Biology 103 - Module 4 Study Guide
Energy that is usable and organized is classified as having ____.
low entropy
An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a ____ atomic orbital to a __________ atomic orbital.
lower energy; higher energy
A chlorophyll molecule has a porphyrin ring containing a single atom of
magnesium
At night, CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ____, which is stored in the ____ of their cells.
malate; vacuoles
An organism can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Thus, any change in an organism's energy content must be balanced by a corresponding change in the energy content of the surroundings. As such, an organism is referred to as a(n)
open system
During the first phase of glycolysis, two ____ reactions take place to transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the sugar because glucose is relatively stable and not easily broken down.
phosphorylation
Land plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes are known as _______.
photoautotrophs
The energy of a(n) ____ is inversely proportional to its wavelength.
photon
By definition, substances that absorb visible light are called
pigments
Capacity to do work as a result of position or state is known as _______.
potential energy
The energy released during the chain of electron transport molecules is used to create a(n) ____ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane for chemiosmosis.
proton
In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three-carbon molecules of
pyruvate
In C3 plants, the ____ are typically closed at night and open during the daytime to allow for gas exchange.
stomata
A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of
the citric acid cycle.
The maintenance of a high ATP to ADP ratio within cells ensures that
the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly exergonic.
Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ____ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
two
In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order, it must constantly
use energy.
Enzyme names are usually derived from the name of its substrate followed by which suffix?
-ase
How many carbon fixation reactions make up the Calvin cycle?
13
What does the oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yield?
2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
Consider the following two chemical equations: A. glucose + fructose → sucrose + H2O, ΔG = +27 kJ/mole (or +6.5 kcal/mole) B. glucose + fructose + ATP → sucrose + ADP + Pi, ΔG = −5 kJ/mole (or −1.2 kcal/mole) What is the overall ΔG?
22 kJ/mole
Where is NADPH formed in the accompanying diagram?
3
Using the labels in the accompanying figure, where are chloroplasts found in the greatest density?
3 and 4
The complete aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose yields a maximum of how many ATPs?
36 to 38
Carbon is fixed in which part of the accompanying diagram?
4
Which best summarizes the overall reactions of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
What is needed in the following reaction: ____ + Pi + energy → ADP.
AMP
In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ____, thus forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
ATP
Phosphorylates PGA
ATP
The electron transport chain forms a concentration gradient for H+, which diffuses through ATP synthase complexes, producing ____.
ATP
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ____ synthesis.
ATP
Which is the energy source that drives the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
What happens in the second phase of the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH are used to convert the PGA molecules to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
In the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which
ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP.
How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration utilizes NO3− as the terminal electron acceptor.
A group of about 250 chlorophyll molecules, enzymes, and other proteins
Antenna complex
Which of the following statement is correct in the context of this equation H = G + TS?
As entropy increases, the amount of free energy decreases.
ATP synthesis during the light-dependent reactions occurs by which process?
Chemiosmosis
Peter Mitchell demonstrated ATP production by aerobic bacteria to prove what process?
Chemiosmosis
Which of these absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum and is the main pigment of photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
A green accessory pigment
Chlorophyll b
Which is a product from the first reaction of the citric acid cycle?
Citrate
FAD is converted to FADH2.
Citric acid cycle
GDP is phosphorylated.
Citric acid cycle
Oxaloacetate reacts with an acetyl group.
Citric acid cycle
What is the series of reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is degraded to CO2 and ATP is synthesized?
Citric acid cycle
Which refers to an organic, non-polypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor?
Coenzyme
How do competitive inhibitors hinder biochemical reactions?
Competitive inhibitors reduce the concentration of substrate.
In eukaryotes, where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
What is the reaction in which part of a carboxyl group (—COOH) is removed from the substrate as a molecule of CO2?
Decarboxylation
What is the reaction in which two hydrogen atoms are removed from the substrate and transferred to NAD+ or FAD?
Dehydrogenation
In which of the following aerobic respiration stages does a chain of several electrons transport molecules and release energy to form a proton gradient?
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
NADH is oxidized.
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Protons diffuse through the ATP synthase complex.
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
During chemiosmosis, what must be transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules?
Electrons
Why type of energy is represented by a positive change in G?
Endergonic
Why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.
Which of the following is a hydrogen ion acceptor?
FAD
A(n) exergonic reaction results in a net gain of free energy.
False
According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
False
An absorption spectrum indicates the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in powering photosynthesis.
False
An enzyme raises the activation energy of the reaction it catalyzes.
False
An example of a(n) anabolic reaction is the splitting of a polysaccharide into monosaccharides.
False
At a constant temperature and pH, the rate of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction is inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration.
False
At a plant's light compensation point the rate of photosynthesis is greater than the rate of respiration.
False
Chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy.
