Bio Lab Final Exam

In the Hardy-Weinberg equations, what is the difference between p and p2?

"p" refers to the frequency of the dominant alleles in a gene pool and "p2" refers to the frequency of the homozygous dominant phenotype.

Which of the following are true about cDNA? (Choose all correct answers.)

*It will bind to a complementary "oligo" (single stranded piece of DNA) on the DNA microarray. It is only harvested from normal cells. *It is copied from mRNA using reverse transcriptase. *It is labeled with a fluorescent tag.

DNA typing (or DNA fingerprinting) can be used with great accuracy in applications such as:

-paternity determinations -identification of genetic disease "markers". -identification of human remains -criminal investigations -(all of the above are true)

A DNA Microarray allows us to infer...

-which mRNA are being transcribed by normal cells. -which mRNA are being transcribed by diseased cells. -which mRNA are not being transcribed by normal cells. -which mRNA are not being transcribed by diseased cells. -(All of the above are true.)

If the frequency of a recessive allele in a population is 0.3, what is the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in that population?

0.09

The equation p + q = 1.0 refers to allele frequencies. The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 refers to genotype frequencies. If a dominant allele frequency (p) in a population is 0.3, what is the frequency of individuals with a heterozygous genotype (2pq)?

0.42

In this population, dark beans represent a dominant allele and white beans represent a recessive allele. What is the value of p?

0.6

If the frequency of a recessive allele in a population is '0.3, what isthe frequency of the dominant allele?

0.7

If the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a population is 64%, what is the frequency of the dominant allele?

0.8

Match each stage with the events listed.

1. Sister chromatids move apart. 2. Chromosomes start to condense. 3. Nuclear membrane reforms around daughter nuclei. 4. All duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell. __2__ Prophase __1__ Anaphase __3__ Telophase __4__ Metaphase

If a parent has the genotype Aa, what are the expected genotypes of the gametes produced by this parent?

1/2 A and 1/2 a

Of 400 people who dwell on a Pacific island, 16 are albino (homozygous recessive). What is the number of heterozygous individuals on the island?

128 homozygous individuals

A duplicated chromosome is made up of how many sister chromatids?

2

A diploid cell, with 46 chromosomes, goes through the process of meiosis. How many chromosomes are present in each resulting gamete?

23

A diploid cell, with 46 chromosomes, goes through the process of mitosis. How many chromosomes are present in each daughter cell?

46

Which of the following is accurate regarding the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis?

All of the chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in the various parts of the chloroplasts.

Which of these is a heterozygous genotype?

Bb

(This refers to the last laboratory activity in Exercise 7.) A thoroughly watered geranium plant has been left in a dark cabinet for a week. Leaves will be removed from the plant and placed under opaque screens with small areas of each leaf uncovered. Which components of photosynthesis did the leaves have access to while in the cabinet?

CO2 and H2OA somatic cell having two of each type of chromosome has a(n) ____ chromosome number.

An individual that expresses a recessive trait

Can have parents who do not express the trait.

Which two atmospheric gases can be monitored in order to measure the rate of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

Cytokinesis proceeds differently in plant and animal cells.

Cell plate; cleavage furrow

Which technique is used to compare the expression amounts of specific mRNA in control (normal) and experimental (diseased) cells?

DNA microarray

Which technique uses complementary nucleotides that have been tagged with fluorescent markers?

DNA microarray

What important event occurs in the S phase of interphase?

DNA replication/synthesis

Which of the following is a summary of the correct general formula for photosynthesis?

Energy + 6CO2 + 12H2O -- C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

What does a red dot indicate on a DNA microarray?

Expression of a certain gene by cancer cells, but not normal cells

What does a green dot indicate on a DNA microarray?

Expression of a certain gene by normal cells, but not cancer cells

Meiosis ends with the formation of ______.

Four cesll

In our in-class lab activity, what did we use to stain the bands of DNA in the agarose gel?

Gel Green

Of the factors that may influence allele frequency and genetic equilibrium in a population, which one is described as the movement of alleles in and out of a population as organisms enter and exit a population?

Gene Flow

Of the factors that may influence allele frequency and genetic equilibrium in a population, which one is described as the random loss of genes in a small population?

Genetic Drift

What is an individual called who possesses two different alleles for the same gene?

Heterozygous

What term describes the pairs of similar chromosomes in a diploid cell, with one of each pair contributed by the mother, the other by the father?

Homologous

Which of the following would NOT be considered a disruption to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Large population size

What stage of mitosis is shown?

Metaphase

Of the factors that may influence allele frequency and genetic equilibrium in a population, which one is described as the process by which species are better adapted to their environment?

Natural Selection?

Which of the following best describes the ancestors of freshwater sticklebacks?

Ocean-dwelling with pelvic spines

Which of the following techniques will be used in Exercise 12?

PCR and Gel electrophoresis

What effect does photosynthesis have on atmospheric CO2?

Photosynthesis decreases atmospheric CO2 levels

What effect does photosynthesis have on atmospheric carbon dioxide?

Photosynthesis decreases atmospheric CO2 levels.

