Biology 189 Unlv
hydrophobic
"water-fearing"
meiosis
(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
hypertonic
(of a solution) having a higher concentration of its surrounding
hypotonic
(of a solution) having a lower concentration than its surrounding
sterols
4 interconnect fatty acids
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
keratin
A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails is:
plastids
A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food. contain their own DNA and ribosomes
organism
A living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently
flagellum
A long whiplike structure that propels a cell through its environment.
fluid mosaic
A model of how the lipid bilayer behaves more like a fluid than a solid, allowing lipids and proteins to move laterally within it
polysaccharides
A molecule formed by joining many monosaccharides together. are typically energy-storage molecules (glycogen in animals, starch in plants) or structural molecules (cellulose in plants, chitin in exoskeletons).
hemoglobin
A protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in capillary networks throughout the body.
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
codon
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
sterols
A type of lipid based on cholesterol; includes testosterone and estrogen.
genome
All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.
trace elements
An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.
producer
An organism that captures energy and stores it in food as chemical energy; autotroph
consumer
An organism that eats other organisms
decomposer
An organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes and consuming or absorbing the nutrients.
adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances
Ecosystem
Biological level that includes the living and nonliving components of a particular area
disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
endocytosis
Cell membrane forms a pouch around the substance. The pouch closes and pinches off from the membrane to form a vesicle inside the cell.
antibodies
Chemicals that attack invading organisms or poison.
thymine, uracil
DNA contains the nitrogenous base _____, whereas RNA does not contain this base but instead uses ___
uracil
DNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine but not the nitrogenous base _____, which is found only in RNA
semiconservative
DNA replication in which each of the parental strands is read to make a complementary daughter strand, ethus each new DNa molecule is composed of half the parental molecule paired with a newly synthesized strand.
collagen
Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues
rough ER
ER with ribosomes attached to it. Helps transport the proteins that are made by its attached ribosomes
receptor proteins
Enable a cell to sense its surroundings by binding to certain substances outside the cell. When this happens, it causes changes inside the cell.
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
Four most abundant types of organic molecules that are found in organisms
ligases
In DNA replication, gaps between newly synthesized segments of DNA and existing segments of DNA are sealed by enzymes called _____, which form covalent bonds between the two segments
central vacuole
In a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes
solvent
In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.
nucleic acids
Nucleotides are the monomers of _____, including DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
Nucleotides are the monomers of _________, including DNA and RNA
exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
proteins
Ribosomal RNA combine with______ to form a ribosome
primary
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain forms the ____ structure of protein
endomembrane system
The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base
What are the components of nucleotides
DNA
What stores genetic information
RNA
What uses protein-encoding information
mitochondrial, nuclear
_____ DNA sequences are exclusively passed from mother to offspring, whereas_____ DNA sequences are inherited from both the mother and the father
transcription
a RNA molecule is produced from the information that is encoded in the DNA molecules
ribosome
a complex of rRNA and proteins; and is the physical location of protein synthesis
potential
a concentration gradient is a form of ______ energy because energy that can be used to drive molecular motion is stored in the gradient
protein
a folded polypetide, or chain of amino acids
hydrolysis
a polymer is separated into monomers when a hydroxyl group joins one molecule and a hydrogen ion joins the other
process of hydrolysis
a polymer is separated into monomers when a hydroxyl group joins one molecule and a hydrogen ion joins the other
gap junction
a protein channel between two animal cells which allows the flow of cytoplasm, ions, and nutrients, and small molecules
gene
a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule
solute
a substance found in lesser quantity that dissolves in another substance to form a solution
active transport
a substance is moved from its area of low concentration to its area of high concentration with the expenditure of energy
amino acid