False
Cyclic electron transport is different from noncyclic electron transport in that cyclic electron transport produces NADPH.
False
FAD becomes oxidized when it accepts hydrogen atoms and their electrons.
False
For each glucose molecule that begins cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle must turn once.
False
If yeast cells are incubated under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate they produce is converted to lactate.
False
In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the allosteric site.
False
In liver cells, each pair NADH produced via glycolysis results in two ATP molecules in the electron transport chain.
False
In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme.
False
In photosynthesis, the oxygen atoms released as O2 comes from CO2.
False
In the process of aerobic respiration, nitrate can function as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
False
Most plants are known as photoheterotrophs.
False
Surrounding the grana is the thylakoid lumen.
False
The cell maintains a ratio of ATP to ADP that is at the equilibrium point.
False
The conversion of polysaccharides to monosaccharides is an example of an anabolic reaction.
False
The photolysis of water occurs in conjunction with photosystem I.
False
The stage of cellular respiration in which most of the ATP is produced is the citric acid cycle.
False
In which of the following reactions is pyruvate degraded and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA?
Formation of acetyl CoA
The first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
Formation of acetyl CoA
In glycolysis, a phosphorylated sugar (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate) is split, forming two molecules of
G3P
Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from which molecule?
G3P
Two of these molecules leave the Calvin cycle and react, forming glucose or fructose.
G3P
Which type of electromagnetic waves has the shortest wavelength?
Gamma waves
What is the primary function of the leaf structure labeled as 5 in the accompanying figure?
Gas exchange
Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?
Glucose, lipids, proteins, and fatty acids
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two sugars.
Glycolysis
Glucose is phosphorylated.
Glycolysis
Pyruvate is an end product.
Glycolysis
Which of the following is a series of reactions in which glucose is degraded to pyruvate and electrons are transferred to carriers?
Glycolysis
A group of thylakoid discs make up what part of the chloroplast?
Granum
What are the reactants of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
H2O, ADP, and NADP+
What refers to the alteration of an enzyme's shape due to binding of substrate?
Induced fit
Which class of enzyme can catalyze the conversion of a molecule from one isomeric form to another?
Isomerases
Which best describes a catabolic reaction?
It involves the breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks.
What unit is used to measure thermal energy that flows from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature?
Kilocalories
As you climb a flight of stairs, what type of energy are your legs in motion using?
Kinetic energy
During which phase of photosynthesis is ATP and NADPH synthesized?
Light-dependent phase
What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions
Which of the following is the common cofactor for enzymes?
Magnesium
In C4 plants, reactions that fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds occur in what type of cells?
Mesophyll cells
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell?
Mitochondrial matrix
Select the hydrogen acceptor molecule that stores electrons in the process of photosynthesis.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
Which organism would be classified as a chemoautotroph?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Which of the following would be classified as a CAM plant?
Orchid
Which of the following would be classified as a CAM plant?e
Orchid
Which chemical process occurs in which a substance loses electrons?
Oxidation
What is it called when ATP synthesis is coupled to the redox reactions in the electron transport chain?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following statements about lactic acid fermentation is FALSE?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway.
Reaction center of photosystem II
P680
Reaction center for photosystem I
P700
_____________ is a protein-digesting enzyme in the very acidic stomach juice.
Pepsin
What is the reaction in which a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to the sugar?
Phosphorylation
The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration is the result of what process?
Phosphorylation of ADP
Which process not only yields electrons that replenish photosystems I and II, but also is the source of almost all the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere?
Photolysis
Which part of the chlorophyll molecule is responsible for absorbing light?
Porphyrin ring
What form of energy is stored within the molecules of ATP?
Potential
You are out cycling and start to climb a hill. As you crest the hill, just before cycling down, what kind of energy have you stored?
Potential energy
According to the graph in the accompanying figure, chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in what region of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Red and blue wavelengths
Functions as a CO2-acceptor molecule
RuBP
Catalyzes the "fixation" of carbon dioxide
Rubisco
In which part of the chloroplast do the carbon fixation reactions take place?
Stroma
What is the fluid-filled sac within the inner membrane of a chloroplast called?
Stroma
What is it called when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of the following steps in the citric acid cycle directly produces a molecule of ATP (or GTP)?
Succinyl CoA → succinate
What is the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure?
The energy investment phase of glycolysis
Which best describes the energy of activation?
The energy required to break existing bonds
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy.
What would happen if you were to increase the temperature in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
The rate of reaction will increase and then decrease rapidly.
Where is the electron transport chain of photosynthesis located?
Thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with which part of the chloroplast?
Thylakoid membranes
What is the role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration?
To accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
What is the function of coenzyme Q?
To transfer electrons
Which of the following statements is contrary to the second law of thermodynamics?
Total entropy in the universe is decreasing with time.
A cell must expend energy to produce a concentration gradient.
True
A closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
True
A reversible inhibitor forms weak chemical bonds with the enzyme.
True
CAM plants open their stomata at night, admitting CO2 while minimizing water loss.
True
Fermentation is an anaerobic process that does not use an electron transport chain.
True
For each acetyl CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, two CO2 molecules are produced.
True
In the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA forming citrate.
True
Most vitamins are coenzymes.
True
Photorespiration is a wasteful process that could be largely avoided if rubisco would bind only CO2.
True
Some enzymes can only function if an additional chemical component, called a cofactor, is present.
True
The downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex powers the production of ATP.
True
The part of a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy is the porphyrin ring.
True
The product of the Calvin cycle that is of greatest practical importance to the plant is carbohydrate.
True
The reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
True
How many electrons are needed to reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH?
Two
What is the ultimate source of electrons for noncyclic electron transport, and thus photosynthesis?
Water
Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics?
When energy is used, it is irreplaceable.
Which of the following is an exploited product of lactate fermentation?
Yogurt
The graph in the accompanying figure represents the
absorption spectra for chlorophylls a and b.
If yeasts are grown under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted first to ____ and then to ____.
acetaldehyde; ethyl alcohol
Refer to the accompanying figure. The line on the graph labeled B represents the ____.
activation energy with an enzyme
The region of the enzyme molecule that interacts with a substrate is called the ______.
active site
Some enzymes have a receptor site that is other than the active site. This is also referred to as a(n) ____ site.
allosteric
Respiration which does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor and is performed by some prokaryotes that live in anaerobic environments, such as waterlogged soil, stagnant ponds, and animal intestines is called ______.
anaerobic respiration
Saturated fatty acids store more energy than unsaturated fatty acids. Based on your knowledge of aerobic respiration, you draw this conclusion because saturated fatty acids
are more highly reduced.
During fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they
are transferred to an organic molecule.
The equation, G = H − TS, predicts that
as entropy increases, the amount of free energy decreases.
Because enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed, they are referred to as
catalysts
Refer to the accompanying figure. The line on the graph labeled C represents the ____.
change in free energy
Animals, fungi, and most prokaryotes are known as ________.
chemoheterotrophs
The action spectrum of photosynthesis best matches the absorption spectrum of
chlorophylls a and b.
A nonpolypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor is called
coenzyme
Consider the following two chemical equations: A. glucose + fructose → sucrose + H2O, ΔG = +27 kJ/mole (or +6.5 kcal/mole) B. glucose + fructose + ATP → sucrose + ADP + Pi, ΔG = −5 kJ/mole (or −1.2 kcal/mole) The overall free energy change in the chemical equations (A) and (B) above is accomplished by Group of answer choices
combining an endergonic and an exergonic reaction.
Amino acids are metabolized by reactions in which the amino group (2NH2) is first removed, this is known as ________.
deamination
According to the second law of thermodynamics, the amount of usable energy available to do work in the universe ____ over time.
decreases
In a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction, a state of ____ is attained.
dynamic equilibrium
Every type of chemical bond contains a certain amount of energy. The total bond energy, which is essentially equivalent to the total potential energy of the system, is a quantity known as
enthalpy
Total bond energy is essentially equivalent to the total potential energy of the system, a quantity known as ____________.
enthalpy
Suppose the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products. Such a reaction is referred to as a(n) ____.
exergonic reaction
The reaction ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi is classified as an
exergonic reaction.
When an electron returns to its ground state, energy will be released as heat or as an emission of light, known as
fluorescence
The direction of an exergonic reaction can best be described as moving
from higher to lower free energy.
ATP is formed when ____ the thylakoid lumen.
hydrogen ions leave
Both alcohol fermentation and lactate fermentation are highly ____ because the fuel is only partially ____.
inefficient; oxidized
Many bacterial infections are treated with drugs, such as penicillin and sulpha drugs, that ____ the bacteria's enzyme activity.
inhibit
The unit of measurement for energy that most biologists today prefer is ____________.
kilojoules
An endergonic reaction can proceed only if it absorbs
less free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction.
How are chlorophyll molecules attached to thylakoid membranes?
By a long hydrocarbon side chain
Which reaction is the aerobic respiration of glucose?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
What is the first step in the Calvin cycle?
CO2 attaches to RuBP.
What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle?
CO2, ATP, and NADPH
During photosynthesis, ____ is reduced and ____ is oxidized.
CO2; H2O
Yellow and orange accessory pigments
Carotenoids
Which of the following are accessory photosynthetic pigments that expand the spectrum of light to provide energy for photosynthesis?
Carotenoids and chlorophyll b
What is the function of the oxidoreductases?
Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
