Biology Exam 1.2 (Atoms and Biological Molecules)

Everything in this biosphere is made up of atoms of different elements. Are there any lethal elements that you spotted in the supplementary part? What health concerns can occur if we are exposed to them? Can you think of sources of how we can get exposed to them? -Lead -Mercury -Radium

-Lead hijacks the role of calcium inside cells, which increases cell stress. This kills neurons and other brain cells. Lead also stops calcium's aide in communication in the brain. -Mercury affects everything in the body, especially the brain. It travels through the blood to the brain and kidneys, where it causes degeneration of cells *especially* those in the brain. -Radium emits alpha, beta, and gamma radiation; there is no shield inside the body to stop radiation from knocking electrons around and damaging the genes inside our DNA.

Label what kind of bonds you may find in these molecules! -Methane CH4 -Nitrogen gas (N2) -A molecule of Oxygen and Hydrogen (like in water)

-Nonpolar -Nonpolar -Polar, hydrogen

Which of the following is not a component of the bioluminescent reaction in a firefly? -A lucifer -A luciferin -A luciferase -Oxygen

A lucifer.

Which person is exposed to the highest levels of ionizing radiation? -A resident of Fukushima -A smoker -An astronaut

A smoker.

The deep sea shrimp, Acanthephyra purpurea, spews a bioluminescent cloud when it feels threatened. What purpose does this cloud serve? -It frightens potential predators -It attracts the predators of its predators -All of the above -None of the above

All of the above.

In an ionic bond, ________. -Two electrons are shared between two atoms -An electron is shared between two atoms -An electron is transferred from one atom to another -A proton is transferred from one atom to another

An electron is transferred from one atom to another.

A proton deposit customer (an acid) is most similar to ________. -A proton withdrawal customer -An electron withdrawal customer -An electron deposit customer -None of the above

An electron withdrawal customer.

The production and emission of light by a living organism is referred to as: -Phosphorescence -Chemiluminescence -Fluorescence -Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence.

What is the connection between the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and increase in ocean acidification?

CO2 dissolves into the ocean (water + carbon dioxide = carbonic acid, a weak acid that dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions) and leaves the ocean acidic, even as it dissociates, because there's too much CO2 to dissolve.

Do you know any element that has atomic number 6 and a mass number of 12? What use does it have if it were to be a common element that we need?

Carbon is used in our everyday lives for everything; we are carbon-based lifeforms, and we rely on organic molecules (which need carbon to be "organic").

Alpha radiation: -is the fastest-moving nuclear radiation -passes through aluminium sheets -is an electron emitted from the nucleus -causes more ionization than beta

Causes more ionization than beta.

The property of water that refers to its ability to stick to itself is called [ ]. -Capillarity -Adhesion -Cohesion -High specific heat

Cohesion.

Most biological molecules, like DNA or proteins, are held together mostly by ________. -Ionic bonds -Covalent bonds -The weak nuclear force -Magic

Covalent bonds.

Who was the first person to come up with the idea of the "atom?" -Bohr -Dalton -Democritus -Aristotle

Democritus.

J.J. Thomson discovered which atomic particle? -Nucleus -Proton -Neutron -Electron

Electron.

What causes fireworks? -Electrons shifting between energy levels -Electrons being ejected from the atom -Electrons colliding with the nucleus -Electrons being moved from one atom to the next

Electrons shifting between energy levels.

Ionizing radiation has enough energy to rip [ ] off atoms. -Neutrons -Protons -Electrons

Electrons.

What is the name for the fleshy growth on the anglerfish that contains bioluminescent bacteria and serves as a lure to attract prey? -Brood pouch -Esca -Phaskolos pouch -Marsupium

Esca.

Sodium chloride is a lattice structure, in which ________. -Every chloride ion is surrounded by 4 sodium ions -Every chloride ion is surrounded by 6 sodium ions -Every chloride ion is surrounded by 8 sodium ions -Every chloride ion is surrounded by 6 electrons

Every chloride ion is surrounded by 6 sodium ions.

What are the beautiful purple plumes we can see released from the vessel in Pete's experiment? -Aluminium triiodide -Excess iodine vapor -Steam

Excess iodine vapor.

