Biology 112-03
Name several characteristics of prokaryotes
. Most prokaryotes are unicellular, although the cells of some species remain attached to each other after cell division.
Describe the cell wall of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
. The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin.
Explain the process of conjugation carried out by ciliates
A sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce.
Why was the Laguna Salada de Torrevieja Lake pink?
A sign that it's water are many times saltier than seawater.
What is a geologic record? Describe the major events described in the geological record and the importance of each one.
A standard time scale that divides Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions. The first three eons (Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic) lasted about four billion years. Each era era represents a distinct age in the history of earth and it's life.
plasmodial slime molds
A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle.
cellular slime molds
A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and a multicellular reproductive body in its life cycle
Diatoms
A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica
The 3 groups of protists found in stamenopiles are
Alveolates, Rhizarians
Name the 3 domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Describe several ways prokaryotes have a beneficial impact on humans.
Benefits: bacteria break down food, regular digestion, produce vitamins.
Golden Algae (Stramenopiles)
Biflagellated protist who get their color from carotenoids and are components or marine and fresh water
Many prokaryotes can reproduce quickly in favorable condition by the process known as
Binary Fission
The combining of DNA from two sources is known as
Binary Fission
What is the difference between binomial and polynomial systems.
Binomial involves two names while polynomial involves more than two
what system is used to classify organisms
Binomial nomencluture
The first letter of genus is_________ and the entire species name is _________
Capitalized: Italicized
What is the function of the capsule, endospore, flagella, fimbriae, pili, and flagella in prokaryotes?
Capsules protect against dehydration; Endospores can rehydrate and resume metabolism when their environment improves; ; Fimbriae is used to fasten itself to the mucous membranes of its host;Pili are appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to another.
Describe two ways prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
Carbon cycle and Nitrogen Cycle
Name and describe several roles of prokaryotes in research and technology
Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation.
Cyanobacteria can also produce atmospheric ___________ and a number of prokaryotes can fix or metabolize atmospheric __________ in many forms.
Carbon; Nitrogen
who published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances
Carl Linnaues
What is the meaning of taxis in prokaryotes?
Change their movement pattern in response to chemicals.
Name at least 3 structures protist use for locomotion
Cilia, Pseudopodia, and Flagella
An ecological relationship between organisms that are in direct contact is called
Commensalism
between prokaryotic cells allows them to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells
Cooperation
Eukaryotes have a well developed__________ but lacking on_________
Cytoskeleton; Prokaryotic Cell
Distinguish between diplomonads and parabasalids. Name diseases associated with each one.
Diplomonads have two haploid nuclei and parabasalids have an undulating membrane; Diplomonads- Giardia; Parabasalids-Trichomonas vaginalis
Distinguish between euglenozoans and kenetoplastids. Name diseases associated with each one
Euglenozoans have a rod with either a spiral or a crystalline structure inside of their flagella. Kinetoplastids have a large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called kinetoplast; Kinetoplastids- Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness); Euglenozoans- Leishmania
Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of ___________ which documents the history of life
Fossils
Direct evidence of life on early Earth comes from _____ of microorganisms that lived ______ years ago.
Fossils; 3.5 billion years ago
Some early evidence suggest that the early atmosphere consisted of ___________ and ____________.
Gases and Carbon Dioxide
binomial nomenclature two key parts
Genus and species
Name two sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria.
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, HIV
Distinguish between gram positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Gram positive bacteria have simple walls with a thick layer of peptidoglycan. The gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.
Apicomplexans
Group of protozoans that are all parasitic
Describe several ways prokaryotes have a harmful impact on humans.
Harms: virus, pathogens, diseases
What is the scientific name for humans? What does it mean
Homo-Sapiens; Wise men
What is the difference between hydrothermal vents and alkaline vents?
Hydrothermal vents are areas on the sea floor where heated water and minerals gush from earth's interior into the ocean; alkaline vents release water that has a high pH and is warm rather than hot.
How has global warming affected protist
It affects pH of water temperature and salinity.
Brown exhibit an alternation of generation. What does this mean
It has a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, The gametophyte
The words together are written _______ in books and are ________ when written on paper
Italicized; Underlined
Prokaryotes lack the complex ______________________associated with membrane-enclosed ___________ found in eukaryotic cells
Membrane Bound Organelle; Nucleus
Distinguish between extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles and methanogens.
