Biology - Chapter 9 - Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll is a key component in the process of photosynthesis, which sustains plant life and produces oxygen for the entire planet.

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The reactions of photosynthesis are made possible by enzymes that function best between ______C and _______C. Temperatures above or below this range may affect those enzymes, _____________ down the rate of photosynthesis.

0 and 35 C; slowing

Light Dependent Reactions = NEED SUNLIGHT = Thylakoids = Produces ___________ and ______________

ATP + NADPH (Converted ADP and NADP) Provides the ENERGY needed to create glucose molecules

Chlorophyll's job in a plant is to ___________ __________. The ____________ absorbed from light is transferred to two kinds of energy-storing molecules. Through photosynthesis, the plant uses the stored energy to convert ___________ _____________ (absorbed from the air) and _____________ into glucose, a type of sugar.

Absorb light (usually sunlight); energy Carbon dioxide; water

What does ADP stand for?

Adenosine Diphosphate (two phosphates)

ATP stands for:

Adenosine Triphosphate (3 phosphates)

What is the visible spectrum?

All of the light we see

What is ATP?

An unstable high energy bond

_______________ automatically produces their own energy/food; typically are plants

Autotrophs

Cytoplasm is located outside of the ______________ layer (plasma lipid)

Bi-lipid

Glucose chemical formula:

C 6 H 12 O 6

What are the photosynthesis reactants?

CO2 + H2O + Light/Solar energy (Sun)

Chemical formula for Photosynthesis:

CO2 + H2O --> O2 + C6 H12 O6

Light INDEPENDENT reactions - plants absorb ___________ from the atmosphere and complete photosynthesis by producing _______________ -containing sugars. The ATP and _______________ molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to build high-energy sugars from CO2.

CO2; carbon; NADPH

NADPH enters the ______________ cycle; Occurs in the _____________. Requires ATP + ______________ + CO2

Calvin; stroma NADPH

High-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are highly reactive and require a special "______________." It is essentially a _______________ that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and ______________ them to another molecule.

Carrier; compound; transfer

Principal pigment of green plants is known as ________________. It does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum, but instead reflects it resulting in the green color of leaves.

Chlorophyll

Photosystem is a cluster of ______________ and proteins found in the _________________.

Chlorophyll; Thylakoids

The organelle of the plant is the ________________; where photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplast

What is the photosynthetic organelle?

Chloroplast

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast (chlorophyll)

NADP is an ________________ carrier. Transports __________ to another molecule. It accepts and holds ______________ ions (NADP to NADPH)

Electron; H+ (electrons)

Chlorophyll absorbs light very efficiently transferring light energy to its own _________________. These high-energy _____________ are then available to do chemical work, such as the building of sugar molecules from low-energy compounds like CO2 and H2O.

Electrons; electrons

NADP+ is a carrier of high energy _______________ from chlorophyll to other ______________ in photosynthesis.

Electrons; molecules

Chemical energy - _________________ reaction is not spontaneous and requires energy

Endergonic

What type of reaction is Photosynthesis?

Endergonic chemical reaction (requires energy)

The two reactions work together to capture the _____________ of sunlight and transform it into energy-rich compounds such as __________________.

Energy; carbohydrates

Chemical energy - _______________ reaction is spontaneous and releases energy

Exergonic ATP (energy) is added

Plants use ______________ together with nutrients taken from the soil to make new leaves and other plant parts.

Glucose

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

Granum

________________ consumes their own energy

Heterotrophs

In light dependent reactions, ____________ (low-energy electron) is taken from the H2O molecule + sunlight ----> transferred to the electron carrier, which is ____________ and converted into _______________ and is used in other chemical reactions. Left over Oxygen atoms are released to the atmosphere as the O2 we all breathe.

Hydrogen; NADP+; NADPH

Light ___________________ reactions that DO NOT require light. Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as ______________ - also called the ______________ Cycle.

INdependent; sugar; Calvin

The intensity of light ______________ the rate of photosynthesis. After it reaches a certain level, the plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis.

Increases

The ___________ is the photosynthetic organ of the plant

Leaf

The light-dependent reactions convert ______________ energy into chemical energy. The goal is to collect energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP

Light

Light dependent reactions requires energy from _______________ to produce __________, _______, and _________________. It converts ADP + NADP into ____________ and _______________.

