plasmogamy, meiosis, germination, karyogamy
a. plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination
Sowbugs are really crustaceans, not insects. Therefore, a sowbug does NOT have __________. a. three pairs of legs b. anntanae c. jointed appendages d. an exoskeleton e. an open circulatory system
a. three pairs of legs
phylogeny do tell us
about evolutionary relationships, information about similar characteristics in closely related species, sister taxon share an immediate common ancestor
Heterotrophs get nutrients by
absorption (NOT ingestion)
Which marine zone would have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)?
abyssal
birds characteristics
adaptations that facilitate flight, lack bladder, toothless, feathers made from same keratin on scales, endothermic
Lake Malawi, in the African Rift Valley, is home to more than a hundred species of cichlid fishes, each with slightly different diets and habits. All these species probably evolved from a common ancestor, making them an example of ____
adaptive radiation
example of bioremediation
adding mycorrhizal fungi can help plants to access nutrients from soil
as the sun's angle changes,
affects local environments. For example, the belts of wet and dry air on either side of the equator move slightly northward and southward
human impact of chaparral
agriculture and urbanization
example of nutrient enrichment
agriculture, using fertilizer
heterochrony example
an organism's shape depends in part on the relative growth rates of different body parts during development. Changes to these rates can alter the adult form substantially, as seen in the contrasting shapes of human and chimpanzee skulls
purpose of post
anal tail- skeletal elements and muscles that help propel aquatic species in water
Which of the following would be the least useful in determining the relationships among various species?
analogous structures
1. Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? a. sources of water b. sperm transfer c. Desiccation d. animal predation e. absorbing enough light
animal predation bc not many herbivores in the beginning
fungi share their digestive services with
animals (cows)
Leeches are members of the phylum __________ in the clade of bilaterally symmetric animals called __________.
annelida; lophotrochozoa
selective pressure
anything that may impact survival in a given. environment
Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake? benthic littoral aphotic pelagic
aphotic
pelagic zone
aphotic and photic
You are designing an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines? a. Pseudopods b. apical complex c. excavated feeding grooves d. Nucleomorphs e. mitosomes
apical complex
chytrids live in
aquatic environments and some on land
Sponges are most accurately described as ____ aquatic filter feeders freshwater scavengers marine predators aquatic predators
aquatic filter feeders
biotic factors of sea urchins
area with lots of sea urchins, kept seaweed covered, removed sea urchins, seaweed covered 85% of area present
chelicerate, myriapods, and pan crustaceans are clades from
arthropods
The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called homology natural selection artificial selection paleontology
artificial selection
plants have specialized features to
attract pollinators
petal
attracts pollinators
What signals might be best employed by a nocturnal forest animal seeking to identify its territory?
auditory and olfactory
In temperate lakes, the surface water is replenished with nutrients during turnovers that occur in the autumn and spring autumn and winter spring and summer summer and winter
autumn and spring
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? a. complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent b. double internal fertilization c. free-living gametophytes d. carpels that contain microsporangia e. ovules that are not contained within ovaries
b. double internal fertilization
Fungi that consist of a continuous mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei are known as _____. a.Septate b.Chytrids c imperfect fungi d. Dikaryotic e. Coenocytic
b coenocytic These fungi, known as coenocytic, lack septa. Septa divide hyphae into cells.
1. Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore a. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 b. 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 c. 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 d. 1 → 4 → 3 → 2 e. 1 → 4 → 2 → 3
b. 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo
. In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 24 e. 32
b. 8
The majority of animal species are __________. a. Vertebrates b. Insectsc. Marined. Acoelomates e. Nematodes
b. Insects
1. A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is __________. a. pelvic and pectoral fins with bony supports b. a swim bladder c. a lateral line system d. Gills e. mineralized teeth
b. a swim bladder
A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is __________. a. pelvic and pectoral fins with bony supports b. a swim bladder c. a lateral line system d. Gills e. mineralized teeth
b. a swim bladder
2. During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the __________ to the __________. a. carpel ... stigma b. anther ... stigma c. ovary ... anther d. anther ... sepal e. stigma ... ovary
b. anther ... stigma
Sponges feed by __________. a.scraping bacteria and algae from hard substrates b. filtering small particles from water c. absorbing nutrients from the guts of their hosts d. performing photosynthesis e. paralyzing small crustaceans with stinging cells
b. filtering small particles from water
1. Ferns and mosses are limited mostly to moist environments because __________. a. their pollen is carried by water b. they have swimming sperm c. they lack cuticles and stomata d. they lack vascular tissue e. their seeds do not store water
b. they have swimming sperm
change in population equation
bN- mN
Has cell walls of peptidoglycan, No meiosis. What is it?
bacteria
The next time you have cream of mushroom soup, you can say, "What a delicious __________." ascomycete protist zygomycete basidiomycete
basidiomycete
what is reciprocal altruism
behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.
Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms? bilateral symmetry spiral cleavage gastrovascular cavity exoskeleton
bilateral symmetry
do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually
both
mutualism
both benefit
1. What is some evidence that plants evolved from green algae?
both have flagellated sperm, formation of phragmoplast, rings of cellulose cell walls.
benthic zone
bottom of all aquatic zones, deep or shallow
zoopagomycetes examples
bread mold, parasitic or commensal symbionts of animals
# of offspring/reproduction life history trait
broods: small sizes had more survival
Nonvascular plants
bryophytes, do not form clade
naked mole rat example
burrowing rodents, nonreproductive cares for young
A population that grows rapidly at first and then levels off at carrying capacity can be modeled _______
by logistic equation
Parental care as likely to be
by males as by females
1. Heterosporous plants produce __________. a. megaspores that bear antheridia and microspores that bear archegonia b. spores that produce both archegonia and antheridia c. megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes d. megaspores that develop into male gametophytes and microspores that develop into female gametophytes e. seeds
c. megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 24 e. 32
c. 16
A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of the vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of a. The influence of environment on development b. Paedomorphosis c. A change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts d. Heterochrony
c. A change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts
2. Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? a. Stigma b. Carpel c. Ovule d. Ovary e. Anthers
c. Ovule
1. What is located in the scalelike structures packed densely in pollen cones? a. developing seedlings b. Sporophytes c. Sporangia d. developing pollen tubes e. Megasporocytes
c. Sporangia
1. In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? a. Sporophyll b. male gametophyte c. Sporopollenin d. Stigma e. Sporangium
c. Sporopollenin
2. The portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the __________. a. Style b. Anther c. Stigma d. Filament e. Ovary
c. Stigma
Which characteristic below is shared by plants, fungi, and animals? a. They are heterotrophs. b. They have cell walls. c. They are multicellular eukaryotes. d. They release enzymes to the outside of the body to aid in digestion. e. Their cells are supported and connected to one another by structural proteins.
c. They are multicellular eukaryotes.
