Biology - Chapter 9 - Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is a key component in the process of photosynthesis, which sustains plant life and produces oxygen for the entire planet.
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The reactions of photosynthesis are made possible by enzymes that function best between ______C and _______C. Temperatures above or below this range may affect those enzymes, _____________ down the rate of photosynthesis.
0 and 35 C; slowing
Light Dependent Reactions = NEED SUNLIGHT = Thylakoids = Produces ___________ and ______________
ATP + NADPH (Converted ADP and NADP) Provides the ENERGY needed to create glucose molecules
Chlorophyll's job in a plant is to ___________ __________. The ____________ absorbed from light is transferred to two kinds of energy-storing molecules. Through photosynthesis, the plant uses the stored energy to convert ___________ _____________ (absorbed from the air) and _____________ into glucose, a type of sugar.
Absorb light (usually sunlight); energy Carbon dioxide; water
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Diphosphate (two phosphates)
ATP stands for:
Adenosine Triphosphate (3 phosphates)
What is the visible spectrum?
All of the light we see
What is ATP?
An unstable high energy bond
_______________ automatically produces their own energy/food; typically are plants
Autotrophs
Cytoplasm is located outside of the ______________ layer (plasma lipid)
Bi-lipid
Glucose chemical formula:
C 6 H 12 O 6
What are the photosynthesis reactants?
CO2 + H2O + Light/Solar energy (Sun)
Chemical formula for Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H2O --> O2 + C6 H12 O6
Light INDEPENDENT reactions - plants absorb ___________ from the atmosphere and complete photosynthesis by producing _______________ -containing sugars. The ATP and _______________ molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to build high-energy sugars from CO2.
CO2; carbon; NADPH
NADPH enters the ______________ cycle; Occurs in the _____________. Requires ATP + ______________ + CO2
Calvin; stroma NADPH
High-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are highly reactive and require a special "______________." It is essentially a _______________ that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and ______________ them to another molecule.
Carrier; compound; transfer
Principal pigment of green plants is known as ________________. It does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum, but instead reflects it resulting in the green color of leaves.
Chlorophyll
Photosystem is a cluster of ______________ and proteins found in the _________________.
Chlorophyll; Thylakoids
The organelle of the plant is the ________________; where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplast
What is the photosynthetic organelle?
Chloroplast
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast (chlorophyll)
NADP is an ________________ carrier. Transports __________ to another molecule. It accepts and holds ______________ ions (NADP to NADPH)
Electron; H+ (electrons)
Chlorophyll absorbs light very efficiently transferring light energy to its own _________________. These high-energy _____________ are then available to do chemical work, such as the building of sugar molecules from low-energy compounds like CO2 and H2O.
Electrons; electrons
NADP+ is a carrier of high energy _______________ from chlorophyll to other ______________ in photosynthesis.
Electrons; molecules
Chemical energy - _________________ reaction is not spontaneous and requires energy
Endergonic
What type of reaction is Photosynthesis?
Endergonic chemical reaction (requires energy)
The two reactions work together to capture the _____________ of sunlight and transform it into energy-rich compounds such as __________________.
Energy; carbohydrates
Chemical energy - _______________ reaction is spontaneous and releases energy
Exergonic ATP (energy) is added
Plants use ______________ together with nutrients taken from the soil to make new leaves and other plant parts.
Glucose
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
Granum
________________ consumes their own energy
Heterotrophs
In light dependent reactions, ____________ (low-energy electron) is taken from the H2O molecule + sunlight ----> transferred to the electron carrier, which is ____________ and converted into _______________ and is used in other chemical reactions. Left over Oxygen atoms are released to the atmosphere as the O2 we all breathe.
Hydrogen; NADP+; NADPH
Light ___________________ reactions that DO NOT require light. Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as ______________ - also called the ______________ Cycle.
INdependent; sugar; Calvin
The intensity of light ______________ the rate of photosynthesis. After it reaches a certain level, the plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis.
Increases
The ___________ is the photosynthetic organ of the plant
Leaf
The light-dependent reactions convert ______________ energy into chemical energy. The goal is to collect energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP
Light
Light dependent reactions requires energy from _______________ to produce __________, _______, and _________________. It converts ADP + NADP into ____________ and _______________.