a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule has an anticodon site at one end that binds to an mRNA codon and a site on another end that binds to a ______
DNA polymerase
adds new complementary DNA nucleotides to a single-stranded DNA template
biosphere
all parts of earth and its atmosphere where life can survive
plantae
autotrophs
hydrogen bond
bond between atom with a partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge
Covalent bond
bond between atoms sharing pairs of electrons
hydrogen bond
bond between nitrogenous bases of DNA
ionic bond
bond between oppositely charged ions
covalent bond
bond between sugars and phosphate groups of DNA nucleotides
covalent bond
bond between sugars and phosphate groups of RNA nucleotides
oligosaccharides
carbohydrates with 3-100 monomers
isotonic solution
causes an equal amount of water to enter and exit the cell
cohesion
causes water droplets to pool together
mitochondrion
cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle
evolution
changes in genetic makeup of a population over multiple generations
behaviors cellular attributes anatomical features biochemical aspects genetic characteristics
characteristics scientists use to compare evolutionary relationships between organisms are
organ system
composed of several organs that are connected and working together
chromosome
contains DNA and proteins
DNA molecule
contains many genes
hershey and chase
demonstrated that radioactively-labeled DNA, not protein, entered bacterial cells and directed them to produce viruses
chargaff
determined that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine
avery, mcCarty, and Macleod
discovered that DNA was the transforming principle
griffith
discovered that one strain of bacteria could "transform" another by inducing it to display new traits
garrod
discovered that people with "inborn errors of metabolism" lacked certain enzymes
mitosis
divides eukaryotic cell's genetic information into two identical daughter cells
polypeptide chain, RNA
during translation a _______ is produced from the information that is encoded in a______ molecule
cytoplasm
fluid matrix occupying most of the cells volume
tugor pressure
force of water against a plant cell wall and helps maintain the shape of plant cells
chitin
found in exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and crustaceans
cellulose
found in plant cell walls
nuclear pores
found in the nuclear envelope and are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus
unsaturated fats
found mostly in animal-derived foods
aids cell division structural support transportation
functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell
tight junction
fuses cell membranes of adjacent cells
asexual reproduction
genetic information comes from only one parent offspring are genetically identical to the parent
Components triglycerides
glycerol and fatty acids
Triglycerides
group of lipids, more commonly known as fats
control group
group that receives an inert treatment or placebo
ribosomal RNA
help align the ribosome with the mRNA to prepare for translation catalyze the formation of bonds between amino acids in the developing
animalia
heterotrophs; obtain by ingestion
fungi
heterotrophs; obtain food by external digestion
codon
in an RNA molecule; corresponds to one amino acid
cytoplasm; nucleus
in eukaryotic cells, translation occurs in the ___________, whereas transcription occurs in the__________.
primer
involved in DNA replication;made of RNA, needs to be added to the DNA template in order for DNA replication to take place
Secondary structure of proteins
involves the folding of the polypetide chain into beta-sheets and alpha-helix coils due to hydrogen boding
anchoring junction
links intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
unsaturated fat
liquid at room temperature
phospholipid
liquid which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule
cell membrane/plasma membrane
liquid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment
homeostasis
living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water
polypeptide
long chains of amino acids (100 or more) linked through dehydration synthesis that form this molecule
natural selection
mechanism of evolution in which certain individuals from a population exhibit enhanced reproductive success based on inherited characteristics
population
members of the same species living in the same place at the same time
organelles
membrane bounded compartments within eukaryotic cells that carry out specialized functions; example-chloroplast
facilitated diffusion
membranes proteins assist ions and polar molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient
vesicles
membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system
DNA
molecule that encodes genetic instructions
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
polymers
monomers linked together to form the four major organic compounds in living organisms
amino acids
monomers of polypeptides and have a central carbon bonded to a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group
emergent properties
new complex functions and characteristics that arise when the smaller components of an organism interact
concentration gradient
occurs when there are unequal amounts of a solute in neighboring regions
carbs
one of the four most abundant types of organic molecules in organisms and consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a proportion of 1:2:1
