Bio final

Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of how many ATP.

2

Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes

23

Evolution is genetic change in_________ that occurs overtime

A population

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Hypothesis

A repeatable, testable, falsifiable statement

Virus

A very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host

The region of the enzyme molecule that interacts with a substrate is called the what?

ACTIVE SITE

What have inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive in its environment?

ADAPTATIONS

Some enzymes have a receptor site that is other than the active site.

ALLOSTERIC

Receptor up-regulation Increases the __________ of the receptors synthesized and __________ the signaling molecule's effect.

AMOUNT , AMPLIFIES

Homologous chromosomes separate & move to opposite poles during

ANAPHASE 1

Sister chromatids & chromosomes move to opposite poles during......

ANAPHASE 2

Enzyme names are usually derived from what?

ASE

What is an example of Ion channel-linked receptors?

Acetylcholine

How do you calculate atomic mass?

Add the number of protons and number of neutrons

The 3' end of eukaryotic pre-mRNAs is changed by...

Adding 100-250 adenine nucleotides

Most protists are...

Aquatic

What is the hierarchy of classification

Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Which is NOT a type of cellular response?

CELL MOVEMENT

Animals, fungi, & most prokaryotes are known as what?

CHEMOHETEROTROPHS

What differentiates an organic compound from an inorganic compound?

Carbon

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Epigenetic inheritance

Changes in how a gene is expressed without any change in the coding of the DNA bases

Errors in DNA replication can come from

DNA polymerase

What begins with a general principle and then applies to a specific situation?

Deductive reasoning

What binds hormones such as insulin & growth factors?

ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS

Why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts?

ENZYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF A BIOCHEMICAL REACTION

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane of the ______ and is usually covered with attached ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which describes the interaction between genes where certain alleles in one locus affect the expression of certain alleles in the other locus?

Epistasis

Transcription & translations occur simultaneously in prokaryotes. Why cant this process take place in eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not

Overproduction, variation, limits on population growth, & differential reproductive success around all components of

Evolution by natural selection

What is the difference between experimental and control groups?

Experimental group is treated/ exposed to the independent variable The control group is not treated or exposed to the independent variable

A ribosome has one binding site for mRNA & two binding sites for tRNAs.

FALSE 3

The fossil record is biased toward organisms that live in dry environments

FALSE aquatic

What is the translation of "pseudopodia," a characteristic of the amoebas

False feet

What are the targets for pharmaceutical interventions?

G-PROTEIN LINKED RECEPTORS

If the concentration of solutes in a cell is less than the concentration of solutes in the surrounding fluid, then the extracellular is said to be...

Hypertonic

What type of protein can transduce a signal in two directions?

INTEGRINS

What converts chemical signals into electrical signals?

ION CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS

Benefits of sexual reproduction

Increases diversity, due to mutation, independent assortment, and crossing over

A control group is set up the same as the experimental group, except the control group does not include the....

Independent variable

What are the phases of mitosis?

Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Conclusions

Interpretation/ result of an experiment

Which best describes a catabolic reaction?

It involves the breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks.

The energy that is usable & organized has what?

LOW ENTROPY

Receptor downregulation often involves transporting receptors to ____________, where they are destroyed

LYSOSOMES

What does calmodulin NOT regulate?

MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS

A single signaling molecule can lead to changes in ____________ of molecules.

MILLIONS

A mutation that replaces one amino acid in a protein with another is called _________ mutation.

MISSENSE

Where does the citric acid to take place in a Eukaryotic Cell?

MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

Number of valence electrons

Most directly determines the chemical behavior of an atom

A ___________ mutation results in the conversion of a codon specifying an amino acid to a termination codon.

NONSENSE

Because a newly synthesized DNA molecule contains ____, the replication process is said to be semiconservative.

ONE PARENTAL STRAND & ONE NEW STRAN

Steps to the scientific method

Observe, question, research, hypothesize, experiment, gather data, analyze data, draw conclusion

When tissues organize what do they form

Organ

Eukarya

Organisms that have nuclei and other membrane enclosed organelles

Turning a component in a signaling pathway on or off is done by adding or removing of groups of what?

PHOSPHATE

Land plants, algae, & certain prokaryotes are known as what?

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS

Capacity to do work as a result of position or state is known as what?

POTENTIAL ENERGY

What has 20 different types of monomers

PROTEIN

What technique is used to show inheritance patterns within a family over generations?