A major characteristic of arthropods is __________. a. radial symmetry b. a pseudocoelom c. a chitinous exoskeleton d. flame bulbs e. All of the listed responses are correct.
c. a chitinous exoskeleton
2. The vast majority of angiosperms with two cotyledons formerly classified as __________ are now classified as __________. a. eudicots ... basal angiosperms b. monocots ... magnoliids c. dicots ... eudicots d. eudicots ... dicots e. monocots ... dicots
c. dicots ... eudicots
ecdysozoan- nematode associated bacteria
c. elegans
1. Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they a. are woody. b. have macrophylls. c. have pollen. d. have sporophylls. e. have spores
c. have pollen.
1. A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics EXCEPT __________. a. a dorsal, hollow nerve cord b. Vertebrae c. hinged jaws d. pharyngeal clefts in the embryo e. All of the listed responses are correct.
c. hinged jaws
A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics EXCEPT __________. a. a dorsal, hollow nerve cord b. Vertebrae c. hinged jaws d. pharyngeal clefts in the embryo e. All of the listed responses are correct.
c. hinged jaws
1. In ovulate cones, megasporocytes undergo __________ and produce __________ megaspores. a. meiosis ... diploid b. mitosis ... diploid c. meiosis ... haploid d. mitosis ... haploid e. Depending on environmental conditions, any of the listed responses may occur.
c. meiosis ... haploid
The water vascular system of a sea star functions in __________. a. pumping water for swimming movements b. keeping all parts of the body moist at low tide c. movement of the tube feet d. Digestion e. Reproduction
c. movement of the tube feet
Australopithecus
came before homo, 4-2 MYA
1. Which structure of a bryophyte sporophyte is specialized for gradual spore discharge? a. Seta b. Foot c. Peristome d. Stomata e. Capsule
capsule- facilitated opening and closing
Photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = carbohydrate + oxygen
No population can grow indefinitely. The ultimate size of any population is limited by _____.
carrying capacity of its environment
Many features in the environment influence microclimate by
casting shade, altering evaporation from soil, or changing wind patterns.
Dead zone in Mexico
caused by fertilizer and sewage from farmland, sucks oxygen out of water
how climate change effects bumblebees
causing flowers to bloom earlier and effect 3 types of bumblebees pollination
The first single
celled organism- Stromatolites
what is a neural crest
cells along the edges of closing tube of embryo
1. Briefly describe cellular slime mold and plasmodial slime mold. How do they differ?
cellular start off as single celled and live individually. If in stress, they come together to form multicellular organism. Plasmodial- no cell walls/membrane to separate so they are a blob of diploid nuclei. Not multicellular
Genetic drift
changes in gene frequencies because of chance
Stramenopiles have what types of flagella
characteristic flagellum (hairy smooth)
Fungi are __________ organisms. mixotrophic photoheterotrophic chemoautotrophic chemoheterotrophic photoautotrophic
chemoheterotrophic
fungi have extracellular digestion called
chemotrophic
In contrast to plants, cell walls of fungi are made of_____ lignin cellulose chitin peptidoglycan
chitin
chytrids characteristics
chitin cell walls, most are unicellular but some multicellular, produce gametes and diploid zoospores that swim with the help of a single flagellum.
major characteristic of arthropods is __________. chitin exoskeleton radial symmetry psuedocoelom ame bulbs
chitin exoskeleton
cryptomycetes can synthesize
chitin rich cell wall
fungi cell walls are made of
chitin, not evolved from common ancestors
phylum mollusca
chitons, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods
Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? a. chloroplast b. Mitochondrion c. Hydrogenosome d. Mitosome e. Two of the responses above are correct.
chloroplasts
In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian? amoebocyte choanocyte epidermal cell pore cell
choanocyte
In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian? amoebocyte choanocyte epidermal cell pore cell
choanocyte
gnathostomes
chondrichthyans, osteichthyans,
An animal has bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal clefts, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development, it must be a chordate annelid arthropod mollusc
chordate
what is competitive exclusion
chthalamus is found higher, higher fundamental niche, Balanus better competitor, same niche sizes
When Drosophila were exposed to a particular odor and electric shock at the same time, they started to avoid the odor. This is an example of __________
classical conditioning
When Drosophila were exposed to a particular odor and electric shock at the same time, they started to avoid the odor. This is an example of __________.
classical conditioning
example of associative learning
classical conditioning (pavlov)
chelicerata characteristics
claw-like feeding appendages, lack antennae
levels of biodiversity
genetic, species, community and ecosystem
Ocean currents influence
climate along the coasts of continents by heating or cooling overlying air masses that pass across the land.
global change effect of biodiversity
climate change, atmospheric chemistry & ecological systems decrease Earth's capacity to support life, Gases can be carried through the wind, dissolve rainwater to form acid rain, Ex. Acid rain
Organisms that live in a homogenous abiotic environment and cooperate to avoid being eaten would likely show a(n) __________ pattern of dispersion.
clumped
When needed resources are unevenly distributed, organisms often show a(n) _______ dispersion pattern
clumped
When needed resources are unevenly distributed, organisms often show a(n) __________ dispersion pattern
clumped
increase of greenhouse gases increases
co2 and temperature
genetic variation in banana slugs
coastal populations feed on them, inland snakes refused to feed on them but coastal snakes did
what is a cavity called
coelom
Fungi that consist of a continuous mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei are known as _____. coenocytic dikaryotic imperfect fungi septate
coenocytic
Selective pressure (competition) =>
coevolution
ocean current towards equator carries
cold water to the poles
human impact of coral reefs
collecting them, overfishing, GW, pollution
Colonia ex. Zygnema
common pond algae
Most likely to form a fossil
common squirrel
An ecologist would suspect a population to be growing rapidly if it _
contains many more prereproductive than reproductive individuals
Different species that inhabit the same type of biome but occur in widely separated geographic regions often appear similar due to _________
convergent evolution
human impact of temperate grassland
converted to farmland
Most important role of photosynthetic organisms in ecosystem
converting inorganic to organic compounds
rain shadow
cooler,dry air descends, absorbing moisture
Flagella run
counterclockwise
where are aquatic biomes found
cover most of the earth
what is eutrophic
created from human inputs, nutrient rich, several organism depleted oxygens
hyphal structure of multicellular fungi
cross walls between cells=seperate hyphae
example of optimal foraging model
crow drop height: if the drop is successful, the shell breaks and the crow can dine on the whelk's soft parts. If not, the crow flies up and drops the whelk again and again until the shell breaks.
