Biology - Final Exam p1
Trace fossils
A type of fossil that is an imprint from organisms without hard parts (footprints)
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Allele
An alternative form of a gene -found in same location on chromosome -caused by mutation
Exaptation
An existing structure that is co-opted after having previously served a different function
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs
Roots (Monocot vs Eudicot)
Monocot: Root system usually FIBROUS (no main root) Eudicot: TAPROOT (main root) usually present
Stems (Monocot vs Eudicot)
Monocot: Vascular tissue SCATTERED Eudicot: Vascular tissue usually arranged in a RING
Leaf venation (Monocot vs Eudicot)
Monocot: Veins usually PARALLEL Eudicot: Veins usually NETLIKE
Lycophytes (characteristics)
More NUMEROUS and LARGER in the past NOW about 1000 relatively SMALL species
Adaptations to life on land
Multicellular diploid sporophyte generation
Seaweeds/macroalgae
Multicellular photosynthesizers Usually attached to bottom surface
__________ and __________ generate variation, whereas __________ results in an adaptation to the environment.
Mutation ... sexual recombination ... natural selection
Types of symbiotic relationships
Mutualism (+, +), Commensalism (+, 0), Parasitism, (+, -)
Rhizarians
RADIOLARANS and FORAMINIFERANS Have FILOSE PSEUDOPODIA HETEROTROPHS Hard test (shell) - most are CALCIUM CARBONATE
Which one of the following protist groups is photosynthetic due to primary endosymbiosis?
Red algae
Rhodophyta
Red algae: multicellular; warm water; grow at great depths; source of agar and carrageenan
Heteromorphic
Referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology.
Homosporous
Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte.
Heterosporous
Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes.
Isomorphic
Referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.
The following are descriptive characteristic forms of bacterial colonies, except:
Regular
Phylum
Related classes
Order
Related families
Class
Related orders
Kingdom
Related phyla
Plant taxonomy
Relay the main taxa of land plants and the differences among them
Distinctive features of land plants
Represent early adaptations to land Display alternation of generations -SPORIC LIFE CYCLE MULTICELLULAR and SESSILE Tissues arise from APICAL MERISTEMS at growing tips Specialized organs above and below ground
What were the two major "problems" that had to be solved before plants, animals, and fungi could fully move into terrestrial habitats?
Reproduction and prevention of dehydration
Opisthokonts
A member of an extremely diverse clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi, animals, and several closely related groups of protists.
Wind dispersal
A method of dispersal where lightweight seeds catch the wind
Energy source (Photoautotroph vs chemoautotroph)
Photoautotroph: LIGHT Chemoautotroph: INORGANIC CHEMICALS (H2S, NH3, Fe2+)
Types of Organisms (Photoautotroph vs chemoautotroph)
Photoautotroph: PHOTOSYNTHETIC prokaryotes (cyanobacteria), PLANTS, certain PROTISTS (algae) Chemoautotroph: Unique to CERTAIN prokaryotes (Sulfolobus)
Categories of proteobacteria
Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Heterotrophs Very diverse
Energy source (Photoheterotroph vs Chemoheterotroph)
Photoheterotroph: LIGHT Chemoheterotroph: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbon Source (Photoheterotroph vs Chemoheterotroph)
Photoheterotroph: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chemoheterotroph: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Types of Organisms (Photoheterotroph vs Chemoheterotroph)
Photoheterotroph: Unique to certain AQUATIC and SALT LOVING prokaryotes (Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus) Chemoheterotroph: MANY prokaryotes (Clostridium), PROTISTS, FUNGI, ANIMALS, some PLANTS
Green algae
Photosynthetic protists that include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species with grass green chloroplasts; closely related to true plants.
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).
Use one word that describes the species concept that is based on evolutionary history (DNA).
Phylogenetic
A node on a phylogenetic tree that shows more than two lineages that are not fully resolved from each other is called a(n):
Polytomy
At what level of biological organization does evolution work?
Population
What is the taxonomic level at which evolution OCCURS?
Population
Many researchers now believe that the first self-replicating molecules were __________.
RNA
Which molecule is believed to have been the most important to the early protobionts?
RNA
Which taxon of protists can have hard tests made of calcium carbonate?
Radiolarians and foraminiferans
Recognition
Shared specific mate recognition/fertilization system (mechanisms by which conspecific organisms/their gametes, recognize one another for mating and fertilization)
Characteristics of Prokaryote evolution
Short generation times High mutation rates HIGH GENETIC DIVERSITY
Homology
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
Stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move PORES FOR GAS EXCHANGE
Prokaryotic Cell
Smaller Simpler No membrane-enclosed organelles First appeared approximately 3.5 bya DNA not contained w/in any cellular structure Unicellular
Hybrid breakdown
Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile
How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs?
Some members of the bacteria population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics, and these bacteria had greater reproductive success than sensitive individuals.
Dinoflagellates
Some photosynthetic Dominate TROPICAL marine waters Some mutualists with coral Some cause red tide 2 FLAGELLA Some have CELLULOSE PLATES Some are BIOLUMINESCENT About 50% photosynthetic (secondary/tertiary plastids)
Vascular tissues
Some plants developed xylem and phloem Lignin Roots, stems, leaves
Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is/are true?
Some species may carry on nitrogen fixation. They are the only prokaryotes that perform plantlike, oxygenic photosynthesis. Some are single cells, whereas others live in filamentous colonies. It can be said that nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are the most self-sufficient of all organisms.
Roots
Specialized for uptake of WATER AND MINERALS from the soil
Current Taxonomy
Species Subspecies Population Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Biological Species Concept
Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.
You are examining four species.Species L has eyes, ears, a mouth, and a nose.Species M has eyes, a mouth, and a nose but no ears.Species N has eyes, but no ears, mouth or nose.Species O has none of these characters.Which of the following groupings would likely be the most closely related organisms?
Species of L and M
Sporangia and thick-walled spores
Spores produced in sporangia Thickened by sporopollenin
When an organism has both multicellular haploid and diploid conditions, it is considered which type of life cycle?
Sporic
You are looking at an adult pine tree. There are no cones present on the tree. Only the dominant generation is present. What generation are you observing for the adult pine tree?
Sporophyte
Sporic life cycle in bryophytes
Sporophyte generation -DIPLOID (2n) -SPORE forming Gametophyte generation -HAPLOID -GAMETE forming MANY haploid spores produced per zygote
Which of the following is an adaptation seen in land plants but not in marine protists (precursors to land plants)?
Waxy cuticle Apical meristem Lower surface area to volume ratio
how roots develop
When a seed germinates, the embryo's radicle grows out and develops into the first root.
Buffering capacity
When cool, slower growth, less CO2 storage, more CO2 in air, increases greenhouse effect, Earth's climate warms In warmer temperatures, increased growth, stores more CO2, less CO2 in air, reduces greenhouse effect, Earth's climate cools Especially true for SPHAGNUM
Balancing Selection
When natural selection maintains multiple alleles (rather than just reducing to one) -two types: frequency-dependent selection, heterozygote advantage
Bat flowers
White/cream LARGE flowers UPWARD corolla OPEN at NIGHT STRONGLY scented
Which of the following is the best example of gene flow?
Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs.
Adaptations for seed dispersal
Wind dispersal Gut-related dispersal Hitchhiking dispersal
Lignin
XYLEM cells are supported by this Provides structural support Allows LARGER and HIGHER structures
Zygotic
Zygote is the ONLY DIPLOID cell MOst unicellular protists with sexual reproduction
prezygotic isolation
a barrier to successful breeding that occurs before fertilization, such as differences in mating time or behavior -temporal -spatial (habitat) -behavioral -gametic -mechanical
Polytomy
a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge
Endosymbiont
a cell that lives within a host cell
Which of the following features is not unique to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?
a cell wall
Evolution
a change in the characteristics of a population over time
Plasmid
a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome
Conifer
a cone-bearing tree
Zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
Achene
a dry indehiscent one deeded fruit, the seed connected to the pericarp at only one point. ex, sunflower seed.
The protist supergroup Excavata gets its name from:
a feeding groove "excavated" out of the side of the protist
A number of mosquito populations today are resistant to insecticides that were once quite effective. Biologists think that insecticide resistance evolved in mosquitoes because __________.
a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used, and these individuals were more likely to survive and reproduce in the presence of insecticide
Seedless plants include _____.
bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails
Chlamydia trachomatis
can cause blindness sexually transmitted infection
facultative anaerobes
can live with or without oxygen
Specialized membranes
can perform special functions such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis, without having the eukaryotic organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Bioremediation
can remove pollutants degrade them into smaller parts
Faculative anaerobes
can use O2 or not
A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____.
dinoflagellates
Which of these groups includes species that produce a substance that is toxic to humans?
dinoflagellates
Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide"?
dinoflagellates
The embryo is
diploid
The sporophyte generation is
diploid
Identify each of the following structures as haploid or diploid. sporophyte spore gametophyte zygote
diploid haploid haploid diploid
When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____.
diploid sporophyte
Evolution is highly supported by
direct observations homology convergent evolution fossil record biogeography
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of which of the following?
directional selection
Patterns of natural selection
directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection
A population of squirrels is preyed on by small hawks. The smaller squirrels can escape into burrows. The larger squirrels can fight off the hawks. After several generations, the squirrels in the area tend to be very small or very large. What process is responsible for this outcome?
disruptive selection
Seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that __________.
dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor
Spatial avoidance
distance within flower (for PERFECT flowers) Monoecious and dioecious plants (IMPERFECT FLOWERS)
The red algae are characterized by __________.
diverse life cycles, including alternation of generations
Which of the following is a trait possessed by all angiosperms?
double fertilization
neofunctionalization
duplicated genes diverge and one copy takes on new function
Which type of mutation plays the most important role in increasing the number of genes in the gene pool?
duplication
Which of the following is NOT a trait of gymnosperms?
embryo sac
Which term is most nearly synonymous with land plants?
embryophytes
The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the __________.
endosperm
Not present in all bacteria, this structure enables those that possess it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions, such as boiling:
endospore
Which of these groups includes photosynthetic unicellular organisms with flagella and contractile vacuoles?
euglenids
mitochondria :
eukaryote
A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following?
evolutionary relationships among bird families
Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________.
evolved from the same ancestor
Previously recognized similarities that seemed to connect slime molds and fungi are now considered to be ________
examples of convergent evolution
Bacterial flagella have a very complex structure composed of 42 distinct proteins. What is the most likely explanation for the evolution of these complex structures?
exaptation
:If the feathers of extant flying birds originally arose as thermoregulatory devices in ancestral reptiles, then flight feathers could be accurately described as __________.
exaptations
Halobacterium
extreme halophile
Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be __________.
extreme halophiles
Types of Archaea
extremophiles halophiles thermophiles methanogens
What is the purpose of the "floats" in some brown algae?
facilitating photosynthesis
Stabilizing selection __________.
favors intermediate variants in a population
In pine, the embryo develops within the __________.
female gametophyte
After fertilization of the ovule, the _________ develops into the embryo of the mature seed.
fertilized egg
Which of the following is part of the male reproductive organ in flowering plants?
filament
Some prokaryotes stick to their substrate or to one another by means of hairlike appendages, each called a __________.
fimbria
Which plant adaptation was the least important in helping plants become less reliant on water?
flagellated sperm
Plankton
floating/weak movement (dominated by water currents)
Red algae uses
food (nori) Carrageenan (food additive and thickener)
Botulism
food poisoning caused by a bacterium (botulinum) growing on improperly sterilized canned meats and other preserved foods.
