Biology Ch 12 Test
capsule, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, flagellum, nucleoid, plasmid, ribosome
***Study Guide (from 12A): Label a bacterium.
nucleic acid, envelope, and capsid
***Study Guide (from 12B): Label a virus.
thermophile, methanogen, halophile, acidophile
***Study Guide: 4 Types of Archaea
virus infects a cell but does not destroy it, allowing the cell to naturally divide and copy the virus' genetic material
***Study Guide: Explain lysogenic cycle of a virus.
rapid infection and destruction of a host cell, resulting in more virus particles
***Study Guide: Explain lytic cycle of a virus.
agriculture, medical research and treatment (gene therapy), bacteriophages as a new kind of antibiotic
***Study Guide: How are viruses used by scientists to help?
asexually; binary fission
***Study Guide: How do bacteria usually reproduce?
coccus, spirillum, bacillus
***Study Guide: Identify the 3 bacterial shapes.
microscopic organisms, prokaryotes that act as decomposers, share some eukaryotic characteristics
***Study Guide: Know the characteristics of Domain Archaea.
transformation-bacteria takes in a free-floating piece of bacterial DNA; transduction-transfer genetic info from one bacterium to another through a bacteriophage; conjugation-plasmid replicates and is transferred from one bacterium to another
***Study Guide: What are 3 ways bacteria exchange genetic information?
viroid is an infectious particle in a virus made of a short, circular strand of DNA. it has no capsid or envelope. It usually infects plants. prions are infectious particles in a virus made of abnormal proteins and no genetic information. they usually infect the brains of animals and people.
***Study Guide: What are the differences between viroids and prions?
Gram-positive organisms have greater amounts of peptidoglycan and will absorb so much dye that they turn purple. Gram-negative organisms have less peptidoglycan and will absorb only a little dye and turn pink. (Antibiotics stop peptidoglycan formation in gram-positive organisms which allow the immune system to clear up an infection)
***Study Guide: What do Gram staining results determine?
using a violet dye to classify bacteria into two groups on the basis of the peptidoglycan in their cell walls
***Study Guide: What is Gram staining?
?? antibiotics, probiotics, vaccinations, antiviral treatments
***Study Guide: What types of treatments are available for bacterial infections and viral infections?
acidic environments
***Study Guide: Where does acidophile live?
salty environments
***Study Guide: Where does halophile live?
anaerobic environments
***Study Guide: Where does methanogen live?
hot environments
***Study Guide: Where does thermophile live?
Staphylococcus aureus
12A: Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles in skin. One type occurs when your skin is irritated by shaving. Which species of bacterium is responsible for this condition? (Use Table 12-1 Attached)
Archaea survive in extreme environments and act like decomposers. Bacteria cannot survive extreme environments. Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan which protect them and trigger other organisms' immune system. Archaea cell walls contain other proteins and rubbery isoprene. Transcription and translation are different in archaea and bacteria.
12A: How are archaea and bacteria different?
they are prokaryotes
12A: How are archaea and bacteria similar?
after undergoing a genetic change through transduction, conjugation, or transformation
12A: How could a harmless bacterium suddenly become capable of producing a dangerous toxin?
Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes
12A: Thoroughly cooking meat and washing fruits and vegetables can prevent food poisoning from which two pathogens? (Use Table 12-1 Attached)
a bunch of circles grouped together
12A: What does Staphylococcus bacteria look like? Remember that staphylo- prefix means "cluster."
Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi
12A: Which two pathogenic bacteria are generally transmitted by a vector? (Use Table 12-1 Attached)
binary fission
12A: Which type of bacterial genetic replication involves asexual reproduction and is most common in bacteria?
thermophiles and acidophiles
12A: Which types of archaea thrives in hot environments?
Adam and Eve's sin brought God's curse on the earth
12A: Why are there bad bacteria in the world?
A virus enters a cell to produce more viruses. The lytic cycle results in more virus when the virus lyse, which causes rapid infection and destruction of the host cell.
12B: Describe how a virus can duplicate its genetic information and spread.
Lysogenic cycle = no symptoms. Lytic cycle = symptoms.
12B: Hepatitis C is a viral infection of the liver that can lie dormant for years before a person ever shows symptoms. While the person has no symptoms, what cycle is the virus in? Once the person begins to show symptoms, what cycle has the virus entered?
an emerging infectious disease
12B: In West Africa on a missions trip, you notice physicians are treating people with a mysterious illness no one has seen, even if it's similar to a known older disease. What kind of disease might this be?
agriculture, medical research, treatment and creation of antibiotics
12B: List 3 ways a virus can be useful.
prions
12B: Particles similar to viruses but made of proteins are called __________.
Living-spreading of viruses and carrying genetic information including DNA/RNA Nonliving-viruses are not made of cells, do not reproduce, infect a host to continue activity
12B: What characteristics of viruses make them seem like living things? What makes them seem nonliving?
to find a cure and/or prevent it from spreading faster
12B: Why is it important to study dangerous bacteria and viruses?
archaea
A domain containing certain kinds of prokaryotic organisms, many of which are extremophiles
envelope
A lipid bilayer that surrounds the capsid in some viruses.
capsule
A protective coating found outside the cell walls of many bacteria.
capsid
A protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus.
peptidoglycan
A protein found in the cell walls of bacteria but not in archaea.
virus
A small infectious agent that can replicate only by using the metabolism and machinery of a living cell.
binary fission
A type of asexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes in which an organism divides to produce two identical organisms.
lysogenic acid
A type of viral reproduction in which the virus's genetic material is reproduced by the host cell during normal cell division, resulting in daughter cells that contain the viral material.
retrovirus
A virus that can force a host cell to transcribe the viral RNA into the host's DNA.
bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria.
flagellum
A whip-like cellular organelle similar in structure to a cilium but longer and used primarily for movement in many bacteria.
pathogen
An agent that causes a disease.
viroid
An infectious agent of plants that consists of a short, circular strand of RNA with no capsid or envelope.
bacterium
An organism in either of the domains Archaea or Bacteria.
halophile
An organism in kingdom Archaea that thrives in extremely salty environments, such as Utah's Great Salt Lake.
thermophile
An organism in kingdom Archaea that thrives in hot environments, such as around hydrothermal vents.
methanogen
An organism in the kingdom Archaea that lives in anaerobic environments and produces methane during metabolism.
acidophile
An organism in the kingdom Archaea that thrives in very acidic environments, such as acidic hot springs.
viruses
Chapter Review: A neighbor is spraying something on his apple trees to keep away moths. He says it's not chemical pesticides. What might it be?
acidophile, archaea, bacillus, bacteria, coccus, halophile, methanogen, prokaryote, spirillum, thermophile
Chapter Review: Add terms in answer to hierarchy chart.
We need to learn about these deadly microbes in order to be able to protect people. This allows us to obey the Creation Mandate and care for the earth.
Chapter Review: How are deadly microbes and our earthly stewardship related?
asexually
Chapter Review: How do bacteria typically reproduce?
by disrupting the cell's machinery
Chapter Review: How do viruses translate their genetic information into proteins?
vaccines use an inactivated virus to trigger the body to build an immunity to a particular virus
Chapter Review: How does a vaccine work?
antibiotics kill or slow bacterial growth then the person's immune system clears up the infection
Chapter Review: How does an antibiotic clear up a bacterial infection?
viruses can become a part of treatment for bacteria
Chapter Review: How might viruses be helpful in the fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria?
obtain energy from dead and decaying matter, defend plants against certain fungal infections, cycle material such as nitrogen and carbon through the environment
Chapter Review: List 3 things that bacteria do for the environment.
removes toxins, prevents diseases, synthesizes Vitamin B12 and K
Chapter Review: List 3 things that the bacteria of your microbiota do for you.
HIV
Chapter Review: Name a virus that goes through both the lytic and lysogenic cycles.
True
Chapter Review: True/False A cell that has lysed has been opened and destroyed.
True
Chapter Review: True/False Archaea can live inside people.
False
Chapter Review: True/False Bacteria are either good or bad but not both.
True
Chapter Review: True/False Bacteriophages are being researched as a new kind of antibiotic.
False
Chapter Review: True/False During conjugation both bacteria involved receive new genetic information.
True
Chapter Review: True/False Good bacteria are part of your microbiome.
True
Chapter Review: True/False Scientists agree that a virus is a carrier of genetic information.
False
Chapter Review: True/False The cell walls of archaea contain peptidoglycan.
True
Chapter Review: True/False Transformation can add a capsule to bacterium.
False
Chapter Review: True/False Viroids contain no genetic information.
True
Chapter Review: True/False When a cell has been infected by a virus, but has never lysed, the virus is in the lysogenic cycle.
True
Chapter Review: True/False Your microbiota contains bacteria and bacteriophages.
purple; pink
Chapter Review: Using a Gram stain, a bacterium with a large amount of peptidoglycan will turn a(n) __________ color, and one with a little peptidoglycan will turn a(n) _________ color.
nucleoid and plasmid
Chapter Review: What are the 2 forms that DNA takes in a bacterial cell?
protein motor, filament, hook
Chapter Review: What are the 3 parts of a bacterium's flagellum?
a virus that infects bacteria; transduction
Chapter Review: What is a bacteriophage? What kind of bacterial genetic transfer involves a bacteriophage?
Lytic cycle=rapid destruction of a host cell resulting in more virus particles. Lysogenic cycle=waits in the host cell until the conditions are right to activate. The virus infects the cell but does not destroy it.
Chapter Review: What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles?
HIV
Chapter Review: What is the most well known retrovirus?
interferon
Chapter Review: What protein produced by cells can be used in antiviral drugs?
bacillus
Chapter Review: What shape are the bacteria in the image to the attached?
genetic material, lipid bilayer, and proteins
Chapter Review: What structures do bacteria and viruses have in common?
from the cell membrane of the cell that it infects
Chapter Review: Where does a virus get the envelope that surrounds it?
nucleic acid
Organic molecules that carry genetic information in the form of either DNA or RNA.
prion
Short for the term "proteinaceous infectious particle." These are infectious agents made entirely of protein.
microbiome
The collective genomes of the microorganisms (microbiota) that live in an environmental niche.
nucleoid
The non-membrane-bound region in prokaryotic cells that contains most of the genetic material.
transformation
The process of a bacterium taking in free-floating DNA from its environment, after which the bacterium can express traits coded for by the new DNA.
lytic acid
The rapid infection and destruction of a host cell by a virus, resulting in the release of more virus particles.
transduction
The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage.
conjugation
The transfer of plasmid material from one bacterium to another through a conjugation tube.