How researchers used the paths of rubber duckies to help us better understand ocean currents
current driven by wind, tides ocean floor, if the earth didn't rotate, the low pressure would take over
human impact of tropical forests
cutting them down
Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades chordates and tetrapods urochordates and cephalochordates cyclostomes and gnathostomes marsupials and eutherians
cyclostomes and gnathostomes
1. Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners 4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 3 c. 3 and 4 d. 1, 2, and 3 e. 1, 2, and 4
d. 1, 2, and 3 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners
2. Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, etc.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true? 1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated. 2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods. 3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods. 4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. 5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. a. 1 only b. 1 and 5 c. 2 and 4 d. 2 and 5
d. 2 and 5
2. In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 24 e. 32
d. 24
1. Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? a. Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. b. The pine tree is a gametophyte. c. Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. d. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. e. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon
d. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
2. The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the __________. a. Carpel b. Fruit c. Embryo d. Endosperm e. Seed
d. Endosperm
1. A __________ is a chordate but not a vertebrate. a. Shark b. Lamprey c. sea star d. Lancelet e. Frog
d. Lancelet
Fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota are the most important decomposers of wood because of their ability to break down _____. a. Opisthokonts b. Mycorrhizae c. Cellulose d. Lignin e. jet fuel
d. Lignin
2. Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit? a. Stigma b. Style c. Ovule d. Ovary e. Micropyle
d. Ovary
1. Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms? a. nonfertile flower parts b. triploid endosperm c. Fruits d. Pollen e. Carpels
d. Pollen
1. What is located in the scalelike structures packed densely in pollen cones? a. Sporophytes b. developing pollen tubes c. developing seedlings d. Sporangia e. Megasporocytes
d. Sporangia
1. In lab class, a plasmodial slime mold is used as a demonstration organism. One of the students does not understand why this organism is not considered multicellular. How would you explain it to her? a. Plasmodial slime molds are not able to reproduce sexually, so therefore they are not truly multicellular. b. Multicellular organisms are seen only in the kingdoms Animalia and Plantae. c. The nuclei found in the plasmodium of a plasmodial slime mold are diploid. d. The plasmodium is undivided by membranes and contains many diploid nuclei; therefore, it is not technically multicellular. e. The distinct cells that make up the plasmodium do not cooperate, so they do not represent a truly multicellular organism.
d. The plasmodium is undivided by membranes and contains many diploid nuclei; therefore, it is not technically multicellular.
All animals with bilateral symmetry have __________ germ layer(s). a. Zero b. One c. Two d. Three e. four
d. Three
1. The adaptation that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the __________. a. lateral line system b. Placenta c. bony appendage d. amniotic egg e. Operculum
d. amniotic egg
snake characteristics
descended from lizards with legs, produce waves of lateral bending to move, carnivorous, acute chemical sensors, heart-detecting organs
The adaptation that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the __________. a. lateral line system b. Placenta c. bony appendage d. amniotic egg e,. Operculum
d. amniotic egg
Where and when does fertilization occur in the mushroom life cycle? .a in a mushroom, when eggs and sperm meet B. underground, when the hyphae of different mating types fuse c. on the surface of the ground, c. when a basidiospore germinates d. in a mushroom, when the nuclei of a dikaryotic cell fuse e. underground, as a mycelium begins to spread
d. in a mushroom, when the nuclei of a dikaryotic cell fuse
1. Where would you find a fern gametophyte? a. on the underside of the leaf (frond) b. in a freshwater stream c. inside a dissected seed d. on moist soil e. attached to the underground stem (rhizoids)
d. on moist soil
instantaneous growth equation
dN/dt= rN
Which of the following would most likely be an example of a density-independent factor limiting population growth?
daily temperature extremes
Which one of the following would most likely be an example of a density-independent factor limiting population growth?
daily temperature extremes
detritus
dead organic matter
Ecological rules
decomposers (saprobes), parasites, mutualistic symbionts
organisms with internal fertilization
decrease in certainty of paternity
food web often invasive species
decrease/lower predators/parasites
Rain forest: Rapid decomp
decreasing soil nutrient levels
abyssal zone
deep, part of ocean several meters below surface
Wind pollinated species are more in
dense populations such as grasses and tree species in temperate forests
A particular environmental change causes the deaths of 25 individuals in a herd of 100 wild horses, and it kills 50 individuals in a herd of 200 horses. In this case, the growth of a wild horse population is most likely limited by __________. (Assume that the two herds are found in territories of equal size.)
density-independent factor
purpose of mating systems
determining reproductive success
Innate behavior
developmentally fixed, doesn't vary among individuals
purpose of dorsal hollow nerve chord
develops into a part of CNS brain and spinal cord
heterokaryotic stage
different fungi can fuse together but nuclei do not
which community is more diverse? A Community with different types of trees equally or one species of tree majority
different types of trees equally
Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and at worms? flattened bodies radial symmetry true muscle digestive system with a single opening
digestive system with a single opening
Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and atworms? true muscle radial symmetry digestive system with one opening 2 of these
digestive system with one opening
Endoderm
digestive tract, liver, lungs
In mushrooms, karyogamy results in the formation of the __________ phase. haploid diploid triploid dikaryotic
diploid
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of which of the following? disruptive selection directional selection stabilizing selection macroevolution
directional selection
Cattle egrets, originally only found in Africa and southwestern Europe, can now be found in North America because of which of the following?
dispersal
Secondary succession
disturbance cleared community but still soil and seeds
Which of the following statements about fungi is/are true? `a.The dominant stage of the life cycle is usually haploid. b. Many species obtain their nutrients from decaying organic matter. c. The haploid nuclei of dikaryotic hyphal cells fuse to form a diploid zygote. d. Spores germinate and then mitotically divide to form a mycelium. e. All of the listed responses are correct.
e. All of the listed responses are correct.
