Biology Chapter 1 & 3

When energy is used to move molecules across the plasma membrane, _______ has occurred

Active transport

What are the nucleotide building blocks for DNA?

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C)

Which of the following are nucleotide building blocks for DNA?

Adenine, thymine,guanine, and cytosine

Which of the following cell structures are typically found in plant cells but not found in animal cells?

Cell wall and chloroplasts and large central vacuole

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?

Cells > tissues > organs > individual

The ________ is extremely important because it is where the cell uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water to produce simple sugars that are used to build complex carbohydrates. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct. This process is known as photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

Which of the following cell structures can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes

The genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living is ________.

DNA

I scored an 80 percent or higher on my test every time I take a nap before the test. This observation ______ a cause and effect relationship between napping and scoring well on a test.

Does not support

A ________ cell contains a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

Eukaryotic

Which of the following statements expresses part of the cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells.

Molecules sometimes move across a plasma membrane by passing through channel proteins or with the help of carrier proteins. If no energy is used by the cell during this process, the process is called

Facilitated diffusion

A scientific hypothesis must be potentially ________. It must make predictions that can be clearly determined to be correct or incorrect.

Falsifiable

The ________ is responsible for chemically tagging and packaging proteins and sometimes lipids for transport not only to specific locations within the cell but at times for transport to the exterior of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

Living organisms respond to both internal and external stimuli to maintain constant conditions inside of the organism. This state of steady conditions is known as

Homeostasis

You often experience numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on your right hand. You go to the doctor who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses are moving up and down your arm. The doctor's preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a(n)

Hypothesis

New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment and variations in the dosage given to participants represents the

Independent variable

Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for water and solute storage but sometimes also stores cellular waste products?

Large central vacuole

Which of these structures is primarily responsible for the enzymatic breakdown of large molecules in the cell?

Lysosome

Which of these structures is the location of cellular respiration, which produces ATP for the cell?

Mitochondria

Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by "doing something scientific." Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?

No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation

Which cellular structure is responsible for the localized storage of chromosomal DNA?

Nucleus

Scientists are human beings and are, like all human beings, susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is

Peer-reviewed publications.

________ is a pumped-up version of endocytosis where large macromolecules, or even entire microscopic organisms, are engulfed and "eaten" by another cell

Phagocytosis

________ is a pumped-up version of endocytosis where large macromolecules, or even entire microscopic organisms, are engulfed and "eaten" by another cell.

Phagocytosis

The ________ is a phospholipid bilayer that separates the internal components of a living cell from the cell's external environment

Plasma membrane `

Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful?

Scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge

A(n) ________ allows some substances to move freely into and out of a cell by simple diffusion while it will always exclude some substances from crossing. However, some substances that cannot cross by simple diffusion can pass through with the help of either active or passive transport proteins

Selectively permeable membrane

Which of the following would be a theory?

Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.

When analyzing patterns in observational or experimental data, scientists use a special branch of mathematics to help them quantify the reliability of the data and determine how well any patterns support the hypothesis. This special branch of mathematics is known as

Statistics

Dr. Blehert took 117 healthy bats into his laboratory. He exposed 83 of them to the fungus suspected of causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) while the rest of the bats were not exposed to the fungus but otherwise kept under the same environmental conditions. All of the bats were monitored for symptoms of WNS. What was the dependent variable in Dr. Blehert's experiment?

The dependent variable in this experiment was development of WNS symptoms in the healthy bats

A newly discovered microscopic structure is hypothesized to be a living organism. Which of the following combinations of characteristics would best support this hypothesis?

The microscopic structures are single celled, contain replicating DNA, maintain a constant internal environment while responding to the external environment, and are reproducing by fission

The roots of a sunflower plant growing downwards while the shoot grows upwards and the flower turns towards the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms?

They sense the environment and respond to it

Which of the following structures is considered an organelle?

Vacuole

Small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell are called

Viruses

Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?

Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals?

A hypothesis can be supported, but no amount of testing can prove a hypothesis is correct with absolute certainty. Is this statement accurate?

Yes, because there may be other, unmeasured or unobserved reasons that influence the predictions made by the hypothesis.

You are coughing and producing a wheezing sound as you breathe; you also have a fever. You go to the doctor who listens to your chest, takes X-rays of your chest, and determines that you probably have something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?

You are coughing, wheezing, and have a fever

Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?

reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups