biology ch 11
____ the cell continues to grow and runs a series of checks to make sure it is set to go through mitosis.
G2 - gap 2,
(Anaphase I) After crossing over, ______two sister chromatids are identical.
no
PROKARYOTIC CELLS= BINARY FISSION b. The DNA attaches to the _____ and undergoes complete replication.
origin
In plant cells, the _____ forms along the middle of the cells. It consists of microtubules that guide vesicles to the center of the cell. The vesicles deposit cell wall components to form a cell wall to divide the cell into two ______.
phragmoplast and daughter cells.
In which phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle form? anaphase telophase prophase metaphase
prophase
The first part of Meiosis 1 is ____
prophase 1
Meiosis 2 in order _____
prophase 2>Metaphase 2> Anaphase 2> telophase 2
Crossing over occurs during which step in meiosis? prophase I anaphase I prophase II metaphase I
prophase I
____ normal cell functioning, cells at rest and their diploid
G1
___- chromosomes line up along the cell's equator
Metaphase 2
The second phase of Meiosis ?
Metaphase I
_____ are genes that have been mutated to cause unregulated cell proliferation (cell growth).
Oncogenes
(Mitosis) Eukaryote cell cycle has four parts?
1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis 4. Sister chromatids
Meisosis has __ parts
2
______HAPLOID CELLS ARE PRODUCED DURING MEIOSIS 1!!!
2
How many chromosome pairs are there in a human genome? 22 23 46 64
23
At the end of MEIOSIS how many HAPLOID Cells are produced?
4
(Anaphase I) The formation of chiasma forms a ___ stranded structure known as a _____. A single bivalent contains 4 sister chromatids.
4 , bivalent
At the start of mitosis, how many sister chromatids are present in a human cell? 46 23 92 12
92
Why don't plant cells use a contractile ring to divide their daughter cells?
A contractile ring can't "pinch" a cell wall
A _____ undergoes mitosis to reproduce.
A protist
Asexual reproduction occurs in? unicellular eukaryotes. skin cells. plant dermal cells. All of these choices are correct.
ALLL
_______ sister chromatids are separated and they travel to opposite poles. Sister chromatids eventually become individual chromosomes
Anaphase
Third phase of Meisosis?
Anaphase 1
______ homologous pairs are sperated
Anaphase 1
_____- Sister chromatids are separated
Anaphase 2
When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis? anaphase I anaphase II metaphase II telophase I
Anaphase II
______ is when the cell makes an identical copy of itself. Many organisms just do asexual reproduction as a means of reproduction. Cellular reproduction often uses the same machinery to increase the number of cells or heal wounds.
Asexual reproduction
The microtubules that form the mitotic spindle grow out from the centrosome. Where would you expect to find the plus (fast growing) end of a spindle microtubule? at the centrosome away from the centrosome at the kinetochore away from the centrosome, at the kinetochore
Away from the centrosome and at the kinetochore
The process of cell division in a prokaryotic cell is called? binary fusion. mitosis. binary fission. cytokinesis.
Binary Fission
____ regulate the cell cycles. A series of promoters and inhibitors regulate progression of the cell cycle.
Cyclins
______ The eukaryotic cell divides into two new cells of Phragmoplast
Cytokineses
The division of the cell's cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell is known as: cytokinesis. cell fission. mitosis. cytokinesis and mitosis are both correct.
Cytokinesis
Muscle cells are multinucleate, meaning that multiple nuclei are present in the cytoplasm of a large cell. Predict what is different about the cell cycle in a muscle cell? The G1 and G2 phases are extended. Cytokinesis does not occur. S phase happens twice. M phase is inhibited.
Cytokinesis does not occur.
Predict what would happen to the daughter cells if the G1 phase of the parent cell is shortened?
The cells would be smaller than normal.
PROKARYOTIC CELLS= BINARY FISSION c. The circular chromosome will be replicated bi-directionally by _____
DNA polymerase.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of meiotic cell division? Cell division results in the production of gametes. Daughter cells are genetically identical. Cell division results in the formation of four daughter cells. Cell division requires two rounds of nuclear division.
Daughter cells are genetically identical
Which of the following is not a characteristic of meiotic cell division? Cell division results in the production of gametes. Daughter cells are genetically identical. Cell division results in the formation of four daughter cells. Cell division requires two rounds of nuclear division.
Daughter cells are genetically identical.
Predict what would happen if crossing over occurred as part of mitosis? Daughter cells could contain two copies of the same allele. Daughter cells would not be genetically identical, and they could contain two copies of the same allele. Daughter cells would not be genetically identical. There would be no effect since sister chromatids separate in anaphase.
Daughter cells would not be genetically identical, and they could contain two copies of the same allele.
A zygote is? monoploid. diploid. haploid. polyploid.
Diploid
c. A _____ or a 2n cell will have 1 set of chromosomes from each parent.
Diploid
Look carefully at the image of the human karyotype shown in Figure 11.3. What is the significance of the small differences between homologous chromosomes? Chromosomes may not be completely replicated during S phase. Each homologous chromosome in a pair is from a different parent. Some of this person's DNA is mutated, possibly causing disease. The differences are a result of the way the material was prepared.