Free radicals and atoms are related. How?

Free radicals are just atoms with unpaired electrons.

Captain Nemo was on a cruise ship and fainted because of dehydration. But you remembered a BIOL 1001 concept about polar bonds, non-polar bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. What can you do to bring Captain Nemo back from this condition?

Give him water, salt, glucose, and other polar fluids, but give him nothing nonpolar because it will further dehydrate him.

The number of other atoms an atom can bond with (covalently) depends on ________. -How its outermost electrons are arranged -How its innermost electrons are arranged -How many protons and neutrons are in its nucleus -Whether the sample is pure or not

How its outermost electrons are arranged.

Which acid is stronger, hydrochloric or acetic? -Hydrochloric -Acetic -They're the same strength -Nobody knows

Hydrochloric.

Are Hydrogen bonds weaker than Polar bonds? Why?

Hydrogen bonds are slightly positive, so they're attracted to neighboring negative charges and break easily.

What type of bonds exists between neighboring water molecules? -Ionic bonds -Hydrogen bonds -Polar covalent bonds -Nonpolar covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds.

If Carbon has 6 protons and Calcium has 20 protons, which atom will have more electron shells? Where will the highly reactive electron of an atom be to create a molecule?

If Calcium has 20 protons, then it also has 20 electrons, so it will have more electron shells than Carbon (only 6 protons, only 6 electrons). The outermost shells will be the most reactive, as the nucleus has less of a grip on the electrons there, and they will be more likely to form molecules.

Which part changes in an atom of an element to behave as an isotope? List some examples where you come across an isotope or radioactivity?

If the number of neutrons change within an element, it becomes an isotope. Carbon-14 is a well-known isotope.

What is an element that we as humans need in our diet for thyroid hormone, but can also be used to kill some bacteria. What is the condition associated during its deficiency in our diet?

Iodine is not made in the body, but the thyroid needs it, so we must get it from food. It is also an antibacterial cleaner. Without iodine, the thyroid works harder (goiter happens when thyroid becomes swollen). If the thyroid works too hard, it is known as hyperthyroidism.

A Geiger counter wouldn't go off near a microwave or a cell phone because it only measures _____ radiation. -Ionizing -Ultraviolet -Infrared

Ionizing.

Who developed the "chocolate chip cookie" model of the atom? -Ernest Rutherford -J.J. Thomson -John Dalton -Niels Bohr -Werner Heisenberg

J.J. Thomson.

Can elements be recycled in nature? Link it to an example found in the supplementary links.

Methane breaks down (10-20 years) into CO2, which is recycled by soil and plants. Cattle, sheep, goats, etc. then eat those plants, and during the digestive process they release methane once more, which restarts the cycle.

What occurred during Rutherford's experiment that lead to his discovery of the nucleus? -The alpha particles all went right through the gold foil -All of the alpha particles bounced off the gold foil -Most of the alpha particles went through the gold foil but a few bounced off at large angles -Half of the alpha particles bounced off the gold foil and half went through it

Most of the alpha particles went through the gold foil but a few bounced off at large angles.

Why are non-polar bonds important? Think of fats, oils, and the oxygen gas we breathe.

Non-polar bonds form the oxygen we breathe, and because no charged develop in fats and oils, they also become hydrophobic.

How can we keep free radicals like Reactive Oxygen Species from scavenging and damaging our DNA/Lipids/proteins?

Our body does it naturally with antioxidants, but we can aid it by eating antioxidant-rich foods (such as blueberries), and taking Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Beta-carotene, Lycopene, Selenium, Favonoids, Omega-3, Omega-6, and fatty acids.

Which of the following statements is true: -Our stomachs are about as acidic as our blood is basic -Our stomachs are about as basic as our blood is acidic -Our stomachs are far more acidic than our blood is basic -Our stomachs are far more basic than our blood is acidic

Our stomachs are far more acidic than our blood is basic.

Polar and hydrogen bonds are important. Which atoms participate in this kind of bonding? Can you find both in water?

