Biology 112-03

Name several characteristics of prokaryotes

. Most prokaryotes are unicellular, although the cells of some species remain attached to each other after cell division.

Describe the cell wall of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

. The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin.

Explain the process of conjugation carried out by ciliates

A sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce.

Why was the Laguna Salada de Torrevieja Lake pink?

A sign that it's water are many times saltier than seawater.

What is a geologic record? Describe the major events described in the geological record and the importance of each one.

A standard time scale that divides Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions. The first three eons (Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic) lasted about four billion years. Each era era represents a distinct age in the history of earth and it's life.

plasmodial slime molds

A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle.

cellular slime molds

A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and a multicellular reproductive body in its life cycle

Diatoms

A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica

The 3 groups of protists found in stamenopiles are

Alveolates, Rhizarians

Name the 3 domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Describe several ways prokaryotes have a beneficial impact on humans.

Benefits: bacteria break down food, regular digestion, produce vitamins.

Golden Algae (Stramenopiles)

Biflagellated protist who get their color from carotenoids and are components or marine and fresh water

Many prokaryotes can reproduce quickly in favorable condition by the process known as

Binary Fission

The combining of DNA from two sources is known as

Binary Fission

What is the difference between binomial and polynomial systems.

Binomial involves two names while polynomial involves more than two

what system is used to classify organisms

Binomial nomencluture

The first letter of genus is_________ and the entire species name is _________

Capitalized: Italicized

What is the function of the capsule, endospore, flagella, fimbriae, pili, and flagella in prokaryotes?

Capsules protect against dehydration; Endospores can rehydrate and resume metabolism when their environment improves; ; Fimbriae is used to fasten itself to the mucous membranes of its host;Pili are appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to another.

Describe two ways prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere

Carbon cycle and Nitrogen Cycle

Name and describe several roles of prokaryotes in research and technology

Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation.

Cyanobacteria can also produce atmospheric ___________ and a number of prokaryotes can fix or metabolize atmospheric __________ in many forms.

Carbon; Nitrogen

who published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances

Carl Linnaues

What is the meaning of taxis in prokaryotes?

Change their movement pattern in response to chemicals.

Name at least 3 structures protist use for locomotion

Cilia, Pseudopodia, and Flagella

An ecological relationship between organisms that are in direct contact is called

Commensalism

between prokaryotic cells allows them to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells

Cooperation

Eukaryotes have a well developed__________ but lacking on_________

Cytoskeleton; Prokaryotic Cell

Distinguish between diplomonads and parabasalids. Name diseases associated with each one.

Diplomonads have two haploid nuclei and parabasalids have an undulating membrane; Diplomonads- Giardia; Parabasalids-Trichomonas vaginalis

Distinguish between euglenozoans and kenetoplastids. Name diseases associated with each one

Euglenozoans have a rod with either a spiral or a crystalline structure inside of their flagella. Kinetoplastids have a large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called kinetoplast; Kinetoplastids- Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness); Euglenozoans- Leishmania

Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of ___________ which documents the history of life

Fossils

Direct evidence of life on early Earth comes from _____ of microorganisms that lived ______ years ago.

Fossils; 3.5 billion years ago

Some early evidence suggest that the early atmosphere consisted of ___________ and ____________.

Gases and Carbon Dioxide

binomial nomenclature two key parts

Genus and species

Name two sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria.

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, HIV

Distinguish between gram positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Gram positive bacteria have simple walls with a thick layer of peptidoglycan. The gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.

Apicomplexans

Group of protozoans that are all parasitic

Describe several ways prokaryotes have a harmful impact on humans.

Harms: virus, pathogens, diseases

What is the scientific name for humans? What does it mean

Homo-Sapiens; Wise men

What is the difference between hydrothermal vents and alkaline vents?

Hydrothermal vents are areas on the sea floor where heated water and minerals gush from earth's interior into the ocean; alkaline vents release water that has a high pH and is warm rather than hot.

How has global warming affected protist

It affects pH of water temperature and salinity.

Brown exhibit an alternation of generation. What does this mean

It has a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, The gametophyte

The words together are written _______ in books and are ________ when written on paper

Italicized; Underlined

Prokaryotes lack the complex ______________________associated with membrane-enclosed ___________ found in eukaryotic cells

Membrane Bound Organelle; Nucleus

Distinguish between extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles and methanogens.