Fungi are __________ organisms. a. Photoautotrophic b. Mixotrophic c. Chemoautotrophic d. Photoheterotrophic e. Chemoheterotrophic
e. Chemoheterotrophic Fungi "move" to another location through growth of hyphae. But the "movement" is for feeding, which is the specific role of the mycelium.
If an animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal clefts, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development, it must be a member of the __________. a. Mollusca b. Platyhelminthes c. Arthropoda d. Annelida e. Chordata
e. Chordata
If an animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal clefts, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development, it must be a member of the __________. a. Molluscab. Platyhelminthes c. Arthropodad. Annelida e. Chordata
e. Chordata
1. What is the evolutionary significance of megaphylls? a. They provide a way to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant's body. b. They allow plants to grow taller. c. They increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients. d. They are modified leaves that have sporangia. e. They increase the surface area for photosynthesis.
e. They increase the surface area for photosynthesis.
The mushroom in a basidiomycete life cycle serves the same function as the _____ in the ascomycete life cycle, which is to _____. a. zygosporangium ... produce sexual spores b. dikaryon ... store a food reserve c. conidium ... supply the rest of the fungus with chitin monomers d. plasmodium ... form gametes e. ascocarp ... scatter sexually produced spores
e. ascocarp ... scatter sexually produced spores
The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____. a. Ascib. Mycorrhizae c. Lichensd. Mushrooms e. Conidia
e. conidia
1. The seed coat's most important function is to provide a. a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium. b. the means for dispersal. c. Dormancy. d. a nutrient supply for the embryo. e. desiccation resistance.
e. desiccation resistance.
1. The cells within pollen grains are __________ and together comprise the __________. a. diploid ... spores b. diploid ... a new sporophyte c. haploid ... spores d. diploid ... sperm nuclei e. haploid ... male gametophyte
e. haploid ... male gametophyte
Which of the following groups does NOT exhibit bilateral symmetry? a. Chordates b. Arthropods c. Molluscs d. Annelids e. Jellies
e. jellies
1. Vascular tissues of plants include __________. a. cuticles for conducting water, and phloem for conducting organic molecules b. xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules c. xylem for conducting organic molecules, and phloem for conducting water and minerals d. phloem for conducting water and minerals, and lignin for conducting organic molecules e. lignin for conducting organic molecules, and phloem for conducting sugars
e. lignin for conducting organic molecules, and phloem for conducting sugars
Which statement below about zygosporangia is/are true? a.They are multinucleate formations. b.They are resistant to freezing and drying. c.They are metabolically inactive. d.They are produced through plasmogamy. e.All of the listed responses are correct.
e.All of the listed responses are correct
Temporal isolation
eastern/western spotted skunk (range overlaps)
deuterostomia clades
echinoderms and chordates
why do animals evolve shortly in cambrian explosion
ecological changes with more predators
amphibian characteristic
eggs and skin can dry out, some aquatic, some land, found in damp areas, fertilization is external
what kinds of animals are polygyny
elk
An aquaculture facility hatched salmon eggs and released young fish into a river leading to the ocean. The fish fed and grew in the ocean, and in a few years they returned to the facility. Because the number of returning fish was low, a scientist suggested adding a chemical to the river that would __________.
enable them to imprint on the facility
Cretaceous mass extinction
end of dinos, cause was iridium in sed rocks, dust clouds
Landscape Conservation Shift focus: individual species
entire communities, ecosystems, and landscapes
Cenozoic Era
era that began about 66 million years ago, known as the "Age of Mammals"
characteristics of fungi
eukaryotes, cell walls of chitin, haploid dominant life cycle, heterokaryotic stage, uni and multicellular
All protists are A) unicellular. B) eukaryotic. C) symbionts. D) monophyletic. E) mixotrophic.
eukaryotic
human impact of lakes
eutrophication
all classes of vertebrates
everything after myxini
Heterochrony
evolutionary change in rate or timing of developmental events, can alter timing of reproductive development relative to non-reproductive organs
ecological interactions=
evolutionary changes
plastids are
evolve from endosymbiosis of green or red algae, plant regulators, metabolize fatty acids
Excavata
excavated feeding groove
nutrient enrichment impact
excess nutrients, humans remove nutrients and move them to another
what is oviparous
lay eggs that hatch outside mothers body
The logistic growth model differs from the exponential growth model in that it __
expresses the effects of population-limiting factors on exponential growth
The logistic growth model differs from the exponential growth model in that it __ implies that population size stabilizes at K when the birth rate is zero expresses the effects of population-limiting factors on exponential growth s J-shaped and the exponential growth model is S-shaped never shows the effects of population-limiting factors
expresses the effects of population-limiting factors on exponential growth
ascomycetes life cycle
extended dikaryotic stage, the production of asci during the sexual phase. The haploid phase is the predominant phase of the life cycle. Conidia is formed externally at tips of hyphae.
genetic biodiversity
extinction decreases genetic diversity
Mammals underwent adaptive radiation after
extinction of terrestrial dinos
Mass extinctions
extinction rate has increased dramatically, Fossil record indicates five big mass extinction events, Where >50% of marine species become extinct
mucormycetes examples
fast growing mold on bread, fruits, parasites on plants
zygomycetes
fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? feathers amniotic egg ight endothermy
feathers
Complete metamorphosis __________. features a larval stage that looks different from the adultis accompanied by a complete rearrangement of the genome is the same thing as molting involves adults that are specialized for eating and growth
features a larval stage that looks different from the adultis
Complete metamorphosis __________. a. does not occur in wasps, bees, or ants b. involves adults that are specialized for eating and growth c. is the same thing as molting d. features a larval stage that looks. different from the adult e. is accompanied by a complete rearrangement of the genome
features a larval stage that looks. different from the adult
A trend rst observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was ____ feet with digits appearance of jaws a amniotic egg bony vertebrae
feet with digits
vampire bats example
female donate blood to one who didn't eat, only eat a little to not harm the prey
1. A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to a. Mosses. b. Charophytes. c. Ferns. d. Gymnosperms. e. flowering plants.
ferns bc no seeds and sporophyte dominant
human impacts of estuaries
filled in areas and pollution
what is a filter feeder
filter out food particles suspended in the surrounding water as they draw it through their body
Attachment points appendages
fimbriae and pili
Motility appendages
flagella
microsporidians lack
flagellated spores
type 1 curve
flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, and then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age-groups.
lophotrochozoa examples
flatworms, rotifers and acanthocephalans, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids.