Each homologous chromosome in a pair is from a different parent.
T or F All cancers are caused by viruses.
False
PROKARYOTIC CELLS= BINARY FISSION e. During septation, the______constricts around the equator of the cell causing the cell to divide.
FtsZ protein
PROKARYOTIC CELLS= BINARY FISSION f. _______is homologous to tubulin, the protein monomore that makes up microtubules and transports chromosomes during mitosis in eukaryotes.
FtsZ protein
A cell that is not actively dividing is in what phase of the cell cycle? G1 G0 G1' G null
G0
___ cells that are not activily dividing ex liver cells
G0
Interphase has five parts?
G0 G1 S phase G2 M phase
A human cell with a total of 23 chromosomes would be considered: diploid. haploid. polyploid. euploid.
Haploid
Polar bodies are? functional gametes. haploid cells. functional gametes that are produced by mitosis. produced by mitosis.
Haploid Cells
Another name for non-sister chromatids is? diploids. chiasmata. bivalents. homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes
_____ a mutated version of a gene that controls the progression of the cell cycle can dramatically increase the likelihood of getting cancer. 3 mutations in a single cell line is far less likely to occur than 2.
Inheriting
Imagine that a researcher is studying a population of cells with two major phases. The first phase is relatively short (it lasts approximately one hour), whereas the second stage is much longer (lasting approximately 12 hours) and is characterized by an increase in the DNA content of cells. This second stage is most likely: cytokinesis. mitosis. interphase. G0.
Interphase
What is the role of the protein FtsZ? It forms a ring at the site of constriction. It is involved in the attachment of DNA to the plasma membrane. It is responsible for the replication of DNA. It forms the new cell wall between daughter cells.
It forms a ring at the site of constriction.
____ mitosis and cytokinesis
M phase
____ produce four viable gametes.
Males
Sexual reproduction requires _____to have the number of chromosomes in the ____. The joining of____ restores the cell to the correct number of chromosomes.
Meiosis and gametes
______ chromosomes line up along the cell's equator
Metaphase
______ chromosomes line up along the cell's equator
Metaphase 1
What cytoskeletal protein is important to the function of the sperm cells illustrated in Figure 11.13? microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules All of these choices are correct.
Microtubules
How must spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes during anaphase of meiosis I? Microtubules attach to the chiasma. Microtubules only attach to one kinetochore per homologous pair. Microtubules attach using their minus (slow growing) ends. Microtubules attach at the centrosomes.
Microtubules only attach to one kinetochore per homologous pair.
The division of genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called? genetic fission. cytokinesis. replication. mitosis.
Mitosis
Multiple genes are involved in regulating cell growth so a single mutation is unlikely to cause cancer. ______ to a single cell line can result in cancer.
Multiple mutations
Which of the following statements regarding tumor suppressors are true? Tumor suppressors promote cell division. Tumor suppressors act synergistically with proto-oncogenes. Mutations affecting tumor suppressors can contribute to the development of cancers. Tumor suppressors include PDGF and cyclins. None of the answer options are correct.
Mutations affecting tumor suppressors can contribute to the development of cancers.
What would happen if crossing over occurred between sister chromatids? Gene rearrangement would lead to changes in gene expression. Genetic diversity would decrease due to the loss of gene combinations. Nothing, sister chromatids are identical. Genetic diversity would increase due to the addition of gene combinations.
Nothing, sister chromatids are identical.
_______ microtubules attach to the chromosomes.
Prometaphase
______ - chromosomes condense, centosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite poles
Prophase
_______ - chromosomes condense.
Prophase 2
Which of the following is not a step in the process of binary fission? DNA replicates formation of a new cell wall rearrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton elongation of the cell
Rearrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton
Replication of DNA in a eukaryote occurs during which phase of the cell cycle? M phase G1 phase G2 phase S phase
S Phase
When in the cell cycle would you find sister chromatids? G1 G2 S S and G2.
S and G2
______ are two identical copies of one 1 chromosome.
Sister chromatids
_____ (dna synthesis and duplication) the cell is duplicating its DNA. After replication, each chromosome will now consist of two sister chromatids. The cell is still considered diploid. Count centromeres to determine the number of chromosomes.
Sphase
______ nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes de-condense.
Telophase
Fourth Phase of Meiosis?
Telophase 1
_____ nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes de-condense.
Telophase 1
_____ nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes de-condense.
Telophase 2
Which of the following is not true regarding the protein CDK? The levels of CDK change with the cell cycle. It binds to cyclin. It functions as a kinase. It functions to control the cell cycle.
The levels of CDK change with the cell cycle.
T or F A proto-oncogene is a "normal" gene that, if mutated, can become an oncogene and lead to a cell becoming cancerous.
True
T or F Evidence exists (especially in dinoflagellates) that mitosis actually evolved from binary fission. For example, in certain eukaryotic cells during mitosis, DNA is attached to the membrane of the nucleus (much like a circular chromosome of a bacterium is attached to the plasma membrane).