Methanogens: produce methane gas thermophiles: live in extreme temp halophiles: extreme halo tolerance.

Because prokaryotes can often proliferate rapidly, ___________ can quickly increase a population's genetic variation.

Mutations

Describe the 3 ecological relationships: mutualism, commensalisms and parasitism

Mutualism is when both organisms benefit; commensalism is when one organism benefits while the other doesn't; Parasitism is when one organism harms another.

Distinguish between obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.

Obligate aerobes-survive with oxygen; Obligate anaerobes survive without oxygen; Facultative anaerobes survives with or without oxygen.

Name and describe two ways to determine the age of fossils

One of the most common techniques is radiometric dating; the rate of decay is expressed by the half-life.

The first atmosphere had little ___________ and was likely thick with water vapor, along with compounds released by volcanic eruptions such as _______,__________,

Oxygen; Nitrogen Oxides, Methane

What are the four major eras discussed on the geologic record (in order from earliest to most recent)?

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Distinguish between photoautotroph, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs.

Phototroph contains chloroplast; Heterotrophs ingest larger food particles; Mixotrophs is an organism capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy.

describe protist and examples involved in symbiotic relationships with other species

Plagmodius and Pelesteria

Photosynthesis protists are among the most important ________ in aquatic communities What role do they play in food web

Producers; All other organisms in the community depend on them for food either directly or indirectly

________________are the oldest, structurally simplest and most abundant forms of life

Prokaryotes

are mostly unicellular eukaryotes and are the most diverse.

Protist

What is the most accurate method used to measure the age of a fossil?

Radiometric dating

Three factors that give rise to genetic diversity in prokaryotes are

Rapid reproduction, mutation, and recombination.

Describe the procedure in a gram stain.

Samples are first stained with crystal violet dye and iodine, then rinsed in alcohol, and finally stained with red dye such as safranin that enters the cell and binds to its DNA.

Name a common green algae

Sea lettuce

Functions of red algae

Seaweed, sushi wrap, agar

Protist can reproduce _________ by mitosis or budding, but can also reproduce _______and employ the sexual process of _______ and ________

Sexually; Meiosis, Fertilization

The Miller-Urey Experiment hypothesized that Earth's early atmosphere was a reducing environment, in which organic compounds could have formed from ___________

Simpler Molecules

The cells of prokaryotes are ____________ than those of eukaryotes in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement of their __________.

Smaller; DNA

Describe some specialized membranes found in prokaryotes.

Some form from infoldings of the plasma membrane and may function in cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Name and describe 3 basic shapes of prokaryotes.

Spherical, Rod-Shaped, Spiral.

Name and describe some different groups of bacteria.

Spherical, rod, spiral, comma, or corkscrew; They can exist in pairs, chains, or clusters

The oldest known fossils are 3.5 billion year old __________, rocks composed of layers of cyanobacteria and sediment.

Stromatolites

Why are fossils considered to be an incomplete record of evolution?

The fossil record is biased for organisms that had hard shells and skeletons.

Define and describe transformation, transduction and conjugation.

Transformation is incorporation of foreign DNA from environment; Transduction is DNA from bacteria and virus; Conjugation is pili transferred from DNA to DNA

Give some general characteristics of protists.

Unicellular, reproduce sexually and asexually diverse.

Ciliates

a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia

What percentage of the world's photosynthesis is carried out by protist

about 30%

Rhizarians

amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia

Brown Algae (Stramenopiles)

can be multicellular, sea palms, giant kelp, photosynthetic commonly called seaweeds

which protist have structure and pigment like chloroplast of plants and are thought to be closely related to plants as well

green algae

Forams

have porous shells made of organic material and hard calcium carbonate

Green Algae (Archaeplastida)

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial mostly multicellular paraphyletic

Radiolarians

mostly marine protists whose tests are fused into one delicate piece which is generally made of silica

Define endosymbiosis

one symbiotic organism lives inside another

Nearly all apicomplexans are

parasites of animals

Entamoebas are

parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Dinoflagellates

plant-like protist that causes red tide

Describe the phenomenon "red tide

red tide is a period of explosive population growth in dinoflagellates

Red Algae (Archaeplastida)

reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll

What is phylogeny?

the branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis.

What is taxonomy?

the science of naming and classifying organisms