Biology Chapter 8.3 Study Guide

Biotechnology methods are used in which of the following? (1) medicine, (2) agriculture, (3) law enforcement.

1, 2, and 3

Genetic engineering

Changing an organism by transforming with recombinant DNA

Plasmid DNA is circular DNA that is not part of a ____________.

Chromosome

Plasmid

Circular DNA that is not part of a chromosome

Gene ____________ is the process of isolating and making copies of a gene.

Cloning

The first step of the PCR process is ____________.

Denaturing

The steps of PCR are, in order,

Denaturing, annealing, and extension.

Changing an organism by transforming with recombinant DNA is known as genetic ____________.

Engineering

DNA ligase

Enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA

The use of biotechnology has raised a number of ____________, legal, and social issues.

Ethical

Denaturing DNA occurs at room temperature.

False

Gene cloning involves three steps: isolation, transformation, and selection.

False

Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a chromosome.

False

The three steps of PCR are denaturing, annealing, and elongation.

False

Two common biotechnology techniques are gene cloning and genetic engineering.

False

When genes are cloned, DNA polymerase is used to join two pieces of DNA together.

False

Insulin

First human protein to be produced by genetic engineering

What is gene cloning?

Gene cloning is the process of isolating and making copies of a gene.

Transgenic crops are genetically modified with new ____________ that code for traits useful to humans.

Genes

Transgenic crop

Genetically modified plants

DNA ____________ can join together an isolated gene and plasmid DNA.

Ligase

The steps of gene cloning are, in order,

Ligation, transformation, isolation, and selection.

Describe PCR. Discuss the necessary steps and potential applications in detail.

PCR involves three steps: denaturing, annealing, and extension. The three steps are repeated many times in a cycle to make large quantities of the gene. 1. Denaturing involves heating DNA to break the bonds holding together the two DNA strands. This yields two single strands of DNA. 2. Annealing involves cooling the single strands of DNA and mixing them with short DNA segments called primers. Primers have base sequences that are complementary to segments of the single DNA strands. As a result, bonds form between the DNA strands and primers. 3. Extension occurs when an enzyme (Taq polymerase or Taq DNA polymerase) adds nucleotides to the primers. This produces new DNA molecules, each incorporating one of the original DNA strands.

What is PCR? Why is PCR done?

PCR is the polymerase chain reaction. It is used to make many copies of a gene or other DNA segment. This might be done in order to make large quantities of a gene for genetic testing.

The ____________ makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment.

Polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction

Process that makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment

Biotechnology can be used to transform bacteria so they are able to make human ____________.

Proteins

PCR allows scientists to

Rapidly make many copies of a gene or other DNA segment.

____________ DNA is made by combining DNA from two different sources.

Recombinant

What is recombinant DNA?

Recombinant DNA results from the ligation of DNA from an isolated gene and plasmid DNA.

Why is it important to select for transformed bacteria?

Selection involves growing transformed bacteria to make sure they have the recombinant DNA. This step is necessary because some bacteria will not be transformed with the recombinant DNA. Only bacteria that contain the recombinant DNA are selected for further use.

Biotechnology is the use of ____________ to change the genetic makeup of living things for human purposes.

Technology

What are the four steps of gene cloning?

The four steps of gene cloning are isolation, ligation, transformation, and selection.

Gene cloning

The process of isolating and making copies of a gene

Transformation

The process of placing recombinant DNA into a living cell

Ethical, legal, and social issues associated with biotechnology would include questions about

The safety of genetically modified crops, the use of biotechnology in modifying a baby's genotype, the ownership of genetically modified organisms.

What are the three steps of PCR?

The three steps of PCR are denaturing, annealing, and extension. These steps are repeated many times in a cycle to make large quantities of the gene.

Gene cloning involves four steps: isolation, ligation, ____________, and selection.

Transformation

Biotechnology has raised ethical questions.

True

Insulin was the first human protein to be produced by gene cloning.

True

Medicine and agriculture are two major fields that use biotechnology.

True

Recombinant DNA is made from joining DNA from different sources.

True

The enzyme Taq Polymerase can work at high temperatures.

True

The polymerase chain reaction makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment.

True

The purpose of biotechnology is to create organisms that are useful to humans.

True

Transgenic crops have been created that make some food taste better.

True

Transgenic crops have been created that

Yield more food, resist insect pests, survive drought.

The first human protein produced using biotechnology was

insulin.

Recombinant DNA

made by joining DNA from two different sources

Recombinant DNA...

results from the ligation of an isolated gene and plasmid DNA, is inserted into a living cell in the transformation process, is screened for in the selection process.

Biotechnology

the use of technology to change the genetic makeup of living things for human purposes