Methanogens: produce methane gas thermophiles: live in extreme temp halophiles: extreme halo tolerance.
Because prokaryotes can often proliferate rapidly, ___________ can quickly increase a population's genetic variation.
Mutations
Describe the 3 ecological relationships: mutualism, commensalisms and parasitism
Mutualism is when both organisms benefit; commensalism is when one organism benefits while the other doesn't; Parasitism is when one organism harms another.
Distinguish between obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.
Obligate aerobes-survive with oxygen; Obligate anaerobes survive without oxygen; Facultative anaerobes survives with or without oxygen.
Name and describe two ways to determine the age of fossils
One of the most common techniques is radiometric dating; the rate of decay is expressed by the half-life.
The first atmosphere had little ___________ and was likely thick with water vapor, along with compounds released by volcanic eruptions such as _______,__________,
Oxygen; Nitrogen Oxides, Methane
What are the four major eras discussed on the geologic record (in order from earliest to most recent)?
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
Distinguish between photoautotroph, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs.
Phototroph contains chloroplast; Heterotrophs ingest larger food particles; Mixotrophs is an organism capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy.
describe protist and examples involved in symbiotic relationships with other species
Plagmodius and Pelesteria
Photosynthesis protists are among the most important ________ in aquatic communities What role do they play in food web
Producers; All other organisms in the community depend on them for food either directly or indirectly
________________are the oldest, structurally simplest and most abundant forms of life
Prokaryotes
are mostly unicellular eukaryotes and are the most diverse.
Protist
What is the most accurate method used to measure the age of a fossil?
Radiometric dating
Three factors that give rise to genetic diversity in prokaryotes are
Rapid reproduction, mutation, and recombination.
Describe the procedure in a gram stain.
Samples are first stained with crystal violet dye and iodine, then rinsed in alcohol, and finally stained with red dye such as safranin that enters the cell and binds to its DNA.
Name a common green algae
Sea lettuce
Functions of red algae
Seaweed, sushi wrap, agar
Protist can reproduce _________ by mitosis or budding, but can also reproduce _______and employ the sexual process of _______ and ________
Sexually; Meiosis, Fertilization
The Miller-Urey Experiment hypothesized that Earth's early atmosphere was a reducing environment, in which organic compounds could have formed from ___________
Simpler Molecules
The cells of prokaryotes are ____________ than those of eukaryotes in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement of their __________.
Smaller; DNA
Describe some specialized membranes found in prokaryotes.
Some form from infoldings of the plasma membrane and may function in cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
Name and describe 3 basic shapes of prokaryotes.
Spherical, Rod-Shaped, Spiral.
Name and describe some different groups of bacteria.
Spherical, rod, spiral, comma, or corkscrew; They can exist in pairs, chains, or clusters
The oldest known fossils are 3.5 billion year old __________, rocks composed of layers of cyanobacteria and sediment.
Stromatolites
Why are fossils considered to be an incomplete record of evolution?
The fossil record is biased for organisms that had hard shells and skeletons.
Define and describe transformation, transduction and conjugation.
Transformation is incorporation of foreign DNA from environment; Transduction is DNA from bacteria and virus; Conjugation is pili transferred from DNA to DNA
Give some general characteristics of protists.
Unicellular, reproduce sexually and asexually diverse.
Ciliates
a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia
What percentage of the world's photosynthesis is carried out by protist
about 30%
Rhizarians
amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia
Brown Algae (Stramenopiles)
can be multicellular, sea palms, giant kelp, photosynthetic commonly called seaweeds
which protist have structure and pigment like chloroplast of plants and are thought to be closely related to plants as well
green algae
Forams
have porous shells made of organic material and hard calcium carbonate
Green Algae (Archaeplastida)
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial mostly multicellular paraphyletic
Radiolarians
mostly marine protists whose tests are fused into one delicate piece which is generally made of silica
Define endosymbiosis
one symbiotic organism lives inside another
Nearly all apicomplexans are
parasites of animals
Entamoebas are
parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
Dinoflagellates
plant-like protist that causes red tide
Describe the phenomenon "red tide
red tide is a period of explosive population growth in dinoflagellates
Red Algae (Archaeplastida)
reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll
What is phylogeny?
the branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis.
What is taxonomy?
the science of naming and classifying organisms