Advantages of seeds
food supply for embryo protective coat multicellular dispersable
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of ________.
foramifera
Disruptive Selection
form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
Disruptive selection (sympatric)
form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
Temporal isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times
True form fossils
fossils of the actual animal or animal part
Fern gametophytes are __________.
free-living, multicellular organisms
2pq
frequency of heterozygous genotype
p^2
frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
q^2
frequency of homozygous recessive genotype
Fucus is a brown algae that belongs to the clade Stramenopila. This brown algal has leaf-like structures known as:
fronds
Plants colonized land in the company of __________; their symbiotic relationships still exist today.
fungi
A form of prezygotic reproductive isolation, in which gametes just cannot physically connect is called:
gametic
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation seen in land plants but not in marine protists (precursors to land plants)?
gametic life cycle
Three types of life cycles
gametic, sporic, zygotic
In bryophytes, the ____ generation is dominant, and in angiosperms, the __ generation is dominant.
gametophyte sporophyte
In plants, the ________ produces haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by mitosis, whereas the ________ produces haploid spores by meiosis.
gametophyte sporophyte
When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the __________.
gametophyte generation
Bryophytes are ____ dominant, while monilophytes are _ dominant
gametophyte, sporophyte
Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms does NOT contribute to the process of allopatric speciation?
gene flow
What is the first thing that must happen in order for speciation to occur?
gene flow between populations must be interrupted
Allele frequencies can be altered by __________.
gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift
Point mutations
gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
Algae (ecological role)
generally photoautotrophic
Genes concept
genes are often polymorphic
A population of 15 birds inhabits a fairly new island. Ten of the birds are dark brown and five of them are light brown. By chance, two of the dark brown birds and three of the light brown birds die before producing any offspring. All of the birds in the next generation are dark brown. This change in phenotypic frequency can be attributed to __________.
genetic drift
The binomial system assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its __________.
genus and species
To describe evolution as a "scientific theory" means that __________.
it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence
Why is the four-stage hypothesis for the abiotic origin of life useful?
it leads to predictions that can be tested
In a typical conifer, how long does it take for fertilization to occur after pollination?
it takes one year
Spanish moss is not a moss
its a flowering plant
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane
Strata
layers of sedimentary rock
Half life
length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
Gram-negative bacteria have __________ peptidoglycan than gram-positive cells, and their cell walls are __________ complex structurally.
less more
Photoautotrophs use
light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
Because they are mostly clear, you may need to lower the __________ when trying to view the amoebae under the microscope.
light intensity
Fitness definition
likelihood of reproducing
Bryophytes include
liverworts, mosses, hornworts
Sporangia
located on the tip of the mature sporophyte, where meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores
Nucleoid region
location of chromosome (DNA, no nucleus)
Spirochetes
long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
Deforestation
loss of biodiversity
Imagine that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?
loss of chloroplasts
Microphylls are found in which plant group?
lycophytes
Which types of angiosperms would most likely be wind-pollinated rather than animal-pollinated?
maize and wheat oak and maple trees
Each pollen grain of a gymnosperm contains a __________.
male gametophyte
Which of the following is enclosed within the pollen wall of a pollen grain?
male gametophyte
These photos show ______________________ reproductive structures.
male gymnosperm
What is the reason for long necks in giraffes?
male to male combat
When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killing flies and mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that __________.
many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics
Question 23:Adaptive radiations are often seen after __________.
mass extinctions major new evolutionary adaptations, such as flight, occur
Mechanical isolation
mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion
Lipopolysaccharides in gram negative
may be toxic/cause shock
Sometimes two phenotypically different populations interbreed to a limited extent, so that it is difficult to determine whether they are clearly separate species. This is not a concern to scientists because this __________.
may indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress
Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of closely related species from copulating successfully?
mechanical isolation
In sporophyte ferns, the leaves are __________.
megaphylls
Monilophytes
megaphylls
After fertilization of the ovule, the _________ develops into the food supply of the mature seed.
megaspore
Heterosporous plants produce __________.
megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes
With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?
megaspore—2n
Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from
meiosis
Sexual recombination includes the shuffling of chromosomes in __________ and fertilization.
meiosis
In ovulate cones, megasporocytes undergo __________ and produce __________ megaspores.
meiosis haploid
Biofilms are an example of __________.
metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic species
Which of the following groups of prokaryotes is classified as a member of the domain Archaea?
methanogens
The pore in the integuments of an angiosperm ovule through which sperm is delivered is the __________.
micropyle
Micropyle
minute opening in the wall of an ovule through which the pollen tube enters
The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?
mitosis
Petals
modified leaves which are usually bright in color to attract pollinators.
Where would you find a fern gametophyte?
moist soil
Which of the following organizational groupings is actually a clade?
monophyletic group
Organisms are classified as Excavata based on __________.
morphological studies of the cytoskeleton
Most phylogenies used to be based on _ data, but most are now based on __ data.
morphological...molecular
Sphagnum is a __________ that forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material.
moss
Which of the following produces eggs and sperm?
moss gametophytes
The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in __________.
mosses
Non-vascular plants include all the following types of plants
mosses hornworts liverworts
Metabolic cooperation of bacteria
most cells photosynthesize and some fix nitrogen
Ciliate
move using cilia
Flagellate
move using eukaryotic flagella
Amoeba
move using pseudopodia
Chemotaxis
movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.
Gene flow definition
movement of alleles (migration)
If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years old—what type of nucleic acid should you compare?
mtDNA
In a life cycle with alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with
multicellular diploid forms.
A life cycle that exhibits alternation of generations has the following:
multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms
Obligate aerobes
must have O2 for cellular respiration; die without it
Which of the following mechanisms can form entirely new alleles?
mutation
Frameshift mutations
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
In Darwin's view of descent with modification __________.
natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment
The early atmosphere may not have been as reducing as originally postulated by Haldane, Oparin, Miller, and Urey. In light of current thinking about the composition of the early atmosphere, what is regarded as a likely place for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules to have occurred?
near volcanoes
Flagellated sperm
needs water
Physarum
networks of protoplasmic veins and many nuclei searches for food, surrounds it, and secretes enzymes to digest it
Punctuated model
new species change most as they branch from a parent species and then change little for the rest of their existence
Prokaryotes are completely indispensable to which chemical cycle?
nitrogen
If you use the Hardy-Weinberg equation and find that the allele frequencies in a population at generation n are the same in the next generation (n + 1), then that indicates the population is evolving by:
no mode (it isn't evolving)
Protists are
not monophyletic
Adaptation of cell walls (bacteria)
not the same as plants (usually cellulose/chitin) MUST CONTAIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN Modified sugars and polypeptides
The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not oxygen) as an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio. We would call Desulfovibrio a(n) __________.
obligate anaerobic chemoheterotroph
The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not oxygen) as an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio. We would call Desulfovibrio a(n) __________.
obligately anaerobic chemoheterotroph
Question 8:Species A and species B are in the same phylum. Species A and species C, but not species B, are in the same order. From this information you can conclude that __________.
species C could be in the same class as species A and B
Gradual model
species diverge from one another more slowly and steadily over time
Anagenesis
species evolves into new one
The antheridia of mosses produce __________.
sperm
Prokaryotic cell shapes
spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals
What is located in the scalelike structures packed densely in pollen cones?
sporangia
Sporophytes produce __ while gametophytes produce __.
spores gametes
Alternation of generations
sporic life cycle
At the end of this lab exercise you should be able to identify the _____________ or the ____________ as the dominant portion of the life cycle among the groups.
sporophyte gametophyte
The seed coat's most important function is to provide protection for the __________.
sporophyte embryo
Meiosis is responsible for which stage in the alternation of generations?
sporophyte to spore
Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following lists structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive)?
sporophytes, sporophylls, sporangia, spores
In charophytes, __________ protect(s) zygotes from desiccation.
sporopollenin
Hydrothermal vents
spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water
Birds with average-size wings survived a severe storm more successfully than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. If severe storms occur regularly, then over time, one should expect these storms to bring about __________.
stabilizing selection
parsimony principle
states that the preferred explanation of observed data is the simplest explanation
The portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the __________.
stigma
Parts of the flower
stigma, style, ovary, sepal, stem, anther, filament
What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
stomata
For several years, scientists have warned doctors of the danger of overprescribing antibiotics such as penicillin. Scientists are concerned because __________.
strains of microorganisms that are resistant to these drugs will be selected for
Which of the following are fruits?
strawberry hazelnut bean
Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism
strongly influenced Darwin's view of how living organisms could change over time
During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by __________.
studying adaptations of organisms to their environments the unique organisms he saw in the Galápagos Islands the works of others such as Lamarck the fossils he collected
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler __________.
successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring
An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____.
symbiotic
Treponema pallidum
syphilis
The two-part format of the scientific name, referred to as binomial, ensures that __________.
systematists can easily specify the closest relatives of any species each species is assigned a unique name each species has a name that is understandable regardless of language barriers among scientists
An organism that uses light for energy and organic matter as a carbon source would be considered:
photoheterotrophic
Phytoplankton
photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean
Rabbits and guinea pigs both belong to class Mammalia. This means they must also both belong to __________.
phylum Chordata
Dietary supplements and decongestants containing ephedrine have recently become more strongly regulated in the United States. Which phylum contains the plant from which ephedrine is extracted?
phylum Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta
phylum that includes seed plants that form cones -firs -pines -junipers, etc.
What is the term for an organism that does not control its own movement (it simply floats along) but can use sunlight for energy?
phytoplankton
In which of the following pairs of populations is allopatric speciation most likely to occur?
pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar
The female reproductive parts of a flower are known as the ______________.
pistil
Which non-protist group is included in the Archeplastida?
plants
Legumes
plants of the bean and pea family, with seeds that are rich in protein compared with other plant-derived foods
Which of the following is a structure that bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes have?
plasma membrane
In addition to seeds, what is a trait unique to seed plants?
pollen
A plant is said to be cross-pollinated if __________
pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant
A plant is said to be cross-pollinated if __________.
pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant
Many researchers who study the kingdom Protista argue that all of these organisms should NOT be placed in the same kingdom, because these organisms could not have evolved from a common ancestor. In other words, they argue that the kingdom Protista is __________.
polyphyletic
Given the phylogenetic tree below, what type of taxonomic grouping is indicated by the red square?
polyphyletic group
The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) __________.
population
Common characteristics supporting the idea that the first land plants were related to green algae include __________.
presence of chlorophyll cell walls made of cellulose
Prezygotic barriers ______
prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species
Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a __________ barrier, called __________.
prezygotic...behavioral isolation
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Process of Conjugation
process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. during conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material and the other recipient
Transformation
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria -picking of SMALL PIECES OF DNA -INCORPORATING INTO GENOME
The bacteria that cause tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above boiling. This suggests that these bacteria __________.
produce endospores
Antheridia
produce male gametes (sperm cells)
Megasporangia
produce one female spore (megaspores)
According to the theory of evolution, anatomical and molecular homologies should __________.
produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness
Ancient cyanobacteria were very important in the history of life because they __________.
produced atmospheric oxygen
Compared to nonvascular plants, the ancient relatives of vascular plants ________.
produced sporophyte generations independent of, not dependent on, gametophyte generations
Microsporangia
produces many male spores (microspore)
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.
produces spores
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always __________.
produces spores
capsule
produces spores by meiosis
Which of the following best describes the function of fruits?
protection and dispersal of seeds
exotoxins
proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms
In mosses, haploid __________ directly produce buds that grow into gametophores.
protonemata
Question 27:The products of Hox genes __________.