Polar and hydrogen bonds happen together (hydrogen bonds *are* polar). Polar bonding includes water, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, and sulfur dioxide. Hydrogen bonding usually includes fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, and (of course) hydrogen. Both can be found in water; polar bonding in the H2O molecules themselves, and hydrogen bonding in the H2O molecules *to* each other.

What element in bananas contains radiation? -Sodium -Lead -Potassium

Potassium.

The railroad worm, Phrixothrix hirtus, can illuminate its body in two colors. What are they? -Yellow and green -Red and blue -Blue and green -Red and green

Red and green.

Ionizing radiation is measured in units called [ ]. -Sieverts -Joules -Grams

Sieverts.

A radioactive nucleus: -spontaneously emits a particle then changes to another element -spontaneously emits a particle but remains the same element -never emits a particle -never changes element

Spontaneously emits a particle then changes to another element.

What is pH?

The "potential of hydrogen." It shows the concentrations of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions within a solution (more hydrogen=acidic and lower on the scale; more hydroxide=basic and higher on the scale). [My chem teacher taught us "Are you a 10 on the pH scale? Cause, damn, you're basic."]

What happens to the amount of hydrogen bonding between water molecules as water is heated up? -The amount of hydrogen bonding decreases as temperature increases. -The amount of hydrogen bonding increases as temperature increases. -The amount of hydrogen bonding remains constant as temperature increases. -There is no relationship between the amount of hydrogen bonding and the temperature.

The amount of hydrogen bonding decreases as temperature increases.

The most serious effect of radiation on humans is: -it causes us to melt -the damage it can cause to our DNA -there are no serious effects of radiation on humans -the damage it can cause to our skin

The damage it can cause to our DNA.

For a molecule to be created, which part of the atom is going to take part in creating the molecule?

The electrons.

Which of the statements below correctly describes the partial charges on the atoms in a water molecule? -All the atoms act as if they have a positive charge. -All the atoms act as if they have a negative charge. -The oxygen atom acts as if it has a positive charge while the hydrogen atoms act as if they have a negative charge. -The oxygen atom acts as if it has a negative charge while the hydrogen atoms act as if they have a positive charge.

The oxygen atom acts as if it has a negative charge while the hydrogen atoms act as if they have a positive charge.

Water has both cohesive and adhesive nature, why? And what is the purpose of this nature to support life?

The positive and negative charge of hydrogen and oxygen make water attracted to itself very easily through hydrogen bonding. This is essential for fluid transport in the body and in plants (think of water travelling up roots).

If you were to mix a strong acid with a weak base, would they completely neutralize each other? -Yes, always -No, because a weak base cannot neutralize a strong acid -No, because only acids can neutralize acids -There's no way to tell from the information given

There's no way to tell from the information given.

Give some examples as to why our body needs to produce some free radicals?

They are a by-product of ATP production, and they are also a by-product of the digestive process in general.

Can the electrons in the inner most shell get excited to a higher energy shell? If so, is it stable in the higher energy shell? If unstable, what example can you link it with?

They can be excited to higher energy levels, but they are not stable there. As they fall back down to lower energy levels, where they are more stable, they release energy in the form of light. This is seen in animals with bioluminescence.

What's the difference between a proton and a positively charged hydrogen ion? -Protons are neutral and hydrogen ions have a positive charge -Hydrogen ions have one electron and protons don't have any -Protons weigh more than hydrogen ions -They're the same thing

They're the same thing.

Which gland in your body needs iodine to function properly? -Pineal gland -Pancreas -Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland.

Gamma radiation: -causes you to turn green when angry -travels at the speed of light -is easily stopped by paper -is a particle

Travels at the speed of light.

Chemistry has taught us to expect stable nuclei. -True -False

True.

In a covalent bond, ________. -Two electrons are shared between two atoms -An electron is shared between two atoms -An electron is transferred from one atom to another -A proton is transferred from one atom to another

Two electrons are shared between two atoms.

Polarity refers to the _______________ in a molecule. -Unequal sharing of protons -Unequal sharing of electrons -Equal sharing of protons -Equal sharing of electrons

Unequal sharing of electrons.

What are the properties of an atom which is bound ionically. Think about NaCl.

Usually a crystal, high melting point, high boiling point, hard and brittle, and conducts electricity. Usually soluble in water.