Platyhelminthes
flatworms, tapeworms
angiosperms
flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit
interconnectedness example
flying fox bat is an important pollinator and disperse seeds
Below the photic zone of the ocean, _________
food chains are detritus-based
as population and prosperity increase, limits for
food, space, resources, waste filtering capacity
selective pressure example
foraging (drosophila 'for' gene)
fungi grow by
forming multicellular filaments
the carbon cycle major reservoirs
fossil fuels, atmosphere, solutes in oceans, soil
why are kangaroos only in australia
fossil record, adaptive radiation
Cambrian explosion
fossils resemble modern animal phyla, (535 to 525 MYA), Prior to, animals were not hunters, little amount of predators
monotremes characteristics
found only in australia and new guinea, one species of platypus and 4 species of echidnas, lay eggs, have hair and produce milk, lack nipples
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
from engulfed, originally free living proteobacteria
The water vascular system of echinoderms ____ functions as a circulatory system functions in locomotion and feeding is bilateral in organization moves water through animals body
functions in locomotion and feeding
annelids characteristics
fused rings, segmented worms live in freshwater habitats, have coelom, Alimentary canal, Marine forms have trochophore larva
1. Briefly explain the bryophyte life cycle.
gametophyte dominant. spore dispersal, one goes to antheridia, one goes to archegonia. antheridia goes to archegonia and fertilization occurs. sporophyte grows out and has capsule.
moss is
gametophyte dominanted
1. When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the __________. a. structure that results directly from a fertilized egg b. structure where meiosis occurs c. spore-producing structure d. gametophyte generation e. sporophyte generation
gametophyte generation
the nitrogen cycle major reservoirs
gas (atmosphere)
The blastopore is a structure that rst becomes evident during _____ fertilization cleavage8 cell stage gastrulation
gastrulation
Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms does NOT contribute to the process of allopatric speciation? gene flow mutation genetic drift natural selection
gene flow
allopatric speciation is
gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations.
social learning
learning through observation of others
human threats to biodiversity
habitat loss, introduced species, overharvesting, global change
5 common reproductive barriers
habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical and gametic isolation
What is characteristic of the SAR supergroup
hairy and smooth flagella, pseudopodia and rhizorian subgroup, plasmodia
primate characteristics
hands and feet for grasping, digits with flat nails, skin ridges on fingers, large brain and short jaw, flat face, parental care and social behavior, adaptations to living in trees
Annelids __________.
have a mouth that is separate from the anus
complete metamorphosis
have larval stages specialized for eating and growing that are known by such names as caterpillar, maggot, or grub.
Triploblasts
have mesoderm
1. Briefly describe the life cycle of a fern.
have sporangia, homosporous, sporophyte dominant. sporangium produce bisexual spore, one archegonia and one antheridia, fertilize antheridia, gametophyte is under ground, plant we see is sporophyte.
human impact of temperate broadleaf
heavily settled
Video of sea otters
help sea urchins otters are active predator that prevent predation in sea urchins
caecilians characteristics
legless, blind, resemble earthworms, tropical climates
organisms with external fertilization (egg laying)
increase of certainty of paternity
food web dominant species
increase/higher biomass/abundance
Grassland: Slower decomp
increasing soil nutrient levels
random
independent of others
inclusive fitness
individual still passes genes by helping close relatives
Natural selection acts on
individuals, Evolution occurs in populations
toxin accumulation example
industries
Adaptations
inherited characteristics that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments
what characteristics of sunlight is include in abiotic factors
intensity and wavelength
competition
interaction over a limited resource
Altruistic behavior _________
is expected when it increases the long-term inclusive fitness of the altruists
primate examples
lemur, apes, monkeys
what are gnathostomes
jawed vertebrates
myxini "hagfish" characteristics
jawless, reduced vertebrae, skull made of cartilage, use segmental muscle to exert force against notochord, have slime glands
Diploblasts
just ectoderm and endoderm
Example of eutherian
kangaroo
Cell wall helps
keep shape
he enhanced reproduction, through apparently altruistic behavior, of related individuals with common alleles is referred to as __
kin selection
aquatic biomes examples
lakes, wetlands, streams/rivers, estuaries, intertidal zones, ocean pelagic zone, marine benthic zones
A __________ is a chordate but not a vertebrate.
lancelet
Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? lancelets sharks amphibians reptiles
lancelets
tundra characteristics
large areas of arctic or high mountaintops, Precipitation is low but high on alpine, Winters are very cold, -30 Celsius, cool summers, Vegetation is herbaceous- grasses, Permafrost, Ox, caribou, moose
aquatic biomes are not defined by
latitude
biogeographic factors affect diversity
latitude, area
Gram-negative bacteria have __________ peptidoglycan than gram-positive cells, and their cell walls are __________ complex structurally. less ... less less ... more more ... less more ... more None of the listed responses is correct.
less ... more
density dependent-
limit population more as population increases
basidiomycota break down
lingin
the water cycle Available form
liquid
Rooted plants are found only in which zone of a lake?
littoral
biotic factors
living
What is characteristic of the Unikonta supergroup
lobe, tube shaped pseudopodia, where amoebas are the most
human impact of northern coniferous
logging old trees
A newly mated queen ant founds a nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equation is likely to best describe the population growth of the new colony?
logistic
characteristics of coenocytic hyphae
long membrane and lots of nuclei, Cytoplasm and all organelles freely flow along tubes of cells
reciprocal altruism
long-term relationship => both parties benefit at some point
what is a notochord
longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord.
slime layer
loose, protects against loss of water/nutrients
north pole
low angle of incoming sunlight
south pole
low angle of incoming sunlight
aphotic zone
lower, region where little light penetrates
A population's carrying capacity A) may change as environmental conditions change. B) can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model. C) generally remains constant over time. D) increases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases. E) can never be exceeded.
may change as environmental conditions change.
Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of closely related species from copulating successfully?
mechanical isolation
Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of closely related species from reproducing? mechanical isolation hybrid sterility gametic isolation hybrid breakdown
mechanical isolation
cnidaria clades
medusozoa and anthozoa
Sustainable Development Goal
meet needs of people today w/o harming future generations, Connects life sciences, social sciences, economics, and humanities
Larvae go through what to become what
metamorphosis to become juveniles.
myriapods examples
millipedes and centipedes
the mimic octopus
mimic stingray, flounder, sea snake
case study of greater prairie chicken
minimum viable population decreases population size at which species can survive, estimated based on pop's breeding potential
eutherians characteristics
more complex placentas, longer pregnancy
Capsule
more tightly bound, denser, adherence, shielding
type III curve
mortality is often high among the youngest individuals
clumped
most common, resources, protection
mycelium body structure
most of body is underground, tubes are mycelium
How do fungi move?
most with no flagella or movement structures
sponges do not have
mouth and anus
Horizontal gene transfer
movement of genes between species
During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to __________. multicellular blastula formation of a gastrula fertilizationformation of a zygote
multicellular blastula
1. In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with a. unicellular haploid forms. b. unicellular diploid forms. c. multicellular haploid forms. d. multicellular diploid forms. e. multicellular polyploid forms
multicellular diploid forms
1. Describe some characteristics of Green algae.
multicellular, sexual reproduction, phototrophs, charophytes and chlorophytes
How do we calculate reproductive rates?
multiplying the proportion of females surviving to each age (lx) by the average number of offspring produced at each age (mx) and then adding the products from all the age groups:
Mesoderm
muscle, other organs
Basidiomycota examples
mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi
All mammals ____? bear live young complete their embryonic development in the uterus nourish their offspring through mammary glands All are correct
nourish their offspring through mammary glands
karyogamy
nuclei fusion forms diploid zygote and undergo meiosis to germinate.
bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) do not have
nucleus and membrane around DNA, no golgi, ER, mitochondria
placenta
nutrients diffuse into the embryo from moms blood
Vascular tissue plants
o - cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the body
Alteration of Generation Steps
o 1. Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis o 2. Two gametes unite (fertilization) and form a diploid zygote o 3. Zygote develops into multicellular diploid sporophyte o 4. Sporophyte produces unicelled haploid spores by meiosis o 5. Spores develop into multicellular haploid gametes
Bryophyte Cycle- gametophyte dom
o 1. Spores develop into threadlike protonemas o 2. Haploid protonemas produce buds that divide by mitosis and grow into gametophytes o 3. Sperm must swim through a film of moisture to reach egg o 4. Zygote develops into sporophyte embryo o 5. Sporophyte grows long stalk that emerges from the archegonium o 6. Attached by its foot, the sporophyte remains nutritionally dependent on gametophyte o 7. Meiosis occurs, and haploid spores develop in the capsule. When the capsule is mature, the lid pops off and the spores are released.
Ex. Volvox
o 2 types of differentiated cells o Embedded in extracellular gel o Connected via cytoplasmic strands o Small number of cells in colony reproductive o Some divide asexually (internally) o Some make gametes
reproductive rates
o = AVE # offspring/female in an age group o Vary greatly b/t species
Land Plants evolved from Green Algae
o Charophytes share traits with plants § Cells of both have circular rings of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane. They synthesize the cellulose found in the cell wall. • Originated by primary endosymbiosis
Cells that form stalk die out
o Spores at top survive, huge advantage in reproduction o Mutation in single gene § Cheaters (never stalk)
Seed
o embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat § Gymnosperm- naked seed, conifers § Angiosperms- huge clade of flowering plants, with seeds
Alveolata: Apicomplexans Plasmodia
o include Plasmodium- causes malaria o Apicomplexans go through liver to make merozoites and infect RBC, differentiate into 2 different sexes o Animal parasites § Apex- organelles host penetration o Liver- liver cell- RBC- gametocytes- zygote (fertilization)
solutions to footprint
o increase Carrying capacity: technological advance
Benefits of land
o unfiltered sunlight, more CO2, rich soil
In fungi the function of mycelium is _____ reproduction obtaining food defense movement
obtaining food
In fungi, the function of the mycelium is _____. defense obtaining food dispersal to distant habitats movement surviving a period of food shortage
obtaining food
intersexual selection
often female, one sex chooses a mate based on a set of traits
human impact of intertidal zones
oil pollution
parasitism
one benefit at sake of the other
commensalism
one benefits but doesn't effect the other negatively or positively
2. Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of a. two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells. b. one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells. c. two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs. d. one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell. e. one embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell.
one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell.
sexual dimorphism
one gender has ornate features
semelparity
one time producer
barnacles feeding example
open appendages to draw food in
In __________, an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with reward or punishment.
operant conditioning
Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward: operant conditioning agonistic behavior imprinting classical conditioning
operant conditioning
examples of marsupials
opossums, kangaroos, koalas
Primates are distinguished from other mammals by __________.
opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception
Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called herbivory autotrophy heterotrophy optimal foraging
optimal foraging
Sexual reproduction
organismal variation via allele shuffling
Rapid Reproduction
organismal variation via mutation
homo erectus
originated in Africa, first hominin to migrate out of Africa, became extinct 200,000-70,000 Y ago
homo sapien
originated in Africa, skull elongated, less pronounced brow ridges
Plasmids
other plasmids can be transferred
Ectoderm
outer covering, nervous system
chitons
oval-shaped body and a shell composed of eight dorsal plates, unsegmented body
overharvesting effect of biodiversity
overfishing, Big species w/restricted habitats, low reproductive rates = increase vulnerable, Bluefin tuna pop decrease 80% in 10 yr
human impact of ocean pelagic zones
overfishing, pollution, acidification, global warming
homologies
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
the phosphorus cycle available form
phosphate is most important inorganic form
biogeochemical cycle Less mobile elements =>
phosphorus
Phytoplankton is half of all
photosynthesis on earth
In which of the following pairs of populations is allopatric speciation most likely to occur fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar bacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the nearby canyons of Utah
pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar
eutherians
placental mammals
You find a new organism, it: Is autotrophic, Has dependent multicellular embryos, Has cell walls of cellulose, Has multicellular haploid and diploid stages. What is it?
plant
What are some characteristics of vertebrates?