provide positional information in animal embryos
Sori can be found in which of the following?
pterophytes
Gram stain is a standard
quick diagnosis of certain types of bacteria
Flower symmetry
radial and bilateral
sori
raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia
Which of the following sets of conditions is required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
random mating, no natural selection, and a large population
Genetic drift definition
random occurrences -random/stochastic event negatively/positively affects one phenotype Special cases: BOTTLENECK/FOUNDER EFFECT
In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the _____.
rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat
Which group is incorrectly paired with its description?
red algae—eukaryotes that acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
In a hybrid zone, which of the following would tend to lead to reinforcement?
reduced hybrid viability reduced hybrid fertility sexual selection hybrid breakdown
Hybrid zones
regions in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some hybrid offspring INTERBREEDING OF 2 SPECIES -barrier to gene flow (hybrids are selected against)
Many bacteria are symbiotic
relationships between organisms
endotoxins
released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down
Vestigial structures
remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
Vestigial organs are __________.
remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors, but which are now non-functional or show reduced function
Plasmids __________.
replicate independently of the main chromosome can be involved in transfer of genetic material between prokaryotic cells often contain antibiotic resistance genes are transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation
Plasmids ________
replicate independently of the main chromosome often contain antibiotic resistance genes are transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation allow bacteria to survive adverse conditions
Unlike a regular phylogenetic tree, phylogenetic trees with branch lengths proportional to time can be used to __________.
represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor
Which of the following does not take place during the process of conjugation?
reproduction
Postzygotic isolation
reproductive isolation that occurs after members of two different species have mated and produced a hybrid offspring. Such hybrids are usually unable to reproduce -inviability -sterility -hybrid breakdown
Fungus-like (ecological role)
resemble fungi in body form and absorptive nutrition
Acquiring an R plasmid would allow a bacterium to do what?
resist antibiotics
Aerobic membrane
respiratory membrane
Question 21:Paralogous genes __________.
result from gene duplication
Bacteria can break down organic organisms
return nutrients to soil make nutrients available
Researchers can use molecular homologies to __________.
reveal the number of mutations in a particular sequence that has occurred in each species since they diverged from a common ancestor
Select the following characteristics that Phylum Bryophyta possess.
rhizoids flagellated sperm
A biologist observes that a particular plant species is found in a forest but not in a nearby meadow. She hypothesizes that the plants could grow in the meadow but are not found there because their seeds have yet to land in the meadow. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to scientifically evaluate this hypothesis?
scattering seeds in several areas of the meadow and observing whether they start to grow
Some species from the Supergroup Excavata have acquired plastids through the process known as _________________________.
secondary endosymbiosis
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis.
What are the main components of a mature gymnosperm seed?
seed coat embryo food supply
Pine life cycle
seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches.
Lycophytes and Monilophytes
seedless vascular plants
The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into __________.
seeds
Frequency-dependent selection
selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population
At the time Charles Darwin sailed on HMS Beagle, __________.
several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change
The term algae refers to __________.
several diverse groups of photosynthetic protists
In the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids, sympatric speciation has been shown to be driven by __________.
sexual selection
Selection that acts over evolutionary time to preserve traits that increase an individual's ability to mate is known as __________.
sexual selection
Homologous structures
similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor
Analogous structures
similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution
Evidence that supports placing green algae and plants in the same phylogenetic group includes ________.
similarities in chloroplast structure and pigment composition
Analogy
similarity due to convergent evolution
Homology definition
similarity resulting from common ancestry
The Miller and Urey abiotic synthesis experiment (and subsequent, similar experiments) showed that __________.
simple organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth's history
Microphylls
single branch of vascular tissue
Adaptive radiations
single species to multiple (and varied) species
Gametangia are __________.
single-celled in algae, multicellular in most plants
Trypanosoma brucei
sleeping sickness transferred by insect bites
Clusters of sporangia located on the underside of a fern leaf are called ____________.
sori
Evolutionary time
spans many generations and captures adaptation through natural selection PROKARYOTES
When gene flow between two populations ceases, the potential for __________ exists.
speciation
Which of the following is found inside a pollen grain?
the male gametophyte
Reproductive success
the number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age; an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation
gametangia are
the place where gametes are formed
Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception.
the presence of chloroplasts
Germination
the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study __________.
the sporangia
Plants undergo alternation of generations in which __________.
the sporophyte generation alternates with the gametophyte generation
Which of the following homologies is/are shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives?
the structure of flagellated sperm (when present) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes the formation of a group of microtubules between daughter nuclei during cell division the presence of sporopollenin
Paleontology
the study of fossils
In the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 1 represents __________.
the sum of the frequencies of the genotypes for a particular gene locus
According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, __________.
the tempo of evolution consists of abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium
Many species of red algae are adapted to deeper water due to the fact that __________.
their photosynthetic pigments efficiently absorb blue and green light
In contrast to land plants, seaweeds
add tissue to the MIDDLE of the body
surface metabolism model
dissolved gases contacted minerals on deep thermal vent surfaces
Gametophytes develop from spores
in sporangia of sporophyte shields from UV stops desiccation take nutrients from sporophyte
Sterility
inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
Straminopiles
includes algae, protozoa, fungus-like Usually have FLAGELLATE CELLS at some point Heterotrophic/photosynthetic (PLASTIDS from secondary endosymbiosis with red algae)
Euglenozoans
includes predatory heterotrophs, autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites, all of which have a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
Spatial (habitat) isolation
individuals that live in different places in the environment
The fossil record
information about past life, including the structure of organisms, what they ate, what ate them, in what environment they lived, and the order in which they lived VERY IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING PAST SPECIES
Motile
movable
Hummingbird flowers
Red LONG, NARROW corolla OPEN during the DAY WEAK scent Copious NECTAR
Domain
Related kingdoms
Life cycle of Lycophytes and Monilophytes
Reproduction needs MOIST environment LOTS of SPORES (LARGE SPOROPHYTE) Sporophyte less dependent on gametophyte (SPOROPHYTE DOMINANT)
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Taxon
A group at any level
Population
A group of individuals of the same species at a given location and time
Parabasalids
A group of protistans, including the trichomonads, that lacks mitochondria.
Ciliates
A group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia.
Clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Alloploidy
A hybrid individual or cell having two or more sets of chromosomes derived from two different species
How is it possible that as many as 9 million mutations can arise each day in the population of E. coli inhabiting one human?
A large population size and a rapid reproduction rate combine to produce many mutations without a particularly high mutation rate.
Megaphyll
A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, characteristic of the vast majority of vascular plants.
Blades
A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.
What is the oil immersion lens?
A lens that requires you to fill the space between the specimen and the lens with oil, to get rid of the air
Sporic life cycle
A life cycle in which the sporophyte is more than the zygote, and the gametophyte is more than a gamete. The gametophyte and the sporophyte alternate with one another through time.
tracheids
A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants. Functioning tracheids are no longer living.
Flagella
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
Double fertilization
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
Gut-related dispersal
A method of dispersal where seeds are moved by animal
Hitchhiking dispersal
A method of dispersal where seeds are moved on the skin or fur of an animal
Sporophyll
A modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction.
Which of the following is true of the life cycle of bryophytes?
A moist environment is required for sexual reproduction.
Bryophytes
A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
Endosperm
A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true?
A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.
What is advantage is conferred to algae and plants that possess sporopollenin?
Reproductive cells are more resistant to desiccation.
Which of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur?
Reproductive isolation
Which microorganism is often found associated symbiotically with the roots of bean plants?
Rhizobium spp.
Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life?
Ribosomal RNA
Morphological and Molecular Evidence that plants evolved from green algae
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins. Structure of flagellated sperm. Formation of a phragmoplast.
Example of Fungus-like (ecological role)
SLIME MOLD: fungus-like osmotroph
Symbiont
SMALLER organism in a symbiotic relationship
Ecological
Same niche/adaptive zone (all components of the environment with which conspecific organisms interact)
What evidence most strongly suggests that an impact by an asteroid or meteorite may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
Sedimentary rocks at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic boundary contain a layer of iridium, a mineral uncommon on Earth.
Which of the following best states the advantages that seeds have over spores?
Seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering.
Intersexual selection
Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.
Reproductive isolation
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Which of the following does not contribute to bacteria's ability to evolve rapidly?
Sexual reproduction
Which statement below is true about sexual selection?
Sexual selection can result in sexual dimorphism—marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics that are not associated directly with reproduction.
What do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and a ciliate have in common?
All three have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membranes.
Multicellular diploid sporophyte generation
Allows single plant to disperse widely Uses meiosis to produce numerous haploid spore GENETICALLY VARIABLE
What are the different taxa of proteobacteria?
Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon
What is the three word term for the sporic life cycle?
Alternation of generations
Key plant reproductive features
Alternation of generations Dependent, multicellular embryos Sporangia and thick-walled spores Multicellular gametangia
Sporic
Alternation of generations Mitosis in both HAPLOID and DIPLOID stages Many multicellular seaweeds (green, brown, red)
Apicomplexans
Alveolates that are parasitic and spread by sporozoites their apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin.
Which member of Kingdom Protista is characterized by moving using pseudopodia and capturing food via phagocytosis?
Amoeba spp.
Unikonta
Amoebozoans Opisthokonts
cercozoans
An amoeboid or flagellated protist that feeds with threadlike pseudopodia.
Foraminiferans (forams)
An aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell.
Which of the following adaptations allows some bacteria to resist dessication?
An endospore
Which of the following is true of secondary endosymbiosis?
An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont.
Photoautotrophs
An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
The fauna and flora of Australia are very different from those of the rest of the world. Why might this be true?
Australia has been isolated for about 50 million years.
When a diploid organism fails to separate homologous chromosomes during meiosis and then self-fertilizes to create a tetraploid organism, it is through the phenomenon called:
Autopolyploidy
Comparison bacteria/archaea vs eukarya
BACTERIA: -smaller -simple in structure -no membrane-bound organelles -3.5 BYA -DNA not in structure (nucleoid) -single celled EUKARYA: -10-100x larger -more complex -membrane-bound organelles -1.8 BYA -DNA contained in structure (nucleus) -Single/multicellular
Bacteria function primarily in which ecological role?
Bacteria are common in all of the listed ecological roles.
Gram positive bacteria
Bacteria that have a thick peptido glycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain.
Gram negative bacteria
Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides. Very toxic and hard to treat.
Membrane-enclosed organelles (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: ABSENT Archaea: ABSENT Eukarya: PRESENT
Nuclear Envelope (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: ABSENT Archaea: ABSENT Eukarya: PRESENT
Histones associated with DNA (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: ABSENT Archaea: Present in SOME species Eukarya: PRESENT
Initiator amino acid for protein synthesis (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: FORMYL-methionine Archaea: METHIONINE Eukarya: METHIONINE
Response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: Growth USUALLY inhibited Archaea: Growth NOT inhibited Eukarya: Growth NOT inhibited
Growth at temperatures >100'C (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: NO Archaea: SOME SPECIES Eukarya: NO
RNA Polymerase (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: ONE kind Archaea: SEVERAL kinds Eukarya: SEVERAL kinds
Peptidoglycan in cell wall (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: PRESENT Archaea: ABSENT Eukarya: ABSENT
Circular chromosome (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: PRESENT Archaea: PRESENT Eukarya: ABSENT
Membrane lipids (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: UNBRANCHED hydrocarbons Archaea: SOME BRANCHED hydrocarbons Eukarya: UNBRANCHED hydrocarbons
Introns in genes (Bacteria vs Archaea vs Eukarya)
Bacteria: VERY RARE Archaea: Present in SOME genes Eukarya: Present in MANY genes
Which of the following is not a true statement concerning bacterial flagella?