lysosome
organelle of the endomembrane system break down debris, food, and old cell parts with enzymes within a single membrane
peroxisomes
organelles that originate in the ER and contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances
extracellular matrix
outside of the cell membrane; hold the cells together and coordinate some activities between cells
microtubules
part of the cytoskeleton and is composed of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells
lipids
phospholipids that form cell membranes, sterols that act as vitamins and hormones, waxes that prevent water loss or water saturation, and triglycerides that act as energy reserves
unsaturated fat
plant derived foods
eukarya
possible larger cell size, fatty acids on the cell membrane, and cell wall only in some
dehydration synthesis
process whereby a hydroxyl group (-OH) is removed from one molecule and a hydrogen ion (H+) from another molecule, bonding the two molecules together and forming a molecule of water
adhesion proteins
proteins on the surface of the cell membrane which enable cells to stick to other cells
apoptosis
regulated cell death that is necessary part of development
facilitated diffusion
requires a carrier molecule but not ATP
buffer system
resists change in pH by releasing both H+ and OH-
gene
sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule
tandem
short______ repeats are variable DNA sequences that are very useful in DNA profiling
nucleotides
single stand of DNA consists of a polymer of nucleotides
ribosome
site of protein production
bacteria
small cell size, fatty acids on the cell membrane, and peptidoglycan in the cell wall
archaea
small cell size, nonfatty acid lipids on the cell membrane, and no peptidoglycan in the cell wall
DNA microarray
small glass chip with attached short fragments of DNA that can be used to scan large amounts of DNA for specific sequences
atom
smallest portion of an element which retains the characteristics of the element
saturated fat
solid at room temperature
glycogen
storage molecule of animals and fungi
starch
storage molecule of plants
ATP
stores energy
organ
structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions
recognition proteins
surface structures on the outside of the cell membrane which identify the cell as belonging to the body and tissue type
translation
the "reading" of an mRNA to produce an amino acid sequence
receptor-mediated endocytosis
the binding of a substance to a protein on the cell surface trigger endocytosis
primase
the enzyme that adds an RNA primer to the DNA template during DNA replication is called
independent variable
the manipulated portion of the experiment
sterols
the membrane components which aid in membrane fluidity
simple diffusion
the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the assistance of proteins
standardized variable
the portion of the experiment held constant
DNA sequencing
the process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA
dependent variable
the response that an investigator measures
active transport
the sodium potassium pump requires about 25% of the cells ATP because it conducts
ribose, deoxyribose
the sugar in RNA is called ______, whereas in DNA the sugar is called __________
central dogma
the universal nature of the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein
saturated fatty acid
triglyceride contains the max number of hydrogens in its fatty acids because the carbons are all connected by single bonds
unsaturated fat
triglyceride that contains fatty acids with at least one double bond between the carbons, causing kinks in the fatty acid
tRNA
type of RNA that serves as a "connector" between the mRNA codon to a particular amino acid
phagocytosis
type of endocytosis used by cells to engulf bulk matter, including debris and other cells
pinocytosis
type of endocytosis used by cells to engulf fluids and dissolved substances
waxes
type of lipid that consists of fatty acids combined with alcohols or other hydrocarbons to form a stiff water-repellent material
chloroplast
type of plastid; organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells
protista
unicellular and multicellular organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms
wilkins and franklin
used the known ratios of nucleotides along with the X-ray
watson and crick
used the known ratios of nucleotides along with the X-ray diffraction data to build a ball-and-stick model of the DNA double helix
taq polymerase primers regular nucleotides
what are required for polymerase chain reaction
normal nucleotides replication enzymes primers and terminator nucleotides
what are required for sanger sequencing
ribosome
what binds to and "read" an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis
pH, salt, and heat
what can disrupt protein folding by breaking the hydrogen bonds that maintain the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins
the double-stranded DNA is unwound an RNA is added
what must occur before DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA
polymerase chain reaction sanger sequencing
what technologies directly use DNA polymerase as a tool
base
what type of chemical add OH- to a solution
plasmodesmata
when water, nutrients, cytoplasm, hormones, and some organelles flow between adjacent plant cells through special channels in the cell wall