Light ADP, O2, and NADP ATP; NADPH
1. Energy is absorbed from the sun 2. Water is broken down 3. Hydrogen ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane
Light-dependent reactions
NADPH carries the high-energy electrons that were produced by ____________ absorption in _________________ to chemical reactions elsewhere in the chloroplast. Those electrons are then used to help build ______________, like glucose from nothing more than CO2 and H2O.
Light; chlorophyll Sugars
Plant cells use compounds called electron carriers to accept and transfer pairs of high-energy electrons from the chlorophyll to other molecules.
NADP
Carrier molecules is a compound known as _____________. Its job is to accept and hold 2 high-energy electrons, along with a ______________ ion. Then converts the ______________ into NADPH.
NADP+; Hydrogen; NADP+
The conversion of NADP+ to ___________ is one way in which some of the ______________ of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form.
NADPH; energy
The process of photosynthesis produces ________________, which is released by the plant into the air.
Oxygen (O2)
_____________ and ____________ vapor exit the leaf through the stomata. Water loss from leaves is called ____________________.
Oxygen; water Transpiration
The light dependent reactions take place in thylakoid membranes (where chlorophyll is) and use energy from sunlight to add a THIRD ________________ to ADP to make ____________.
Phosphate; ATP (Adenine TRIphosphate)
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight = O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose)
Photosynthesis
A _______________ is a molecule that has a particular color and can absorb light at different wavelengths, depending on the color
Pigment
Chlorophyll is a green ___________________; It is unique in its ability to enable plants to absorb the energy they need to build tissues. Located in a plant's ___________________.
Pigment; chloroplasts
Light Independent Reactions = Do NOT need light = Stroma = Calvin Cycle (Named after Scientist Melvin Calvin)
Produces carbon-containing sugars used to build high-energy sugars from CO2
Water is a ________ material of photosynthesis. A shortage of water can ___________ or even __________ photosynthesis. Water loss can also damage plant ______________.
Raw; slow; stop Tissues
Light dependent reactions directly involve SUNLIGHT; explain why plants need light to grow
Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
Water is absorbed through the ____________ and carried through the stem to the rest of the plant. A plant's roots replace __________ lost during transpiration.
Roots; water
The process of converting ____________ energy into usable/chemical energy (ATP) is called _____________________
Solar/Light; Photosynthesis
Sunlight = ____________/___________ energy
Solar/light
Excess sugar is stored as _______________ (food) in the roots
Starch
What is the jelly-like fluid found within the chloroplast?
Stroma
Water, CO2, and sunlight combine in the leaf to make ______________
Sugar (glucose)
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert H2O and CO2 into high-energy ______________ and ________.
Sugars and Oxygen Sunlight + H2O + CO2 ----> O2 + C6H12O6
Chlorophyll absorbs green wave lengths from the _________, making plants look ________________
Sun; green
Light energy and carbon dioxide come from the __________. CO2 enters from the ______________, an opening in the leaf's epidermis and cuticle.
Sun; stomata
________________ is a mixture of different wavelengths of light
Sunlight
Chloroplasts are surrounded by ___________ envelope membranes, and are filled with saclike chlorophyll-containing membranes called __________________.
TWO; thylakoids
Factors affecting photosynthesis:
Temperature Amount of: Sunlight, water and CO2
Light-dependent reactions take place at the _________________ membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sunlight ---> Converts it into chemical energy with the use of water. Oxygen is then released as a byproduct as water is broken apart.
Thylakoid
Light dependent reactions (light reaction) occurs inside the __________________. Light independent reactions - _________________ cycle
Thylakoid Calvin (Stroma)
Single coin filled with chlorophyll
Thylakoids
Light DEPENDENT Reactions take place in the ________________. Light INDEPENDENT (does NOT need light) takes place in the _____________.
Thylakoids (Chlorophyll is located - NEEDS SUN) Stroma (NO LIGHT IS NEEDED)
Light (sun) dependent reactions occur in the ___________________ of chloroplasts
Thylakoids (where the chlorophyll is)
The breaking of the _______________ bond gives living things ________________
Triphosphate; energy
True or False: Calvin Cycle removes CO2 from the atmosphere and turns out energy-rich sugars
True
True or False: Plants that use photosynthesis to make their own food are called autotrophs.
True
True or False: Chlorophyll gives plants their green color because it does not absorb the green wavelengths of white light.
True; That particular wavelength is reflected from the plant, so it appears green.
The reason ATP breaks is because it is ________________
Unstable
Light travels in ___________________
Wavelengths (lambda)
When combined, we get ______________ light (ROYGBIV)
White