possess 2 or more hox genes, backbone present, skeletal and complex nerve system, neural crest
Prezygotic barriers __________. only occur in asexual organisms are necessary in order for speciation to occur prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species prevent donkeys and horses from mating
prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species
toxin accumulation impact
produce and release toxic byproducts, biomagnification
the bacteria that cause tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above boiling. This suggests that these bacteria __________. have cell walls containing peptidoglycan secrete endotoxins are autotrophic protect themselves by secreting antibiotics produce endospores
produce endospores
Ancient cyanobacteria were very important in the history of life because they ___
produced atmospheric oxygen
capsule
produces spores by meiosis
ascomycetes characteristics
production of spores in sac, develop asocarps (fruiting bodies) during sexual reproduction
homo neanderthalensis
prominent brow, larger brain, common ancestor to homo sapien
which type of questions are direct
proximate
approaches to studying animal behavior
proximate and ultimate questions
nematodes characteristics
pseudocoelomate, Alimentary canal, No circulatory system, Hydrostatic skeleton, Tough cuticle shed with growth
human impact of wetlands
purify water and reduce flooding
altruism favored when
rB>C (hamilton's rule)
An animal with a true coelom that has __________ cleavage must be a(n) __________. (
radial; deteurostome
examples of gnathostomes
ray-finned fishes, sharks, reptile humans
Which of the following sets of animals contains only gnathostomes? conodonts, placoderms, and acanthodians lampreys, conodonts, and hagfish bass, sharks, and frogs rays, turtles, pigeons, and tuna
rays, turtles, pigeons, and tuna
Archaeplastida
red algae, chlorophytes, charophytes § Closest relatives to land plants § Originated by primary endosymbiosis · Algae's include unicellular species, colonial species, and multicellular species
1. The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to a. comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. b. reduce dehydration. c. make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. d. repel toxic chemicals. e. provide nutrients to spores.
reduce dehydration
1. What is characteristic of the Excavata supergroup?
reduced mitochondria, excavated feeding groove
Oceans affect the biosphere in all ways except producing a substantial amount of O2 remove CO2 from the atmosphere moderate climate in terrestrial biomes regulate pH of freshwater biomes
regulate pH of freshwater biomes
parasitism relationship
relationship between ants and trees
puffballs
release spores that look like dust
1. What are the evolutionary advantages of seeds?
remain dormant until conditions are favorable when it grows into a diploid sporophyte.
iteroparity
repeat producer
Glycocalyx
repeating glycoprotein subunits
Unlike a regular phylogenetic tree, phylogenetic trees with branch lengths proportional to time can be used to _
represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor
the gills of a mushroom (basidiomycete) are specialized for _____. respiration reproduction defensefood storage
reproduction
What were the two major "problems" that had to be solved before plants, animals, and fungi could fully move into terrestrial habitats? a. prevention of dehydration and locomotion b. support and absorption c. reproduction and locomotion d. cell division and absorption of nutrients e. reproduction and prevention of dehydration
reproduction and prevention of dehydration
Which of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur?
reproductive isolation
Which of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur? adaptive radiation mass extinction sympatric speciation reproductive isolation
reproductive isolation
In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles reptiles and amphibians reptiles and mammals
reptiles and mammals
present day amniote clases
reptiles and mammals
Allopatric speciation
requires an initial geological barrier
fixed action patterns
response to 'sign stimulus' through sequence of unlearned acts
species distribution
result of evolutionary history & ecological factors
what is ovoviviparous
retain fertilized egg in oviduct, embryo hatches in body
species diversity comparison
richness vs abundance
cost to foraging
risk of predation
asexual fungi reproduction cycle
rowing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis; molds, if they form visible mycelia.
ascomycetes produce sexual spores in
saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps
An ascus is _____. an asexual spore-producing structure on a stalk a club-shaped cell with spores on its outer surface a saclike structure containing spores the sexual structure of chytrids a cup-shaped structure containing many spore-producing cells on the gill of a mushroom
saclike structure containing spores
examples of amphibians
salamanders, frogs, caecilians
echinoderms characteristics
sea stars, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblasts. Alimentary canal, coelomate, Deuterostome development, Water vascular system with tube feet, Symmetry changes during development
Stramatonopiles/alveolates originated from
secondary endosymbiosis of red algae
Exoenzymes
secreted hydrolytic enzymes
the phosphorus cycle major reservoirs
sedimentary rocks, soil, ocean, organisms
1. The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into __________. a. Spores b. Seeds c. Ovaries d. Fruit e. Gametophytes
seeds
reproductive frequency traits
semelparity and iteroparity
Nearly all animals with a bilaterally symmetric body plan (such as arthropods and mammals) have
sensory equipment concentrated at the head end of their body, including a central nervous system ("brain").
sexual selection results in
sexual dimorphism
flowers are specialized for
sexual reproduction
Paedomorphosis
sexually mature but w/juvenile structures
Jaws rst occurred in which extant group of shes? lampreys ray finned fish sharks (chondrichthyans) placoderms
sharks (chondrichthyans)
ecdysozoans characteristics
shed a cuticle as they grow, nematodes and arthropods
Imagine that a species of fish used to be a broadcast spawner (producing many eggs that then get no subsequent parental care) but has evolved to be a mouth brooder (holding the eggs in the parent's mouth until they hatch and then caring for the young for a while). We would expect the survivorship curve of this species to:
shift from type III to type 1 or II
Fossil record
shows macroevolutionary change in large time scales
Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies? sign stimulus cognition classical conditioning imprinting
sign stimulus
Founder effect
significant events in small population
monogamy
similar external morphologies
Homology
similar in two or more species because they are inherited from a common ancestor
Analogy
similarity due to convergent evolution
polyandry
single female mating with multiple males
polygyny
single male mating with multiple females
gastropod
single, spiraled shell, slow, use defense against predators
Alveolates
single-cellular, contain alveoli (mebrane bound sacs underneath plasma membrane.
Mitochondria
size and fission makes new mitochondria like bacteria
When the per capita birth rate equals the per capita death rate, _
size of population remains constant
2 approaches to population conservation
small population and declining population approach
uniform
social interactions, territorially
What kind of learning is thought to form the origin of culture?
social learning
When gene flow between two populations ceases, the potential for __________ exists speciation sexual selection hybridization fusion
speciation
sympatric speciation is
speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area
goal of restoration ecology
speed up the recovery of a degraded ecosystem from a disturbed state closer to former undisturbed state
The zygotes of many protostomes undergo __________ cleavage and __________ cleavage. spiral ... determinate radial ... indeterminate spiral ... indeterminate radial ... determinate spiral ... radial
spiral ... determinate
The zygotes of many protostomes undergo __________ cleavage and __________ cleavage.
spiral; determinate
what organisms dont have symmetry
sponges and releatives
hyphae
spore-producing structures found in fungi
1. The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to a. Lignin. b. Cellulose. c. secondary compounds. d. Sporopollenin.