"PCR" stands for

Polymerase Chain Reaction

In which of the eight stages of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

In which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

In PCR, what does "thermal cycling" mean?

Raising and lowering the temperature of PCR components so that different processes (denaturing, annealing, and extension) can occur.

In PCR, what does "thermal cycling" mean?

Raising and lowering the temperature of PCR components to allow for denaturing, annealing, and extension.

Polymerase chain reaction will be used in this week's lab to amplify selected DNA sequences of marine, freshwater, and hybrid sticklebacks. Which DNA sequences will be amplified? Question options:

Regulatory switches for jaw and pelvic tissue for all three phenotypes

Which of the following correctly describes homologous chromosomes?

Similar, but not identical, pairs of chromosomes. One of each is contributed by the mother, the other by the father.

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, what happens to the allele frequency in a population gene pool when there are no disturbing influences?

The allele frequency in the gene pool remains in equilibrium over many generations.

For a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, to what does "2pq" refer?

The frequency of heterozygous individuals

In which part of a plant cell are photosynthetic pigments found?

The photosynthetic pigments are soluble in the nonpolar regions of the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

Which pigment would you expect to move the furthest from the origin on a chromatogram (chromatography paper with organic solvents)?

The pigment that is most soluble in the solvent

Michael's shirt is blue. What is the best explanation of this fact?

The shirt contains a dye that absorbs all wavelengths of light except blue.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p + q = 1), what does the 1 represent?

The total frequency of all alleles for a gene in a gene pool of a population

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p + q = 1), what does the 1 represent?

The total frequency of all alleles for a gene in gene pool of a population

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when

a cell grows and duplicates its DNA.

Each dot on a DNA microarray (gene chip) contains a known sequence of complementary DNA which corresponds to _____.

a particular gene

Each dot on a microarray (gene chip) contains a known sequence of complementary DNA which corresponds to ________.

a particular gene

The gene PitX1 is ...

a regulatory gene that turns other genes "on" and "off".

Different forms of a particular gene are referred to as ______.

alleles

Which of the following best describes an allele?

an alternate form of a gene

During meiosis, sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate during ______.

anaphase II

Compared to animal cells, plant cells have to deal with an additional cell structure when they are undergoing cytokinesis. What is this cell structure?

cell wall

During prophase, the mitotic spindle begins to form as microtubules grow out of _______, which are also referred to as microtubule organizing centers.

centrosomes

The relationship between IA and i is _____.

complete dominance

A somatic cell having two of each type of chromosome has a(n) ____ chromosome number.

diploid

The size of the DNA fragments cut by a restriction enzyme depends on the ___________ between the recognition sites.

distance

Meiosis ends with the formation of...

four cells

In which of these activities did we use a micropipettor?

gel electrophoresis

What technique can be used to separate DNA samples based on size and charge?

gel electrophoresis

Which technique can be used to separate DNA samples based on size and charge?

gel electrophoresis

Mendel's Law of Segregation accounts for the inheritance pattern of ______.

genes on homologous chromosomes

The terms heterozygous and homozygous refer to an organism's ______.

genotype

The gene PitX1 is found in both freshwater and marine sticklebacks. Scientists were able to determine that this gene...

had a coding sequence that was identical in freshwater and marine sticklebacks.

Meiosis _________ the parental chromosome number.

halves

Which of the following traits is controlled by many genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes?

human height

We will use gel electrophoresis to compare the amplified segments of DNA from different stickleback phenotypes. What will we be able to tell from the results shown on the gel?

if there is a difference in the size of each DNA segment

Where in the plant cell does the Calvin cycle take place?

in the stroma of the chloroplast

Where in the plant cell do the light reactions take place?

in the thylakoids of the chloroplast

On each side of a duplicated chromosome's centromere is a _______ which binds to spindle microtubules during mitosis.

kinetochore

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment accounts for the inheritance pattern of genes that are______.

on different homologous pairs of chromosomes

Which of the following is used to study the inheritance pattern of a trait through several generations of a family?

pedigree chart

The reason we use iodine to test for photosynthesis is because

plants store glucose in starch molecules.

Which technique is used to amplify (make millions of identical copies of) a particular sequence of DNA?

polymerase chain reaction

Meiosis and cytoplasmic division are necessary for _____.

sexual reproduction

Why was the Geranium plant placed in a dark cabinet for 5 days before lab?

so it would use up its stores of starch.

Pigments were separated with chromatography solvent based on their

solubility in the solvent.

After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is _____ the parent cell's chromosome number.

the same as

After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is _______ the parent cell.

the same as

Cells resulting from meiosis are different from each other and the parent cell.

true

Cells resulting from mitosis are identical to each other and the parent cell.

true

Restriction enzymes cleave phosphodiester bonds to create fragments of DNA. (T/F)

true

How are dominant alleles represented in a genotype?

uppercase letter

Which color has the shortest wavelength?

violet

Which of the following are possible reasons that there are differences in DNA sequences from one individual to the next? (Choose all correct answers.)

xThe restriction enzyme cuts the DNA at random locations. *Each individual's DNA contains alleles from each parent, resulting in a unique genetic combination. *Mutations and deletions