Biology Ch 12 Test

capsule, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, flagellum, nucleoid, plasmid, ribosome

***Study Guide (from 12A): Label a bacterium.

nucleic acid, envelope, and capsid

***Study Guide (from 12B): Label a virus.

thermophile, methanogen, halophile, acidophile

***Study Guide: 4 Types of Archaea

virus infects a cell but does not destroy it, allowing the cell to naturally divide and copy the virus' genetic material

***Study Guide: Explain lysogenic cycle of a virus.

rapid infection and destruction of a host cell, resulting in more virus particles

***Study Guide: Explain lytic cycle of a virus.

agriculture, medical research and treatment (gene therapy), bacteriophages as a new kind of antibiotic

***Study Guide: How are viruses used by scientists to help?

asexually; binary fission

***Study Guide: How do bacteria usually reproduce?

coccus, spirillum, bacillus

***Study Guide: Identify the 3 bacterial shapes.

microscopic organisms, prokaryotes that act as decomposers, share some eukaryotic characteristics

***Study Guide: Know the characteristics of Domain Archaea.

transformation-bacteria takes in a free-floating piece of bacterial DNA; transduction-transfer genetic info from one bacterium to another through a bacteriophage; conjugation-plasmid replicates and is transferred from one bacterium to another

***Study Guide: What are 3 ways bacteria exchange genetic information?

viroid is an infectious particle in a virus made of a short, circular strand of DNA. it has no capsid or envelope. It usually infects plants. prions are infectious particles in a virus made of abnormal proteins and no genetic information. they usually infect the brains of animals and people.

***Study Guide: What are the differences between viroids and prions?

Gram-positive organisms have greater amounts of peptidoglycan and will absorb so much dye that they turn purple. Gram-negative organisms have less peptidoglycan and will absorb only a little dye and turn pink. (Antibiotics stop peptidoglycan formation in gram-positive organisms which allow the immune system to clear up an infection)

***Study Guide: What do Gram staining results determine?

using a violet dye to classify bacteria into two groups on the basis of the peptidoglycan in their cell walls

***Study Guide: What is Gram staining?

?? antibiotics, probiotics, vaccinations, antiviral treatments

***Study Guide: What types of treatments are available for bacterial infections and viral infections?

acidic environments

***Study Guide: Where does acidophile live?

salty environments

***Study Guide: Where does halophile live?

anaerobic environments

***Study Guide: Where does methanogen live?

hot environments

***Study Guide: Where does thermophile live?

Staphylococcus aureus

12A: Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles in skin. One type occurs when your skin is irritated by shaving. Which species of bacterium is responsible for this condition? (Use Table 12-1 Attached)

Archaea survive in extreme environments and act like decomposers. Bacteria cannot survive extreme environments. Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan which protect them and trigger other organisms' immune system. Archaea cell walls contain other proteins and rubbery isoprene. Transcription and translation are different in archaea and bacteria.

12A: How are archaea and bacteria different?

they are prokaryotes

12A: How are archaea and bacteria similar?

after undergoing a genetic change through transduction, conjugation, or transformation

12A: How could a harmless bacterium suddenly become capable of producing a dangerous toxin?

Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes

12A: Thoroughly cooking meat and washing fruits and vegetables can prevent food poisoning from which two pathogens? (Use Table 12-1 Attached)

a bunch of circles grouped together

12A: What does Staphylococcus bacteria look like? Remember that staphylo- prefix means "cluster."

Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi

12A: Which two pathogenic bacteria are generally transmitted by a vector? (Use Table 12-1 Attached)

binary fission

12A: Which type of bacterial genetic replication involves asexual reproduction and is most common in bacteria?

thermophiles and acidophiles

12A: Which types of archaea thrives in hot environments?

Adam and Eve's sin brought God's curse on the earth

12A: Why are there bad bacteria in the world?

A virus enters a cell to produce more viruses. The lytic cycle results in more virus when the virus lyse, which causes rapid infection and destruction of the host cell.

12B: Describe how a virus can duplicate its genetic information and spread.

Lysogenic cycle = no symptoms. Lytic cycle = symptoms.

12B: Hepatitis C is a viral infection of the liver that can lie dormant for years before a person ever shows symptoms. While the person has no symptoms, what cycle is the virus in? Once the person begins to show symptoms, what cycle has the virus entered?

an emerging infectious disease

12B: In West Africa on a missions trip, you notice physicians are treating people with a mysterious illness no one has seen, even if it's similar to a known older disease. What kind of disease might this be?

agriculture, medical research, treatment and creation of antibiotics

12B: List 3 ways a virus can be useful.

prions

12B: Particles similar to viruses but made of proteins are called __________.