Bacterial flagella are homologous to the flagella of eukaryotic cells.
Biological Species Concept (BSC)
Based on reproductive isolation -prezygotic -postzygotic
Prebiotic soup model
Basic organic molecules present in atmospheric gases; accumulate in oceans; resulted in larger organic molecules
How often are all the requirements for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium met?
Basically almost never
Suppose that a gene for coat color in mice has two alleles, B and b, where B is completely dominant and encodes a black coat color, and b is recessive and encodes a brown coat color. A mouse that is heterozygous has genotype _____, and its phenotype is _____.
Bb, black
Soapberry bugs feed most effectively when the length of their "beak" is similar to the depth of the seeds within the fruit. Scott Carroll and his colleagues measured beak lengths in soapberry bug populations feeding on the native balloon vine. They also measured beak lengths in populations feeding on the introduced goldenrain tree. The researchers then compared the measurements with those of museum specimens collected in the two areas before the goldenrain tree was introduced.
Beak lengths were shorter in populations feeding on the introduced species than in populations feeding on the native species, in which the seeds are buried more deeply. The average beak length in museum specimens from each population (indicated by red arrows) was similar to beak lengths in populations feeding on native species.
Female gray tree frogs (Hyla versicolor) prefer to mate with males that give long mating calls. Allison Welch and colleagues, at the University of Missouri, tested whether the genetic makeup of long-calling (LC) males is superior to that of short-calling (SC) males. The researchers fertilized half the eggs of each female with sperm from an LC male and fertilized the remaining eggs with sperm from an SC male. In two separate experiments (one in 1995, the other in 1996), the resulting half-sibling offspring were raised in a common environment and their survival and growth were monitored.
Because offspring fathered by an LC male outperformed their half-siblings fathered by an SC male, the team concluded that the duration of a male's mating call is indicative of the male's overall genetic quality. This result supports the hypothesis that female mate choice can be based on a trait that indicates whether the male has "good genes."
Why are cyanobacteria classified as prokaryotes instead of eukaryotes like other photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and algae?
Because they lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Flower color and shape
Bee flowers Hummingbird flowers Bat flowers Moth flowers Beetle flowers Fly Flowers
Natural selection system
Beneficial traits that are heritable -more prevalent in future generations -leads to adaptive traits
Although they originated around 180 million years ago, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation starting approximately 65 million years ago. Why?
Between 180 and 65 million years ago, mammals were outcompeted by the well-established dinosaurs.
Which of the following is NOT a manner in which horizontal gene transfer generally occurs in bacteria?
Binary fission
What are biofilms?
Biofilms are cooperative colonies of bacteria.
The Brown Tree Snake
Boiga irregularis -kingdom animalia -phylum chordata -class reptilia -order squamata -family colubridae -genus Boiga -species irregularis NATIVE TO NORTHERN AUSTRALIA, INDONESIA, NEW GUINEA
Ticks that live on deer and field mice are responsible for spreading the bacterium __________, which causes __________.
Borrelia burgdorferi ... Lyme disease
Which example below is a characteristic shared by diplomonads and parabasalids?
Both lack plastids
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Alfred Russel Wallace
British naturalist who developed a hypothesis of natural selection similar to Darwin's
Fly flowers
Brown, purple, or green STRONGLY scented of AMINOIDS
Main groups of LAND PLANTS
Bryophytes (non-vascular) Seedless, vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Gametophyte generation reduced through evolutionary time
Bryophytes -> ferns -> seed plants
How are gametes produced by bryophytes?
By mitosis of gametophyte cells
Genetic variation
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
Sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
Which of these do belong to the SAR supergroup?
Dinoflatellates Diatoms Brown algae
Sporophyte
Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism. Makes haploid spores by meiosis.
Bryophyte life cycle
Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte generation Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte generation
Evolution of Protists
Discuss evolutionary relationships between 1) groups of protists and 2) protists and other eukaryotes; recognize protists are paraphyletic Explain the importance of endosymbiosis to evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotic groups
Genetics
Discuss horizontal gene transfer: mechanisms, widespread nature in prokaryotes, and importance in the evolution eukaryotic groups
Choanoflagellates
Distinctive collar surrounding flagella Group most related to the ANIMALS Similar to choanocyte cells of sponges
Prokaryotes evolution
Distinguish between domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya; explain their evolutionary relationships
The tissue called phloem has what function in vascular plants?
Distribution of sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
Dolphins and sharks have a similar streamlined body shape.
Select the two domains of life that you will be learning about during the prokaryote lab exercises.
Domain Bacteria and Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Bacteria
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan
Archaea
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
Brown algae
Dominate low intertidal and shallow subtotal zones Includes kelps Extremely important habitats for many organisms (Provides O2 and SHELTER)
What role do diatoms play in the global carbon balance affecting global warming?
During a bloom, diatom populations may increase rapidly. If many diatoms die and sink to the bottom without being eaten, they effectively pump carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
A diploid (2n) cell divides by meiosis, producing four daughter cells. Next, each daughter cell divides by mitosis, producing a total of eight granddaughter cells. Which of the following statements about the granddaughter cells is true?
Each granddaughter cell is haploid (n).
Origin of organic molecules
Early Earth conditions were favorable for spontaneous formation of organic molecules
Origin of Life
Earth about 4.6BYA Life about 3.5-4BYA Photosynthesis and Colonization of Land
Given that penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?
Gram positive bacteria
Which group contains members that produce antibiotics?
Gram positive bacteria
A character that all members of a clade have, and that is unique to that clade, would be considered a _____________________________________________ character.
Shared derived
Some bacteria fix nitrogen
N2 is abundant in the atmosphere unusable by plants nitrogen fixing bacteria convert N2 to NH3
Currently scientists think the early atmosphere probably consisted of __________.
N2, H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4, and H2
Ecological role
NO TAXONOMIC/EVOLUTIONARY MEANING Algae Protozoa Fungus-like
Alveolates
Named for saclike, membranous vesicle (alveoli) in cell periphery Many groups: dinoflagellates
Supergroup Excavata
Names for a FEEDING GROOVE "excavated" into the cells of many representatives Also MODIFIED mitochondria and UNIQUE flagella Food particles are taken into cells by PHAGOTROPHY ENDOCYTOSIS and evolutionary basis for ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace are both known for their description of what phenomenon?
Natural Selection
Mechanisms of evolution
Natural selection -lower fitness from harmful changes -higher fitness from adaptive changes -must be heritable -must have population level variation Non-random mating (sexual selection) Mutation Gene flow Genetic drift
Stabilizing Selection
Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
Adaptive radiation vs natural selection
Natural selection: potential speciation as a result of direct competition for resources -selection for phenotypes that confer advantage Adaptive radiation: potential speciation as a result of filling empty niches (ecological "jobs" that are empty) -utilizing unexploited resource
What is the importance of neutral variation in evolution?
Neutral variation increases genetic variation, allowing a population to carry more alleles that may help it respond to environmental change.
Mutation definition
New alleles
Bryophytes
No roots (rhizoids) Poorly-developed leaves RELIANT ON WATER No structural support (can't grow large)
According to the experiment of Diane Dodd, can adaptive divergence of allopatric fruit fly populations lead to reproductive isolation?
No. After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute.
Classification of protists
Non-phylogenetic, by -ECOLOGICAL ROLE -HABITAT -MOTILITY
To which of the four eukaryotic supergroups do amoebas belong?
None of the listed responses is correct.
Based on the previous question (Question 4), what would species O would be called a(n) ___ (please use one word only and spell it correctly. Reminder of the conditions:Species L has eyes, ears, a mouth, and a nose.Species M has eyes, a mouth, and a nose but no ears.Species N has eyes, but no ears, mouth or nose.Species O has none of these characters.
Outgroup
Characteristics of CYANOBACTERIA
Oxygen generation by PHOTOSYNTHESIS Possible origin of CHLOROPLASTS
The correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent, is __________.
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
About 335 million years ago all of the current continents were joined as one supercontinent called
Pangaea
Monophyletic
Pertaining to a taxon derived from a single ancestral species that gave rise to no species in any other taxa.
Carbon Source (Photoautotroph vs chemoautotroph)
Photoautotroph: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound Chemoautotroph: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound
On an evolutionary tree __________.
homologous characteristics form a nested pattern
The pollen of conifers is primarily dispersed by __________.
wind
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
Question 31:Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival?
xylem
What is the term for the vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals?
xylem
This is a cross-section of a stem. The dark spots in this photo are ______ and ______.
xylem and phloem
Vascular tissues of plants include __________.
xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules
The life cycle in which the only diploid cell is the zygote is called the _ life cycle
zygotic
E.O. Wilson
"Look closely at nature. Every species is a masterpiece, exquisitely adapted to the particular environment in which it has survived. Who are we to destroy or even diminish biodiversity?"
Probiotics
"good" bacteria Interact with natural bacteria Promote digestive health
Halophiles
"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations (SALINE ENVIRONMENTS)
Cotyledon
"seed leaves"
Allele frequency (in pop)=
# copies of a specific allele/total # alleles in pop FOR A SPECIFIC GENE
Genotype frequency
# of individuals with genotype/ total # of individuals in a population
intrasexual selection
A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex.
Effects of genetic drift
(1)genetic drift is significant in small populations (2)genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random (3) Genetic Drift can lead to a loss in genetic variation within a population (4)Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed
horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
(also, lateral gene transfer) transfer of genes between unrelated species
Example of Protozoa (ecological role)
AMOEBA : phagocytotic heterotroph
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Motility
Flagellate Ciliate Amoeba
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease
seta
The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte.
Bee flowers
Yellow/blue OPEN corolla STRONGLY scented UV REFLECTIVE
Sessile
fixed in place
protonema
mass of tangled green filaments in mosses that forms during germination
Chlamydias
only live in ANIMAL hosts
Archegonia
produce female gametes (egg cells)
Photosynthetic
thylakoid membranes
If you do a Gram stain on a bacterial culture and the bacteria stain red, then the bacteria is considered Gram __
-
Angiosperm life cycle
- Gametophyte development - Pollination - Double fertilization - Seed development
Major changes in body form
-Can occur rather rapidly -Mutation of developmental genes +rate/timing of events +changes in spatial patterning
Sporopollenin
A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.
Multicellular eukaryotes
-About 1.2bya -Evolved from either +aggregation +sticky offspring +probably colonial at first
Photosynthesis revolution
-About 2.7 bya -Increase O2 in atm
Jeam Baptiste Lamark (1744-1829)
-About same time as Cuvier, before Lyell -Gradual BIOLOGICAL change (explains fossil patterns, organisms change to match environment) -Considered traits inheritable -Flaws: +thought organisms controlled their complexity +idea of use/disuse
Population genetics (alleles)
-Allele and genotype frequencies -Different calculations -Example: 2 alleles +incomplete dominance +three possible phenotypes
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
-Also considered gradual change -Processes of geological change are the same today as long ago
Scientific names - binomial nomenclature
-Always italicized -Composed of +genus name (always capitalized, includes related species) +species name (never capitalized, unique within genus)
Diversity of the Genus Boiga
-Approximately 35 species -India and China, throughout Pacific, to Australia -mainly arboreal -rear-fanged and mildly venomous
Evolutionary (phylogenetic) tree
-Based on DNA, morphology -Groups tend to form due to homologies
morphological species concept system
-Based on features (morphology) -Problems: +polymorphic species +cryptic species
Mutation concept
-Can be negligible -Can be minor (colorblindness) -Can be major (including lethal) +important proteins (cystic fibrosis) +developmental gene mutation can drastically alter body plan
Does natural selection create perfect organisms?