Pedigree

During translocation, the movement of the ribosome repositions the tRNA linked to the growing polypeptide chain to the ____________ site, thereby vacating the ____________ site for the arrival of a new amino-acyl tRNA

Peptidyl-tRNA binding site; Aminoacyl- tRNA binding site

When are spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores?

Prometaphase

Crossing over occurs

Prophase 1

Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis during

Prophase I

The atomic number equals the number of ______.

Protons

Which chemical process occurs in which a substance gains electrons?

REDUCTION

Bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during the

S phase

Which list describes the correct sequence of events involved in cell signaling?

SIGNAL, TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, RESPONSE

Some signaling transduction pathways found in diverse Organisms are highly conserved. What does this mean?

SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS ARE CRITICAL TO AN ORGANISM & HAVE REMAINED MOSTLY UNCHANGED THROUGHOUT EVOLUTION:

In which part of the chloroplast do the carbon fixation reactions take place?

STROMA

What is the fluid-filled sac within the inner membrane of a chloroplast called?

STROMA

Suppose we want to examine the effect of a fertilizer on the size of carrot produced, so we need to establish the experimental and control groups. The control group for this experiment would be defined under which conditions

Soil water sun and seeds

Using the scientific method, scientist make careful observations, ask critical questions, and develop _____ , which are testable explanations.

Solutions

Inductive reasoning

Systematic thought process that begins with specific OBSERVATIONS and draws a conclusion or general principle

Deductive reasoning

Systematic thought process that begins with supplied info. And draws conclusions based on that info. Ex. All men are mortal. Joe is a man. Therefore, Joe must be mortal

Nuclear envelope forms around single-stranded chromosomes during

TELOPHASE 2

Most intracellular receptors are what type of protein?

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

What is an example of enzyme-linked receptors?

TYROSINE KINASE

What makes a cell eukaryotic?

The presence of a nucleus

Evolution

The process by which populations change over time.

Systematics

The scientific study of the diversity and relationships among organisms.

Atom

The smallest chemical unit that retains the characteristic properties of a given element?

When two species have homologous structures, what can we infer?

The species are related by a common ancestry

What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms?

The sun

What is the evolutionary relationship between a human arm & a cat's forelimb?

They are homologous structures

Which of the following would be least likely to form a fossil?

Tropical rain forest

A control group is set up the same as the experimental group, except the control group does not include the _______

Variable

A Barr body in a mammalian female represents

an inactivated X chromosome

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

capsid

What is the function of oxidoreductases?

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions

Excytosis

cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid

The wobble hypothesis

certain tRNA anticodons can pair with more than one codon sequence

Phospholipids

have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions; nonpolar tails (hydrophobic) are directed inward, polar heads (hydrophilic) are directed outward to face both extracellular and intracellular fluid.

Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for ingesting food as well as for:

locomotion

Which chemical process occurs in which a substance losses electrons?

oxidation

Frameshift mutations

result from the insertion or deletion of one or 2 base pairs

Taxonomy

the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

RNA synthesis is also known as

transcription

vertical gene transfer

transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring during reproduction

regressive hypothesis

viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

when a cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal.

Cell theory

• cells are basic living units of organization and function in all organisms • all cells come from other cells • all living cells have a common origin, provided by basic similarities in their structures and molecules of which they are made.

Asexual reproduction

- exact replication (mitosis) - diversity only arises through mutation

What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?

- inversely proportional The shorter the wavelength the greater the energy

5 basic themes of biology

1. Biological systems interact 2. Structure and function are inter- related 3. Info. Must be transferred 4. Life depends on a continuous input and transfer of energy 5. Populations change over time through the process of evolution

What happens during nucleotide excision repair?

A nuclease removes the damaged DNA.

Respiration does not use oxygen is what?

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Because enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed they are called what?

CATALYSTS

Mitosis

Creates 2 daughter cells

After kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped?

Phylum

AA

Representation of a homozygous dominant individual

Why do 10 G3P molecules stay in the Calvin cycle at all times?

TO RESTART THE CARBON FIXATION CYCLE

The probability that two genes will separate by crossing over is related to....

The distance between two genes on a chromosome.

During an experiment what is the purpose of the control group?

To ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested

Tetrads line up at the cell equator during

metaphase 1