Living-spreading of viruses and carrying genetic information including DNA/RNA Nonliving-viruses are not made of cells, do not reproduce, infect a host to continue activity

12B: What characteristics of viruses make them seem like living things? What makes them seem nonliving?

to find a cure and/or prevent it from spreading faster

12B: Why is it important to study dangerous bacteria and viruses?

archaea

A domain containing certain kinds of prokaryotic organisms, many of which are extremophiles

envelope

A lipid bilayer that surrounds the capsid in some viruses.

capsule

A protective coating found outside the cell walls of many bacteria.

capsid

A protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus.

peptidoglycan

A protein found in the cell walls of bacteria but not in archaea.

virus

A small infectious agent that can replicate only by using the metabolism and machinery of a living cell.

binary fission

A type of asexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes in which an organism divides to produce two identical organisms.

lysogenic acid

A type of viral reproduction in which the virus's genetic material is reproduced by the host cell during normal cell division, resulting in daughter cells that contain the viral material.

retrovirus

A virus that can force a host cell to transcribe the viral RNA into the host's DNA.

bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria.

flagellum

A whip-like cellular organelle similar in structure to a cilium but longer and used primarily for movement in many bacteria.

pathogen

An agent that causes a disease.

viroid

An infectious agent of plants that consists of a short, circular strand of RNA with no capsid or envelope.

bacterium

An organism in either of the domains Archaea or Bacteria.

halophile

An organism in kingdom Archaea that thrives in extremely salty environments, such as Utah's Great Salt Lake.

thermophile

An organism in kingdom Archaea that thrives in hot environments, such as around hydrothermal vents.

methanogen

An organism in the kingdom Archaea that lives in anaerobic environments and produces methane during metabolism.

acidophile

An organism in the kingdom Archaea that thrives in very acidic environments, such as acidic hot springs.

viruses

Chapter Review: A neighbor is spraying something on his apple trees to keep away moths. He says it's not chemical pesticides. What might it be?

acidophile, archaea, bacillus, bacteria, coccus, halophile, methanogen, prokaryote, spirillum, thermophile

Chapter Review: Add terms in answer to hierarchy chart.

We need to learn about these deadly microbes in order to be able to protect people. This allows us to obey the Creation Mandate and care for the earth.

Chapter Review: How are deadly microbes and our earthly stewardship related?

asexually

Chapter Review: How do bacteria typically reproduce?

by disrupting the cell's machinery

Chapter Review: How do viruses translate their genetic information into proteins?

vaccines use an inactivated virus to trigger the body to build an immunity to a particular virus

Chapter Review: How does a vaccine work?

antibiotics kill or slow bacterial growth then the person's immune system clears up the infection

Chapter Review: How does an antibiotic clear up a bacterial infection?

viruses can become a part of treatment for bacteria

Chapter Review: How might viruses be helpful in the fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria?

obtain energy from dead and decaying matter, defend plants against certain fungal infections, cycle material such as nitrogen and carbon through the environment

Chapter Review: List 3 things that bacteria do for the environment.

removes toxins, prevents diseases, synthesizes Vitamin B12 and K

Chapter Review: List 3 things that the bacteria of your microbiota do for you.

HIV

Chapter Review: Name a virus that goes through both the lytic and lysogenic cycles.

True

Chapter Review: True/False A cell that has lysed has been opened and destroyed.

True

Chapter Review: True/False Archaea can live inside people.

False

Chapter Review: True/False Bacteria are either good or bad but not both.

True

Chapter Review: True/False Bacteriophages are being researched as a new kind of antibiotic.

False

Chapter Review: True/False During conjugation both bacteria involved receive new genetic information.

True

Chapter Review: True/False Good bacteria are part of your microbiome.

True

Chapter Review: True/False Scientists agree that a virus is a carrier of genetic information.

False

Chapter Review: True/False The cell walls of archaea contain peptidoglycan.

True

Chapter Review: True/False Transformation can add a capsule to bacterium.

False

Chapter Review: True/False Viroids contain no genetic information.

True

Chapter Review: True/False When a cell has been infected by a virus, but has never lysed, the virus is in the lysogenic cycle.

True

Chapter Review: True/False Your microbiota contains bacteria and bacteriophages.

purple; pink

Chapter Review: Using a Gram stain, a bacterium with a large amount of peptidoglycan will turn a(n) __________ color, and one with a little peptidoglycan will turn a(n) _________ color.

nucleoid and plasmid

Chapter Review: What are the 2 forms that DNA takes in a bacterial cell?

protein motor, filament, hook

Chapter Review: What are the 3 parts of a bacterium's flagellum?

a virus that infects bacteria; transduction

Chapter Review: What is a bacteriophage? What kind of bacterial genetic transfer involves a bacteriophage?

Lytic cycle=rapid destruction of a host cell resulting in more virus particles. Lysogenic cycle=waits in the host cell until the conditions are right to activate. The virus infects the cell but does not destroy it.

Chapter Review: What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

HIV

Chapter Review: What is the most well known retrovirus?

interferon

Chapter Review: What protein produced by cells can be used in antiviral drugs?

bacillus

Chapter Review: What shape are the bacteria in the image to the attached?

genetic material, lipid bilayer, and proteins

Chapter Review: What structures do bacteria and viruses have in common?

from the cell membrane of the cell that it infects

Chapter Review: Where does a virus get the envelope that surrounds it?

nucleic acid

Organic molecules that carry genetic information in the form of either DNA or RNA.

prion

Short for the term "proteinaceous infectious particle." These are infectious agents made entirely of protein.

microbiome

The collective genomes of the microorganisms (microbiota) that live in an environmental niche.

nucleoid

The non-membrane-bound region in prokaryotic cells that contains most of the genetic material.

transformation

The process of a bacterium taking in free-floating DNA from its environment, after which the bacterium can express traits coded for by the new DNA.

lytic acid

The rapid infection and destruction of a host cell by a virus, resulting in the release of more virus particles.

transduction

The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage.

conjugation

The transfer of plasmid material from one bacterium to another through a conjugation tube.