-Can only affect what is there +not all potential alleles in all places -Limited by what has happened before +every population has a history -Tradeoffs +OFTEN ADVANTAGES ARE BALANCED WITH DISADVANTAGES
Cladistics
-Common ancestors used to map relationships -Groups of species aka CLADE
Flowers
-Complex reproductive structures -Efficient production of POLLEN and SEEDS -Four main organs: PETALS, SEPALS, STAMENS, CARPELS
What is evolution?
-Cumulative inherited change in a pop of organisms through time leading to the appearance of new forms -Heritable change in 1+ characteristics of a pop from one generation to the next
Molecular data
-DNA alignment -can represent genetic difference or difference over time
Modern Cells
-DNA as info carrier -RNA could then have other functions -Important because DNA is less susceptible to mutation -Proteins took over enzymatic functions (metabolism, etc.) -20 different amino acid residues (in humans) +lots of variety +do many different activities
descent with modification
-Darwin never used the word "evolution" in The Origin of Species -He called it "DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION" +organisms share some characteristics +descend from a common ancestor
Darwin and Wallace
-Darwin started writing in 1844 -Wallace wrote to Darwin in 1858 +Almost identical idea of natural selection -Lyell presented both ideas in 1858 to the Linnean Society -Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859
Hardy weinberg predicts frequencies will stay the same over generations
-Describes a LACK OF EVOLUTION
Origins of flagella
-Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes +indicates DIFFERENT EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS +CONVERGENT EVOLUTION +ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES -Prokaryotic - 42 PROTEINS +likely started simpler
Galapagos finches
-Different beaks for different food types: +long, sharp -> cactus eaters +narrow, pointed -> insect eaters +short, thick -> seed eaters
F plasmid process
-Donor is F+ -Makes recipient F+
Conjugation occurs via
-Donor pills reaches recipient -Pulls recipient closer -Need F (fertility) factor in the plasmid (section of chromosomal DNA)
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
-Father of paleontology (study of fossils) -Used sedimentary rock -Older rock organisms less similar to current ones -Newer rock showed loss of some forms -Thought that replacement was by immigration after sudden, catastrophic events
Timeline of life on Earth
-Formation of Earth about 4.55 bya -4 eons: +Hadean +Archaen +Proterozoic +Phanerozoic -First 3 together are Precambrian
Burgess Shale
-Fossil bearing rock deposit in British Columbia -About 508 mya -Middle Cambrian
Reproductive success can increase by:
-Genes for increased SURVIVAL (more likely to get to reproductive age) -Genes for traits associated with mating +ability to find/attract mate +production of viable gametes +production of viable offspring
Genomics
-Genome comparisons can reveal relationships -DNA that codes for RNA - slow to change -mt DNA - rapid change -Orthologous genes - same gene (diverges after speciation) -Gene duplications +paralogous genes +neofunctionalization
Species
-Group of similar organisms with distinctive characteristics -Many different species concepts (oldest indicates they must be able to mate and produce viable offspring)
First eukaryotes
-Had membrane-bound organelles -Endosymbiotic theory -About 1.8 bya
Population genetics helps in understanding
-How genetic and phenotypic variation relate -if variation is present -why variation is present -how variation is maintained -how variation changes
James Hutton (1744-1829)
-Idea of gradual geologic change
Conclusions from Descent with modification
-Individuals with advantageous adaptations +survive better +reproduce better -If adaptations are heritable +adaptations increase in the next generation +accumulate over time
Effects of Boiga irregularis on Guam
-Loss of local bird species -Loss of bats, lizards, rodents -Huge pop of snakes -snake bites of infants and toddlers -power outages -RECENT INFO INDICATES POOR BODY CONDITION IN GUAM SNAKES
Healthy populations
-Lots of genetic diversity -Therefore, phenotypic diversity -Open to natural selection
Cambrian explosion
-Lots of new body forms -About 535 mya
Neutral mutations
-Many mutations are neutral and do not cause effects (positive or negative) -if truly neutral, good for molecular clocks -difficulties arise if genes positive or negative -Why? NATURAL SELECTION
Why are populations not in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
-Microevolution 1. New genetic variation -mutation -gene duplication -exon shuffling -horizontal gene transfer DOESN'T HAPPEN OFTEN, BUT ADDS SOME VARIATION 2. Evolutionary mechanisms -natural selection -migration -random effects -non-random mating
Molecular clock concept
-Molecular markers that exhibit consistent, slow change over time -Calibrated with fossil evidence -Can be used to estimate time since divergence in various species -Use fossil record to calculate divergence times -Use changes in genetic data to calculate rates -Extrapolate for estimate of other event timing
Plate tectonics and continental drift
-Movement of Earth's crust alter climate -influences species survival
Genetic variation in bacteria
-Need to have genetic variation for natural selection to occur
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Assumptions
-No natural/artificial selection -No mutations -No migration/population/genetic flow (isolated population) -Infinitely large population -random mating IF ALL PREDICTIONS MET, FREQUENCIES WILL STAY THE SAME
Natural Selection (study)
-Organisms that had certain inherited traits that made them more suited to certain environments (adaptations) +survived at a greater rate +produced more offspring -As a result, those ADAPTIVE TRAITS BECAME MORE PREVALENT
Habitat classification
-Particularly common and diverse in oceans, lakes, wetlands and rivers -Plankton-swimming or floating *phytoplankton*-photsynthetic *protozoan plankton*-heterotrophic -occur primarily as a single cell, colonies or short filaments *can from up and become colonial organism, but can also from a multicellular organism*
Initial resistance to Staph
-Penicillin no longer worked -Switches to methicillin
Characteristics of FLAGELLA
-Prokaryotic 1/10th the size of eukaryotic -Different COMPOSITION and PROPULSION
RNA world theory
-RNA as the first macromolecule in protobionts +currently most supported hypothesis -RNA can: +store info +self-replicate +have enzymatic function (ribozymes) -Not DNA/proteins
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
-Relates alleles and genotype frequencies to one another -2 alleles, p+q=1 -2 alleles, 3 genotypes, p^2+2pq+q^2=1
How do polymorphisms occur?
-Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -Can be caused by mutation -90% of all variation in human genes
Bacterial cell division
-Small -Binary fission -Short generation times
More resistance to Staph
-Staph became resistant to methicillin -Variant called MRSA +Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus -Switched to vancomycin +drug of "last resort"
Antibiotic resistance
-Staphylococcus aureus -normal bacteria -can cause skin, lung, bone infections -initially used penicillin to kill it
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
-Started categorizing organisms -Came up with binomial nomenclature -Used morphology
First single-celled life
-Stromatolites -3.5bya -Only life for 1.5 by
Pangaea
-Supercontinent +formed about 335 mya +broke up about 175 mya
The eye development
-The optic cup is an outgrowth of the diencephalon -The lens pit forms from overlying ectoderm -The optic cup and lens pit work together to form the eye
Phylogenetic trees based on observations
-There is generally variation w/in pop -organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
-Thought species were fixed -no evolution
Why do giraffes have long necks?
-Traditional wisdom was to reach higher into trees to eat leaves -Actually for males to compete for sexual selection
Charles Darwin (work)
-Trained as naturalist/botanist -Expedition around the world +Brazil, Argentina, Chile +Galapagos Islands -Saw physical evidence of old earth (Lyell) -Noted adaptations that enhanced survival and reproduction in some environments
Land colonization
-Unicellylar organisms about 1 bya -Multicellular organisms about 500 mya
Phylogenetic trees
-Used to be based on morphology -now more reliant on DNA
Radioisotope dating of rock
-can look at ratio of isotopes -half life
SAR Supergroup
-controversial -highly diverse group that share similarities in DNA structure STRAMINOPILES ALVEOLATES RHIZARIANS
Phylogenetics based on homology
-either morphological or molecular -different from analogy
Motility classification
-eukaryotic flagella Flagellates som flagellated reproductive cells -cilia-shorter and more abundant than flagella Ciliates -amoeboid movement-using pseudopodia Amoebae -some create protein or carbohydrate slime that they slide/glide on
Sexual selection
-intrasexual (fighting for mates) -intersexual (mate choice)
Natural selection is similar to artificial selection except
-it happens in nature -generally takes a longer time
Fossils are rare
-many biases in fossil record -conditions have to be perfect -fossils are not mineralized skeletons
Fossil record
-many fossils are found in sedimentary rock -layers laid down over millions of years -hard parts of dead organisms replaced by minerals to make a cast -older rock = older organism
Experiments have shown polymerization can occur:
-on clay, sand, or rock surfaces -in water near hydrothermal vents
Mechanisms of evolution (mutation)
-point mutations -frameshift mutations
Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)
-simulated early environment -used gases that would have been common -used electricity (lightning) as energy source -formed organic molecules (more than 20) +amino acids +sugars +nitrogenous bases
Characteristics of OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
-some use FERMENTATION -some use ANAEROBIC respiration (NO3- or SO4 2- as electron acceptors)
The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs. If humans typically differ from one another by about 3 million base pairs, what is the nucleotide variability of Homo sapiens?
0.1%
Assume a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with these genotypic frequencies: AA = 0.25, Aa = 0.50, and aa = 0.25. If you remove all the homozygous dominants and allow the remaining population to reproduce (again under Hardy-Weinberg conditions), what will be the frequency of homozygous dominants in the next generation?
0.11
You have a gene locus in which there are 4 possible alleles (P, Q, R, and S). You are lucky in that you are able to genotype 100 individuals within the population to get an estimate of the overall allele and genotype frequencies. You find the following genotypes and numbers of individuals that have them: PP - 5 PQ or QP- 0 PR or RP - 3 PS or SP- 2 QQ - 11 QR or RQ - 17 QS or SQ - 23 RR - 15 RS or SR - 8 SS - 16 What is the allele frequency for allele S?
0.325
Given the example you just saw (90 red, 490 white, and 420 pink flowers in an incomplete dominance system), what would be the genotype frequency of white flowers? Please use a leading zero before the decimal point.
0.49
In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 1% of the individuals in a population show the recessive trait of a certain characteristic. In this situation, what is the value of p?
0.9
Question 11:In a large population of bonobos, the frequency of the recessive allele is initially 0.1. There is no migration and no selection. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? Assume that there are two alleles of this gene.
0.9
Four stages of biochemical evolution
1. Nucleotides and amino acids before cells 2. Small molecules joined to form macromolecules (ex: proteins, nucleic acids) 3. Polymers enclosed in membranes (photocells) 4. Protocells self-replicate (protobionts)
Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms
1. Selection can act only on existing variations. 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints. 3.Adaptations are often compromises. 4.Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.
Important adaptations in plants
1. Supportive VASCULAR TISSUE, dominant branched SPOROPHYTE generation 2. Wood, OVULES, SEEDS, POLLEN 3. Flowers, fruits, seed endosperm, vessels common LEFT BRYOPHYTES OUT because no vascular tissue and gametophyte dominant
Phylogenetic tree
A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms
Conjugation process
1. conjugation occurs between F+ and F- cell 2. one strand of the F factor inside F+ cell is nicked by an endonuclease and moves across conjugation tube into F- cell 3. DNA complement for each single strand is synthesized (in both F+ and F- cell) 4. movement across conjugation tube is completed; DNA synthesis is completed 5. ligase closes DNA circles ; conjugates separate
Steps of gram stain
1. prepare slide 2. put crystal violet on. wait 60 seconds. rinse under water 3. put iodine one. wait 60 seconds. rinse under water 4. put 95% alcohol on. wait 30 seconds. rinse under water 5. put safranin (red) on. wait 60 seconds. rinse under water 6. observe under microscope
Cyanobacteria and protists
1.2 BYA
Approximately how many years ago did the first multicellular eukaryotic organisms appear on Earth?