sporopollenin
Primary succession
start w/ no soil or seed bank, little life
Peptidoglycan cell wall in bacteria
sugars crosslinked by polypeptides, Many antibiotics target
life table
summarizes the survival and reproductive rates of individuals in specific age-groups within a population.
equator
sun overhead at equinoxes
nematode examples
superb parasite, C. elegans, dog heartworms, undercooked pork
lx = Nx/N0
survivorship= Nx is alive, No is comparing the number alive at birth
In the embryo of a shark, ectoderm gives rise to __________; mesoderm gives rise to __________; endoderm gives rise to __________. a. the central nervous system ... the outer covering of the animal ... b. the lining of the digestive tube the lining of the digestive tract ... c. muscle ... the outer covering of the animal digestive tube d. muscle ... the outer covering of the animal ... the central nervous system e. the central nervous system ... muscle ... the lining of the digestive tube
the central nervous system; muscle; the lining of the digestive tube
Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is made possible by which of the following? warm, less dense water layered at the top cold, more dense water layered at the bottom the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change currents generated by nektonic animals
the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change
In arthropods, molting is necessary because __________
the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow
In the HardyWeinberg equation, p^2 represents___? the expected frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population the frequency of dominant alleles in the population the frequency of heterozygous individuals in the population total alleles
the expected frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population
What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts? They have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes. They have flagella similar to bacterial flagella. Their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes. They divide by a process similar to meiosis. The first and third responses are correct.
the first and third responses are correct.
life cycle of fungi
the fusion of hyphae from two individuals, forming a mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both individuals.Eventually, two nuclei that originated from different individuals fuse to form a diploid zygote. Meiosis then produces either four haploid nuclei or four haploid cells.
Stamen
the male reproductive organ of a flower
The density of a population is
the number of individuals per unit area or volume:
example of density of population
the number of oak trees per square kilometer in the Minnesota county or the number of Escherichia coli bacteria per milliliter in a test tube.
To calculate the human population density of your community, you would need to know the number of people living there and _____
the size of the area in which they live
Some species of rotifers undergo parthenogenesis, which means that
the species consist only of females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs
According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, __
the tempo of evolution consists of abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium
Wet and dry seasons in tropical deciduous forests are ultimately caused by _____
the tilt of the Earth
what is inclusive fitness
the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspring.
Conifers are heterosporous
the two types of spores are produced by separate cones: small pollen cones and large ovulate cones.
plasmogamy
the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
allopatric speciation example
the water level in a lake may subside, resulting in two or more smaller lakes that are now home to separated populations
Some sharks are viviparous, which means that __________. the young develop within the female's body they maintain a constant body temperature they have a tendency toward single births they have a tendency toward multiple births
the young develop within the female's body
what is viviparous
the young develop within uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from mothers blood through placenta
cross-fostering study
the young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species
incomplete metamorphosis
the young resemble adults, have different body proportions, and lack wings
What is one visible feature that makes it easy to identify sea cucumbers as echinoderms?
they have five rows of tube feet
flatworm characteristics
thin bodies that are flattened dorsoventrally, triploblastic but lack body cavity, live in marine areas
All animals with bilateral symmetry have __________ germ layer(s). one two three four
three
Homo erectus was the first hominin
to leave Africa.
r selection
traits for maximal growth rate at low densities
k selection
traits for maximal survival under competition
feeding relationships
trophic structure, link producers to top carnivores
what are examples of terrestrial biomes
tropical forest, deserts, savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, northern coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, tundra
2. The pollen tube releases two sperm cells into the embryo sac. The result of this is the __________. a. formation of a gametophyte b. union of the two sperm nuclei, forming a zygote c. union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and of the other sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the central cell, forming a triploid nucleus called the endosperm d. fusion of both sperm nuclei with the egg nucleus and the formation of a triploid zygote e. union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and the disintegration of the other sperm nucleus
union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and of the other sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the central cell, forming a triploid nucleus called the endosperm
photic zone
upper, where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis
leaf cutter ants example
use bodies to eat, clean and cut leaves, want fungus made
frogs characteristics
use hind legs to hop, long tongue to pick at prey, have adaptations to avoid being eaten
We can date fossils by
using radioactive isotopes with longer half lives in the surrounding rock to estimate fossil age
example of reciprocal altruism
vampire bats
lakes characteristics
vary in size, oligotrophic/eutrophic, closer to land, more plants adapted to land and water, plankton in benthic zones
Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes? distributiong predicited by rock and soil patterns clear boundaries between adjacent biomes vegetation demonstrating vertical layering cold winter month
vegetation demonstrating vertical layering
ocean current away from equator carries
warm water away from equator
abiotic factor examples
water, soil, light, air
define animal behavior
way an animal or organism acts
what kinds of proximate questions answer
what stimulus elicit behavior, how growth and development affect it, physiological mechanisms
Evolutionary prediction of optimal model
when B>C, behavior maintained
Certainty of paternity is high with external fertilization because
when egg laying and mating occur together
Which of the following correctly lists the embryonic stages in the order that they develop?
zygote, blastula, gastrula, larva
Life cycle of fern- sporophyte dom
§ * archegonia and antheridia are typically carried on separate female and male gametophytes. Flagellated sperm swim through a film of water toward eggs, entering the archegonia in response to chemical attractants. Eggs are not released but instead remain within the bases of archegonia. After fertilization, embryos are retained within the archegonia. Layers of placental transfer cells help transport nutrients to the embryos as they develop into sporophytes.
Gametangia
§ Archegonia- female § Antheridia- male
SAR
§ Group of protists defined by DNA similarities § Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria
Unikonta
§ Include amoebas that have lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia as well as animals and fungi § First eukaryotic supergroup to diverge from other eukaryotes § Include protists related to fungi and animals
Flower Life Cycle
· Get 4 microspore from every microsporocyte · Microspore undergoes mitosis to form microgametophyte · Ovules in ovary are diploid cells some cells undergo meiosis · 4 meiotic products, 3 degenerates, 1 is megaspore · Megaspore undergoes mitosis and gets a female gametophyte · Stigma captures pollen grain, they get sperm cells inside of cell and deliver to ovules
exponential population growth model
· If growing exponentially- J shaped curve · R is changing · Higher intrinsic rate will grow faster than lower · Logistic model- S shaped curve
Amoebozoans
· Lobe-shaped pseudopodia · Entamoebas · Parasites
Density-independent
· affect population regardless of size