Light ADP, O2, and NADP ATP; NADPH

1. Energy is absorbed from the sun 2. Water is broken down 3. Hydrogen ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane

Light-dependent reactions

NADPH carries the high-energy electrons that were produced by ____________ absorption in _________________ to chemical reactions elsewhere in the chloroplast. Those electrons are then used to help build ______________, like glucose from nothing more than CO2 and H2O.

Light; chlorophyll Sugars

Plant cells use compounds called electron carriers to accept and transfer pairs of high-energy electrons from the chlorophyll to other molecules.

NADP

Carrier molecules is a compound known as _____________. Its job is to accept and hold 2 high-energy electrons, along with a ______________ ion. Then converts the ______________ into NADPH.

NADP+; Hydrogen; NADP+

The conversion of NADP+ to ___________ is one way in which some of the ______________ of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form.

NADPH; energy

The process of photosynthesis produces ________________, which is released by the plant into the air.

Oxygen (O2)

_____________ and ____________ vapor exit the leaf through the stomata. Water loss from leaves is called ____________________.

Oxygen; water Transpiration

The light dependent reactions take place in thylakoid membranes (where chlorophyll is) and use energy from sunlight to add a THIRD ________________ to ADP to make ____________.

Phosphate; ATP (Adenine TRIphosphate)

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight = O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose)

Photosynthesis

A _______________ is a molecule that has a particular color and can absorb light at different wavelengths, depending on the color

Pigment

Chlorophyll is a green ___________________; It is unique in its ability to enable plants to absorb the energy they need to build tissues. Located in a plant's ___________________.

Pigment; chloroplasts

Light Independent Reactions = Do NOT need light = Stroma = Calvin Cycle (Named after Scientist Melvin Calvin)

Produces carbon-containing sugars used to build high-energy sugars from CO2

Water is a ________ material of photosynthesis. A shortage of water can ___________ or even __________ photosynthesis. Water loss can also damage plant ______________.

Raw; slow; stop Tissues

Light dependent reactions directly involve SUNLIGHT; explain why plants need light to grow

Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Water is absorbed through the ____________ and carried through the stem to the rest of the plant. A plant's roots replace __________ lost during transpiration.

Roots; water

The process of converting ____________ energy into usable/chemical energy (ATP) is called _____________________

Solar/Light; Photosynthesis

Sunlight = ____________/___________ energy

Solar/light

Excess sugar is stored as _______________ (food) in the roots

Starch

What is the jelly-like fluid found within the chloroplast?

Stroma

Water, CO2, and sunlight combine in the leaf to make ______________

Sugar (glucose)

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert H2O and CO2 into high-energy ______________ and ________.

Sugars and Oxygen Sunlight + H2O + CO2 ----> O2 + C6H12O6

Chlorophyll absorbs green wave lengths from the _________, making plants look ________________

Sun; green

Light energy and carbon dioxide come from the __________. CO2 enters from the ______________, an opening in the leaf's epidermis and cuticle.

Sun; stomata

________________ is a mixture of different wavelengths of light

Sunlight

Chloroplasts are surrounded by ___________ envelope membranes, and are filled with saclike chlorophyll-containing membranes called __________________.

TWO; thylakoids

Factors affecting photosynthesis:

Temperature Amount of: Sunlight, water and CO2

Light-dependent reactions take place at the _________________ membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sunlight ---> Converts it into chemical energy with the use of water. Oxygen is then released as a byproduct as water is broken apart.

Thylakoid

Light dependent reactions (light reaction) occurs inside the __________________. Light independent reactions - _________________ cycle

Thylakoid Calvin (Stroma)

Single coin filled with chlorophyll

Thylakoids

Light DEPENDENT Reactions take place in the ________________. Light INDEPENDENT (does NOT need light) takes place in the _____________.

Thylakoids (Chlorophyll is located - NEEDS SUN) Stroma (NO LIGHT IS NEEDED)

Light (sun) dependent reactions occur in the ___________________ of chloroplasts

Thylakoids (where the chlorophyll is)

The breaking of the _______________ bond gives living things ________________

Triphosphate; energy

True or False: Calvin Cycle removes CO2 from the atmosphere and turns out energy-rich sugars

True

True or False: Plants that use photosynthesis to make their own food are called autotrophs.

True

True or False: Chlorophyll gives plants their green color because it does not absorb the green wavelengths of white light.

True; That particular wavelength is reflected from the plant, so it appears green.

The reason ATP breaks is because it is ________________

Unstable

Light travels in ___________________

Wavelengths (lambda)

When combined, we get ______________ light (ROYGBIV)

White