1.2 billion
Single-celled prokaryotes had Earth to themselves for approximately __________.
1.5 billion years
When were the first eukaryotic cells seen on Earth?
1.8bya
Suppose a BB female mouse mates with a Bb male mouse. Which of the following represents the probabilities of each genotype occurring among their offspring?
1/2 BB 1/2 Bb
Gymnosperm diversity
10 currently recognized plant phyla 4 are gymnosperms -CYCADOPHYTA -GINKGOPHYTA -GNETOPHYTA -CONIFEROPHYTA
The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.In the figure, which number represents an embryo?
11
If a new species of plant is to be produced by means of allopolyploidy from two parental species that are 2n = 4 and 2n = 8, how many chromosomes would you expect in the somatic cells of the new species?
12
Question 25:By applying a molecular clock, researchers have proposed that the first HIV-1 M invasion into humans occurred in the __________.
1930s
How much longer have bacteria evolved than eukarya?
2 billion years
Heterospory
2 kinds of spores (male and female) megasporangia and microsporanga
Polar nuclei
2 nuclei, within the same cell, created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized
Polymorphic genes
2 or more alleles
Phylogenetic species concept
A definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life. BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
At current rates of deforestation, tropical rain forests will be eliminated in __________ years.
200
Ecological Role Classification
3 major groups *Algae*:photosynthetic & non-photosynthetic -Not monophyletic *Protozoa*:heterotrophic -Not monophyletic *Fungus-like*:resemble fungi in body form and and absorptive nutrition -More closely related to diatoms
How do species arise?
3 major species concepts: -biological -morphological -phylogenetic
Life on Earth is first seen in the fossil record ___ billion years ago
3.5
Prokaryotes originated
3.5 BYA
Origin of prokaryotes
3.5 bya lots of natural selection and adaptations
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 1.2 billion years. As measured by the presence of the isotope and its stable decay product, a rock originally contained 10 grams of the radioactive isotope, and now contains 1.25 grams. Approximately how many years old is the rock?
3.6by
In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell disease?
32%
You are looking at bacterial cells through a compound light microscope. The objective you are using magnifies objects at 40X, and the ocular magnification is 10X. What is the total magnification of the bacteria cells?
400X
How many different taxa are there of proteobacteria?
5
Rhizoids
A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.
You have an isotope with a half-life of exactly 250 years. What percentage of that isotope will be left after 1000 years? (Please write your answer so that it contains two digits to the right of the decimal point; do not include the % sign...just a number)
6.25
Six major crops˜wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes˜contribute disproportionately to human diets. What percentage of all the calories consumed by humans is supplied by these crops?
80%
Six major crops—wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes—constitute what percentage of all the calories consumed by humans?
80%
Proteobacteria
A diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.
Which of the following is NOT an assumption that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A.Low migration rates B.No natural selection C.Random mating D.No mutation
A
Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of a fossil? A.A bird feather found under a tree B.A mineralized piece of wood C.A mosquito stuck in amber (petrified tree sap) D.Million year-old footprints of an animal cast in mud
A
Hfr cell
A bacterial cell in which the F factor has become integrated into the chromosome; Hfr stands for high frequency of recombination
R plasmids
A bacterial plasmid that carries genes for enzymes that destroy particular antibiotics, thus making the bacterium resistant to the antibiotics.
Golden algae
A biflagellated, photosynthetic protist named for its color, which results from its yellow and brown carotenoids.
Question 9:What does a branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent?
A branch point represents a point at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor.
Evolutionary tree
A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
F factor in the chromosome
A cell with the F factor built into its chromosomes functions as a donor during conjugation The recipient becomes a recombinant bacterium, with DNA from two different cells
Bottleneck Effect
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
Genetic drift
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
Shared ancestral character
A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade.
Adaptation
A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. NOT FAVORABLE IN AQUEOUS SETTINGS
Polyploidy
A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. GENOME DUPLICATION Ex: Hyla chrysoscelis (diploid) Hyla versicolor (tetraploid)
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the microevolution of a population of humans?
A colony of humans on the moon is isolated from Earth.
Inheritance of acquired traits (Lamarckian evolution)
A crucial, and incorrect, aspect of Lamarck's theory of evolution. Lamarck believed that the traits a parent acquired during its lifetime would be passed on to its offspring. GIRAFFES
Gnetophyta
A phylum of gymnosperms consisting of just three extant genera that are very different in appearance.
Ginkgophyta
A phylum of gymnosperms represented by a single extant species, Ginkgo biloba, characterized by fanlike leaves that turn gold and are deciduous in autumn.
Cycadophyta
A phylum of gymnosperms that superficially resemble palms. Cycads bear naked seeds on sporophylls, leaves specialized for reproduction.
F factor (fertility factor)
A plasmid found in the donor cell during conjugation and transfers from F+ to F-
Fossil
A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.
Gametic isolation
A prezygotic reproductive barrier where the sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species
According to the hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis, which of the following was a key initial step in the origin of mitochondria?
A prokaryotic host cell engulfed an aerobic, heterotrophic bacterium.
Amoebozoan
A protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia.
Euglenid
A protist, such as Euglena or its relatives, characterized by an anterior pocket from which one or two flagella emerge.
Kinetoplastids
A protist, such as a trypanosome, that has a single large mitochondrion that houses an organized mass of DNA.
Radiolarians
A protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating
peristome
A ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures on the upper part of a moss capsule (sporangium), often specialized for gradual spore discharge.
Holdfast
A rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed.
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population.
Unicellular
A single celled organism
Leprosy
A skin and nerve disease that causes open sores on the body and can lead to serious complications and death
Microphyll
A small leaf with a single vein, found in club mosses and their relatives.
Polymorphic species
A species that has two or more distinct phenotypes in the same interbreeding population at the same time.
What does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code?
A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other.
Gram stain
A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.
Stipe
A stemlike structure of a seaweed.
Binomial nomenclature
A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name
Polyphyletic group
A taxonomic grouping consisting of several species that lack a common ancestor (more work is needed to uncover species that tie them together into a monophyletic clade).
Endosymbiosis
A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.
Endospore
A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.
A gene that has two alleles, A and a, is located on the same chromosome as a second gene that also has two alleles, B and b. Suppose a diploid individual has alleles AB on one copy of this chromosome and alleles ab on the other copy of this chromosome. For this individual, select the pair of recombinant genotypes that could result if crossing over occurs between these two chromosomes.
Ab and aB
Fitness
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
Which of the following is the best description of protists' contribution to photosynthesis?
About 30% of the world's photosynthesis is performed by protists.
6 crops
About 80% of all calories consumed by humans -CORN -RICE -WHEAT -POTATOES -CASSAVA (manioc, yuca) -SWEET POTATOES (yams)
Examples of fruit
Achene (strawberry) Hesperidium (citrus fruits) Legumes Nuts (hazelnut)
Steps to invasion of land by plants
Adapt to terrestrial habitats (LESS RELIANCE ON WATER) Seedless plants change Earth's surface Mass extinction due to meteor crash
Lake Malawi, in the African Rift Valley, is home to more than a hundred species of cichlid fishes, each with slightly different diets and habits. All these species probably evolved from a common ancestor, making them an example of __________.
Adaptive radiation
Can Predation Result in Natural Selection for Color Patterns in Guppies? Our understanding of evolution changes constantly as new observations lead to new hypotheses—and hence to new ways to test our understanding of evolutionary theory. Consider the wild guppies (Poecilia reticulata) that live in pools connected by streams on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Male guppies have highly varied color patterns that are controlled by genes that are only expressed in adult males. Female guppies choose males with bright color patterns as mates more often than they choose males with drab coloring. But the bright colors that attract females also can make the males more conspicuous to predators. Researchers observed that in pools with few predator species, the benefits of bright colors appear to "win out," and males are more brightly colored than in pools where predation is more intense. One guppy predator, the killifish, preys on juvenile guppies that have not yet displayed their adult coloration. Researchers predicted that if adult guppies with drab colors were transferred to a pool with only killifish, eventually the descendants of these guppies would be more brightly colored (because of the female preference for brightly colored males). How the Experiment Was Done Researchers transplanted 200 guppies from pools containing pike-cichlid fish, intense predators of adult guppies, to pools containing killifish, less active predators that prey mainly on juvenile guppies. They tracked the number of bright-colored spots and the total area of those spots on male guppies in each generation.
After 22 months (15 generations), researchers compared the color pattern data for guppies from the source and transplanted populations.
Protobionts
Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane. (membrane and internal organics)
Gram stain - negative
Alcohol washes out violet-iodine complex Counterstain with safranin (red) Red/pink color
Which characteristic is/are shared by most diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae at least at some stage of their life cycles?
All are stramenopiles. All are autotrophs. They all have flagella with numerous fine, hairlike projections.
Gametic
All cells are DIPLOID except gametes (egg and sperm) DIATOMS
Reproductive strategies of protists
All protists can reproduce asexually Some can reproduce sexually
Gene pool (definition)
All the alleles in a given pop
Gene pool
All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time
Disruptive or diversifying selection
Hypothetical: -a certain plant's flowers open all day and night
Chemoheterotrophs
An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
Chemoautotrophs
An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.
Photoheterotrophs
An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources.
Heterotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
Endosymbiotic theory
Ancestors of mitochondria and plastids was prokaryotes that came to live in a host cell.
Hennigian
Ancestory becomes extinct when lineage splits
Which non-protist taxa are included in the Unikonta?
Animals and fungi
Which of the following is NOT a phylum of gymnosperm?
Anthophyta
Domain Archaea
Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions
Pili
Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA LONGER, LESS NUMEROUS
What Domain of prokaryotes includes species that would be considered "salt-loving?"
Archaea
You find an organism that has the following qualities: it has several types of RNA polymerases, uses methionine as the first amino acid in proteins, and grows at 100 C. Is it a member of the Archaea, Bacteria, or Eukarya?
Archaea
Methanogens
Archaea that release methane, a greenhouse gas (NOT EXTREME)
Thermophiles
Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as volcanic springs.
Plants are members of the eukaryotic supergroup ________ , and their closest relatives are _________.
Archaeplastida; charophyte green algae.
Where would female gametes be produced in Bryophytes?
Archegonia
The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of __________.
Aristotle
Which of the following would NOT be considered a good (i.e. beneficial to humans) role for bacteria?
As pathogens
Other uses for PSMs
Atropine Digitalin Menthol Quinine Taxol Tubocurarine Vinblastine
A population of predatory spiders fluctuates over generations between having a majority that build webs in trees to catch flying insects and a majority that build webs on the ground to catch walking insects. What is the type of selection that causes this fluctuation called? A.Stabilizing B.Balancing C.Directional D.Artificial E. Disruptive
B
Which of the following pairs would be an example of homologous structures? A. The leg of a bird and the leg of an ant B.The nose of a human and the trunk of an elephant C.The arm of a monkey and the arm of an octopus D.The wings of a bat and the wings of a dragonfly
B
Which gymnosperm phylum is characterized by large cones and fern-like leaves and thrived during the Mesozoic?
Cycadophyta
Darwin originally defined evolution as _____. A. the passing of acquired characteristics to offspring B. an individual's ability to adapt to its environment C. descent with modification D. a way to classify organisms based on morphological similarities E. None of the listed responses is correct.