True
True or False The alignment of chromosomes at metaphase of meiosis II is most similar to the alignment of chromosomes during metaphase of mitosis.
True
_____ can in fact cause cancer as demonstrated by transfer of lysed and filtered tumor cell extract between chickens.
Viruses
What is a cyclin? a protein that activates kinases a protein whose levels change with the cell cycle a kinase a protein that activates kinases and whose levels change with the cell cycle
a protein that activates kinases and whose levels change with the cell cycle
Why are the sex chromosomes not considered homologous? because they come from different parents because they do not carry the same collection of genes because males carry two very different chromosomes because they do not carry the same collection of genes, and because males carry two very different chromosomes
because they do not carry the same collection of genes, and because males carry two very different chromosomes
Prokaryotic cells undergo_______ to reproduce.
binary fission
How does meiosis generate genetic diversity? crossing over random alignment at metaphase I synapsis both crossing over and random alignment at metaphase I
both crossing over and random alignment at metaphase I
What cellular process(es) is/are responsible for the increase in protein content associated with the gap phases of the cell cycle? gene expression glycolysis protein synthesis both gene expression and protein synthesis
both gene expression and protein synthesis
another name for non-sister chromatids is
homologous chromosomes
The sister chromatids are connected at the_____.
centromere
(Anaphase I)The sister chromatids are joined at the ____. The non sister chromatids are joined by the ____ - spots where they have twisted, or looped over each other.
centromeres, chiasma
(Meiosis I) During prophase 1, non-sister chromatids of the homologous pairs form _____through a process known as synapsis.
chiasma
(Anaphase I)The chiasma enable ________: the exchange of homologous sections between non sister chromatids
crossing-over
The division of the cell's cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell is known as:
cytokinesis
None of the _____ are identical because of crossing over and independent assortment.
daughter cells
a. A cell with a full set of chromosomes is termed_____ or 2n.
diploid
A human cell with a total of 23 chromosomes would be considered:
haploid
____ produce one viable gamete and 3 polar bodies. The ___ consolidates almost all of the cellular resources into a single gamete to improve its likelihood of survival.
females
A phragmoplast functions to: stimulate the growth of the microtubule spindle. anchor microtubules to sister chromatids. breakdown the nuclear envelope. form a new cell wall.
form a new cell wall
A phragmoplast functions to:
form a new cell wall.
b. A cell with half the number of chromosomes is termed ____ or 1n.
haploid
Mitosis is not part of ______ . G1, S, and G2 are the stages of interphase.
interphase
Which of the following statements regarding the S cyclin-CDK complex are true? It assures that DNA is not replicated multiple times. It is regulated solely by the action of p53. It is responsible for the degradation of nuclear membranes. It regulates the expression of histone proteins. It is responsible for the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins.
it assures that DNA is not replicated multiple times
On each side of the centromere there is a _____where the microtubules connect and pull the sister chromatids apart during cell division.
kinetochore
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell? telophase prophase metaphase anaphase
metaphase
Skin cells undergo ____ to regenerate skin tissue.
mitosis
The division of genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called
mitosis
PROKARYOTIC CELLS= BINARY FISSION a. No nucleus = no _____
mitosis.
What motor proteins are responsible for the activity of the contractile ring during cytokinesis in animal cells?
myosin
A gene associated with promoting normal cell division is called: a proto-oncogene. a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor. an oncogene. a tumor suppressor.
proto oncogene
(Anaphase I) The result of crossing over chiasma enabling is ______
recombinant chromatids.
PROKARYOTIC CELLS= BINARY FISSION d. After DNA replication, the DNA migrates to opposite poles of the cell and the cell undergoes _____
septation.
(Meiosis I) During the____ chromosomes line up gene by gene (pairing)
synapsis
In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform? prophase metaphase telophase anaphase
telophase
Synapsis is best described as? the alignment of non-sister chromatids at the metaphase plate. the exchange of genetic information between sister chromatids. the exchange of genetic information between non-sister chromatids. the alignment of homologous chromosomes in prophase I.
the alignment of homologous chromosomes in prophase I.
What would happen to the daughter cells if the G1 phase of the parent cell is shortened? The cells would be smaller than normal. The cells would be missing chromosomes. The cells would not undergo cytokinesis. The cells would be larger than normal.
the cells would be smaller than normal
Mitotic cell division is considered asexual because? the daughter cells are genetically identical. this form of cell division is most similar to binary fission. the daughter cells receive DNA from one parent cell. the daughter cells receive DNA from one parent cell, and the daughter cells are genetically identical.
the daughter cells receive DNA from one parent cell, and the daughter cells are genetically identical.
What is the function of the centromere?
to attach the sister chromatids to each other
What is the function of the centromere? to attach the DNA to the plasma membrane to attach the chromosome to the spindle to attach the sister chromatids to each other to organize the microtubules to form a spindle
to attach the sister chromatids to each other
How many times must the centrosomes replicate in order for meiosis to occur?
twice