C
Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports the theory of evolution? A. Some distantly-related organisms have very similar characteristics in similar habitats B.Changes in bacterial characteristics in a matter of weeks to months C.Organisms tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support D.Fossils of organisms from ~250 mya can be found in both South America and Africa
C
A major increase in different types of animal body plans in the fossil record, which is demonstrated by the Burgess Shale, happened during which geologic period?
Cambrian
Diversifying characteristics of protists
Can be UNICELLULAR/MULTICELLULAR (COLONIAL) Can be AUTOTROPHIC/HETEROTROPHIC Can be SESSILE/MOTILE
Radioisotope dating
Carbon (14C to 14N) - 5730 yr - 100-30,000 yr Uranium (235U to 207Pb) - 710 million yr - 10 million - 4.5 billion yr Potassium (40K to 40Ar) - 1.3 billion yr - 100,000 - 4.5 billion yr Uranium (238U to 206Pb) - 4.5 billion yr - 10 million - 4.5 billion yr
Choose the list below that contains the substances required by typical nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals
During what period did seedless vascular plants form extensive forests of tall trees?
Carboniferous
peptidoglycan
Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Made of a sugar polymer and polypeptide.
Prokaryotes
Cells that do not contain nuclei (bacteria and archaea)
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease transferred by insect bites
Excavata examples
Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei) Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)
How does natural selection fashion organisms?
Chance and the environment interact with natural selection, so that the best available traits are selected for.
Microevolution
Change in a gene/genes from one generation to the next SMALL SCALE
Plate movement
Changes in: -climate -atmosphere -land size -flooding -glaciation -volcanic activity -meteor impact
Derived character
Character evolved in lineage ancestral to group of multiple lineages -sets these lineages apart from others
Closest relative to land plants
Charophytes
Pre-plants
Charophytes
Which of the following is the correct order from most ancient lineage to most current lineage?
Charophytes, bryophytes, lycophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs)
Chemicals produced by plants that are not directly related to growth, development, or reproduction Generally used as protection against HERBIVORES
In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile broth, consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the following organisms would be most likely to survive?
Chemoheterotrophic bacteria
Which organism from Kingdom Protista is most closely related to animals?
Choanoflagellates
Which protist group is thought to be most closely related to animals?
Choanoflagellates
Which of the following is not a structure used for locomotion in protists?
Cilia Flagella Pseudopodia Undulating membrane
Which of the following are groups included in the protists?
Ciliates Brown algae Diatoms Forams
The following are descriptive characteristic forms of bacterial colonies
Circular Filamentous Rhizoid
Hox genes
Class of homeotic genes. Changes in these genes can have a profound impact on morphology.
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Close relatives to plants Contain same type of plastids and photosynthetic pigments as land plants Occur in fresh waters, ocean, and land Most are photosynthetic Can be unicellular/multicellular/colonial
Self-fertilization
Combination from SAME individual
Which of the following is a conifer?
Common juniper Longleaf pine European larch Sequoia
Plant diversity
Compare and contrast the relative importance of the sporophyte vs gametophyte generation between nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants and seed plants Explain how seeds and pollen are adaptations that seed plants have for arid environment
Bacterial capsule
Composed of chemicals not recognized as foreign Slippery and difficult for phagocytes to engulf
Which of the following are manners in which horizontal gene transfer generally occurs in bacteria?
Conjugation Transduction Transformation
Pollen
Contain microsporangia -can be carried by WIND/WATER -excellent DISPERSAL ability
Stems
Contain vascular tissue, xylem and phloem and produce leaves and sporangia
Endospore function
Copy of chromosome surrounded by multilayered structure Water removed from it (no metabolism) ORIGINAL CELL LYSES Endospore can survive EXTREME temperatures for CENTURIES
How to calculate allele frequency
Count the number of individuals for a specific trait and divide by the total number of individuals.
How to calculate genotype frequency
Count the number of individuals with genotype and divide by all possible genotypes
Beetle flowers
Cream/greenish SMALL, OPEN flowers
Which clade of archaea includes most of the extreme thermophiles?
Crenarchaeota
Which of the following would allow an individual plant to best increase its genetic diversity in following generations?
Cross-pollination with animal dispersal
Gram stain process
Crystal violet dye enters the cell Iodine complexes with crystal violet If thick peptidoglycan layer -> gram positive (purple) If thin layer of peptidoglycan -> gram negative (red/pink)
Which gymnosperm phylum below is characterized by large cones and fern-like leaves and thrived during the Mesozoic?
Cycadophyta
Prokaryote evolution
Describe the ecological roles of prokaryotes, including as producers, decomposers, nitrogen fixers, pathogens, and parts of symbioses
Plants evolutionary adaptations
Describe the importance of lignin and vascular structures as an adaptation for land life in vascular plants
Evolution of animals and plants
Describe the process of coevolution between land plants and animals (angiosperms and pollinators, angiosperms and fruit eaters, seed plants and herbivores)
Protist
Describe the unifying characteristics of protists Explain how protists can be classified by ecological role, habitat and motility
Where is the micropyle located?
D
Which of the following did Darwin and Wallace NOT observe? A. Populations usually left more offspring than the environment could sustain B.There is generally variation in populations C.Individuals with advantageous adaptations tend to produce more offspring D.Adaptations in one generation are generally lost in the next generation
D
Which of the following is NOT one of the four proposed stages of biochemical evolution? A.Protocells form when polymers are enclosed in membranes B.Small molecules form macromolecules by joining C.Nucleotides and amino acids form D.Macromolecules self-replicate
D
Ecological change of seedless plants
DECAY-RESISTANT compared to water species -Carbon stored in plants -Reduced CO2 in air -Increased soil organic content -Released O2
What are bacteria good for?
Decomposing Breaking down organic organisms Nitrogen fixation Sewage treatment Probiotics Bioremediation
Archesplastida evolution
Describe the basic traits, ecological roles and evolutionary relationships of chlorophytes, rhodophytes, and plants
How plants colonized land
Describe the derived characteristics present in land plants that are absent in their nearest algal relatives (alternation of generations, multicellular dependent embryo, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, apical meristems) Illustrate the alternation of generation (sporic life cycle) of land plants
Who is considered the father of paleontology?
Georges Cuvier
Origin of life
Earth is 4.6 billion years old, Life 3.5-4 bya conditions of early Earth: 1. reducing environment 2. gases like H2O, CO, CO2, N2, but no O2 3. lightning and radiation steps to life: 1. macromolcules- the 4 types formed 2. proteinoids- polypeptides formed by abiotic synthesis 3. protobionts- microspheres are droplets of proteinoids, liposomes are balls of lipids, coacervates are more complex 4. ssRNA- self-replicating, catalyzed by ribozymes 5. DNA- switched since more stable
Which structures are haploid? Select all that apply.
Egg Gametophyte Spores
Apical meristems
Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
Diatoms
Encased in intricate SILICA SHELLS Most abundant primary producer in marine systems BOOM/BUST Partially responsible for RED TIDE
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
Which organism is unicellular and possesses a feeding groove?
Euglena spp.
Which domain of life does not include prokaryotes?
Eukarya
Which of the following domains consists of all the organisms whose cells have true nuclei?
Eukarya
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and prokaryotes do not
Protists
Eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi, though some protists are closely related to these taxa
Protists are best described as which of the following?
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
All protists are _____.
Eukaryotic
Which of the following characteristics apply to ALL species in Kingdom Protista?
Eukaryotic
Unifying characteristics of protists
Eukaryotic Can reproduce asexually Live in moist habitats
Given the phylogenetic tree below, which taxon is most closely related to the Chiroptera?
Eulipotyphla
Taxa of domain archaea
Euryarchaeotes Thaumarchaeotes Aigarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Korarchaeotes
In the context of populations, how do we define evolution?
Evolution is a change in a population's allele frequencies over generations.
Evolution concept
Evolution works at the level of the individual, but evolution occurs in populations -many species +large ranges +distinct pop
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species
Which one of these does not belong to the "SAR" supergroup?
Excavates
Miller-Urey Experiment
Experiment that found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere.
Plant adaptations
Explain adaptations of land plants to the terrestrial environment: new tissue formed at meristems, cuticle, stomata, tough-walled spores, structures that allow reproduction on land
Morphology
Explain general morphology (shapes, cell wall types) and environmental responses
Plants and humans
Explain how plants are essential for human survival -no group of plants is more important to human survival than seed plants -plants are key sources of food, fuel, wood products, and medicine -our reliance on seed plants makes preservation of plant diversity critical
Earth and plants
Explain how the appearance and spread of seedless plants transformed the Earth's ecology
Angiosperms and evolutionary history
Explain the characteristics of angiosperms and adaptive value of these characteristics
Gymnosperms and taxa
Explain the characteristics of gymnosperms, including their major taxa, and the adaptive value of these characteristics
The process of fertilization
Explain the process of fertilization in seed plants
peat
Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.
When a bacterial donor cell has a plasmid that contains the fertility factor, we call it a(n) _______ cell. When it has the F factor incorporated into its chromosome, we call it a(n) ________ cell.
F+ Hfr
Archaeans are much more common and ubiquitous than Bacteria. They are found pretty much everywhere on Earth.
FALSE
Fruits are produced by angiosperms to give nutrition to the embryo.
FALSE
Gymnosperms seeds are typically dispersed by animals.
FALSE
Many cyanobacteria exist as single cells and not as filaments or colonies.
FALSE
Members of the Phylum Rhizaria belong to the Supergroup Excavata.
FALSE
Protists are a monophyletic group.
FALSE
The Gram stain is a type of simple stain.
FALSE
The ovary of the flower develops into the seeds while the ovules develop into the fruits.
FALSE
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true?
Females could produce only one archegonium.
In the Lake Victoria cichlids, what appears to be contributing to fusion of different species?
Females have a difficult time visually selecting males of the same species in the murky, polluted water.
Eukaryotic sexual reproduction
First arose in protists Generally adaptive - INCREASED GENE DIVERSITY Gametic, sporic, and zygotic life cycles
_____________________ is an example of a parasitic excavate that is found in feces-contaminated water and can cause diarrhea, fever, cramps, and vomiting.
Giardia
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis from drinking contaminated water
Fruits
Give NUTRITION to developing embryo Enticement for SEED DISPERSAL
Directional Selection
Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
Behavioral isolation
Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
Cast fossils
Forms when a mold is filled with sand or mud that hardens int other shape of an organism
If a cyanobacterium is engulfed via endosymbiosis and it then has two membranes around it inside the engulfing cell and then that cell gets engulfed, the plastid will have three membranes. Using this logic, if it were engulfed one more time, how many membranes should it have around it?
Four
Characteristics of SPIROCHETES
Free living/host bound
Evolutionary history of plants
From ALGAE, probably originated from a photosynthetic protist ancestor having a relatively complex body Either CHARA/COLEOCHAETE are modern protists most closely related to ancient land plants Complex charophytes share several derived traits with land plants
Quinine
From Cinchona tree MALARIA PREVENTIVE
Tubocurarine
From Curare tree MUSCLE RELAXANT
Taxol
From Pacific yew OVARIAN CANCER DRUG
Vinblastine
From Periwinkle LEUKEMIA DRUG
Menthol
From eucalyptus tree THROAT SOOTHER
Digitalin
From foxglove HEART MEDICATION
Atropine
From the belladonna plant EYE PUPIL DILATOR
Distinguishing bryophyte features
GAMETOPHYTE generation DOMINANT Sporophytes dependent on gametophyte (SMALL AND SHORT LIVED) NONVASCULAR NO transport tissues Little structural support
Chlorophyta
GREEN ALGAE - close relatives of plants - bright green chloroplast (bc of chlorophyll a) - not many accessory pigments (usually bright green color) - stores starch - can have holocarpic reproduction • all cells differentiate into gametes → dissipate → left behind with skeleton - have flagella - isokont - same composition & length - least speciose in ocean
Dr. McCleary gets excited when talking about plants and keeps interchanging "gametophyte" and "sporophyte." So, which of the following is correct?
Gametophytes undergo mitosis and produce haploid gametes
At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred?
Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.
Universal phylogenetic trees built from different genes sometimes give inconsistent results. What basic assumption on which phylogenetic trees are based has probably been violated during the history of life?
Genes are passed vertically from one generation to the next.
Which of the following modes of evolution is caused by random events?
Genetic drift
The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of __________
Georges Cuvier
What is the structural feature of gram-positive bacteria that results in their retaining a crystal violet dye stain and thereby being distinguished from gram-negative bacteria in a Gram-stain technique?
Gram-positive bacteria have thicker cell walls.
Heterozygote advantage
Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. EX: Sickle-cell anemia (in areas where malaria is prevalent) +CaCa normal +CaCs adaptive +CsCs sickle
Biofilms
Group of microorganisms that stick to each other (basically a micro ecosystem)
Sister taxa
Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives.
Phylogenetic tree concept
HYPOTHESIS of relationships
Gametophyte
Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism
dioecious
Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals
Which of the following is a true statement about Charles Darwin?
He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.
The term for an organism having two types of spores (male and female) is:
Heterospory
The lethal genetic disorder Tay-Sachs disease occurs in individuals with two copies of a recessive allele of the responsible gene. Which of the following statements is true?
Heterozygous individuals will survive and may pass the recessive allele on to their offspring.
Characteristics of GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
Highly diverse Some disease-causing Decomposers Source of antibiotics
paralogous genes
Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication. DIVERGE IN SAME SPECIES
Homology vs. Analogy
Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution
A character that is found in a group of organisms (a taxon) but not in that group's common ancestor is called a(n):
Homoplasy
What are the developmental genes called that can cause drastic changes in body plan?
Hox genes
Artificial selection
Human manipulation to change species
What process has the opposite result to dehydration synthesis?
Hydrolysis
RNA world hypothesis
Hypothesis that describes how the Earth may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with the DNA-based life we see today.
Protists and supergroups
Identify members of each of the four eukaryotic supergroups based on image/description
Which of the following would make an organism more likely to be found as a fossil?
If it was abundant when it existed
Evolution and adaptation in plants
Illustrate the phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of plants, including the points on the tree where major adaptations appeared, such as ovaries, pollen, vessels, seeds, flowers, leaves, and roots, etc.
What is the main difference between the life cycles of members of Phylum Bryophyta and Phylum Pteridophyta?
In Phylum Bryophyta, the gametophyte generation is dominant; whereas in Phylum Pteridophyta, the sporophyte generation is dominant.
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. TRANSFER OF GENETIC MATERIAL THROUGH PILI
Consider the characteristics of moss and fern life cycles. Which of the following sets of statements is true?
In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg.
Which is a key difference between alternation of generations in plants and sexual reproduction in nonplant organisms?
In plants, the haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular.
Pollen grain
In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall.
Homospory
In seedless vascular plants, the production of just one type of spore.
Ospithokonts
Includes ANIMAL AND FUNGAL kingdoms and related protists Named for single posters flagellum on swimming cells Choanoflagellates
Imagine that part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island far offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species, according to the biological species concept?
Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile.
Transduction Process
Insertion of bacterial DNA through a virus
When members of the same sex in a particular species compete for mating opportunities, it is called:
Intrasexual selection
Boiga irregularis on Guam
Invasion -after WWII (1945-1952) accidentally moved to Guam via ships/airplane landing gear -no native predators -lots of native prey
Which of the following statements about transformation is true?
It can be facilitated by cell-surface proteins that recognize compatible DNA.
The "dots" on the underside of a fern frond are spore cases; therefore, what is true of the plant to which the frond belongs?
It is a sporophyte.
The idea of using molecules as clocks to time evolutionary events is very attractive, but there are many problems in actually applying the technique. What seems to be the best way to get reliable results?
It is important to use as many genes as possible. With this approach, fluctuations in evolutionary rate will tend to average out.
When a protist is called an "algae", what does that mean?
It is photosynthetic
If you found out you had a bacterial infection, and the doctor told you it was of the species Kleptobacillus, what could you say for certain about the bacteria?
It is rod shaped
What is the purpose of the Safranin in a gram stain?
It is the counterstain which turns gram negative bacteria pink
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
It is thought that mitochondria were originally aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by a cell with an endomembrane system without being destroyed
What is the purpose of heat-fixing the bacteria onto the slide in a gram stain?
It kills the cells and makes them stick to the slide
Which of the following is one of the main weaknesses of the proposed classification scheme in which all eukaryotes are divided into five supergroups?
It shows all five supergroups diverging simultaneously from a common ancestor.
Which of the following is one of the main weaknesses of the proposed classification scheme in which all eukaryotes are divided into four supergroups?
It shows all four supergroups diverging simultaneously from a common ancestor.
Which statement is true regarding cholera?
Its symptoms are caused by an exotoxin that stimulates intestinal cells to release chloride ions into the gut.
What about evolution of life?
Jean Baptiste Lamark and gradual BIOLOGICAL change
Example of Algae (ecological role)
KELP: photosynthetic algae
Taxonomy mnemonic
King Phillip Came Over for Goof Spaghetti
Plants
Kingdom PLANTAE (land plants) Multicellular eukaryotic organisms composed of cells having PLASTIDS Evolved from green algal ancestors that lived in aquatic habitats Distinguished from algal relatives by adaptations to terrestrial life
Taxonomy order
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Host
LARGER organism in a symbiotic relationship
Terrestrial adaptation
LESS RELIANCE ON WATER Some traits from charophyte ancestor Novel features: -MERISTEMS -SPORIC life cycle -TOUGH-WALLED SPORES -SPOROPHYTE DOMINANT
Bryophytes: mosses
LIVERWORTS, HORNWORTS, MOSSES Each phylum is MONOPHYLETIC Common structural, reproductive, and ecological features Models of earliest terrestrial plants Features ABSENT in CHAROPHYTES, but PRESENT in PLANTS Likely early adaptations to land SPORIC LIFE CYCLE w/ ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
Question 24:Comparison of human fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this?
Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.
Archeplastida
Land plants - kingdom PLANTAE Related ALGAE CHLOROPHYTA RHODOPHYTA CHAROPHYTE
Macroevolution
Larger changes -phenotype -speciation
Kelps
Largest protists Can form forests in temperate marine areas
Waxy cuticle
Layer on the surface of the leaf which reduces water loss -Thicker on the upper surface Also REDUCES PATHOGEN ATTACK
Sepals
Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud
Diseases caused by gram positive bacteria
Leprosy, tuberculosis, anthrax, botulism
Adaptations of land plants
Less reliance on GAMETOPHYTE HETEROSPORY OVULES POLLEN
Mass extinction due to meteor crash
Less sunlight penetration Many species died off
Which of the following chemical equations summarizes the reactions in photosynthesis?
Light Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Xylem cells are structurally supported by what substance?
Lignin
Seedless plants change Earth's surface
Literally CHANGE the ECOLOGICAL CLIMATE Ecological change (decay-resistant) Buffering capacity Climate change
3D Tissues in plants
Lowers SA/volume ration REDUCES WATER LOSS
Which of the following is the correct taxonomic name for the African forest elephant?
Loxodonta cyclotis
Which of the following taxa does NOT belong to the Bryophytes?
Lycophytes
Categories of LEAVES
Lycophytes Monilophytes
Monocot vs eudicot
MONOCOT embryo: 1 cotyledon leaf venation: parallel stems: vascular tissue scattered roots: fibrous root system pollen: pollen grain w/ 1 opening flowers: floral organs in multiples of 3 EUDICOT: embryo: 2 cotyledons leaf venation: netlike stems: vascular tissue arranged in ring roots: has taproot (main root) pollen: pollen grain w/ 3 openings flowers: flowers in multiples of 4 or 5
Multicellular
Made up of more than one cell.
Natural Selection
Main process of evolution -organisms better adapted to an environment tend to produce more offspring -traits must be heritable -must have variation in pop
F factor chromosome transfer
Makes Hfr -high frequency of reproduction
Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life?
Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things.
Polymorphic
Many forms
Why have protists been "mixed in" with plants, animals, and fungi under the hypothesis that groups eukaryotes into five supergroups?
Many protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to each other and recent evidence makes it clear that the former kingdom Protista was paraphyletic.
Commercial uses for brown algae
Medical devices Food
Ovule
Megasporangium retained in parent sporophyte
Basal angiosperms
Member of a clade of three early-diverging lineages of flowering plants. Examples are Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and its relatives.
Conifers
Member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs.
Population taxonomy
Members of species in one location at one time
These cyanobacteria only divide in two dimensions so they form flat, grid-like sheets.
Merismopedia
Lycophytes
Microphylls
Less reliance on gametophyte
Miniaturization Gametophytes develop from spores
Which type of genetic material would be the best to examine in order to detect differences in two organisms that diverged recently?
Mitochondrial DNA, because it changes the most rapidly
Which of the following is NOT a mode of bacterial horizontal gene transfer? Conjugation Mitosis Transformation Transduction
Mitosis
Introgression
Mixing of species that seem to be on different evolutionary trajectories
Molecular clock
Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
Secondary metabolite
Molecule that is produced by an organism but does not play any known role in its metabolism. Some serve as defense against predation.
Flowers (Monocot vs Eudicot)
Monocot: Floral organs usually in multiples of THREE Eudicot: Floral organs usually in multiples of FOUR/FIVE
Embryos (Monocot vs Eudicot)
Monocot: ONE cotyledon Eudicot: TWO cotyledon
Pollen (Monocot vs Eudicot)
Monocot: Pollen grain with ONE opening Eudicot: Pollen grain with THREE openings
Climate change
More forests (vascular plants), CO2 dropped (Carboniferous) O2 increased SEED plants became DOMINANT Non-seed plants lost a lot of species
Species taxonomy
Most (almost) narrow organizational level +members of the same species can interbreed
2 common characteristics of protists
Most abundant in MOIST habitats Most are MICROSCOPIC
Rhodophyta (red algae)
Most are MULTICELLULAR marine macroalgae Red appearance due to distinctive photosynthetic pigments - PHYCOERYTHRINS
Moth flowers
Mostly white, some red/purple Various shapes OPEN corolla OPEN at NIGHT STRONGLY scented
Amoebozoans
Move using PSEUDOPODIA Includes SLIME MOLDS Some free-living, some parasites
Gene flow
Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
Taxis
Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
In rice farming, the fields are flooded with Azolla (mosquito fern) between crops. Why do you suppose this is done?
Mutualistic cyanobacteria of Azolla fix nitrogen for future crops.
Obligate anaerobes
O2 is toxic
Lake Victoria, in Africa, is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Many of these fishes are similar in appearance but have different feeding habits. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or members of entirely different species?
Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring.
Family
One or more closely related genera
Genus
One or more closely related species
Dispersal
One population moves
Non-random mating
One sex selecting a trait in the other -traits selected for
Pollination - fertilization
One sperm fertilizes the egg cell becomes the diploid zygote grows via mitosis to become the embryo SELF FERTILIZATION CROSS POLLINATION
Which of the following statements is not true?
Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA.
Charophyte algae: zygotic life cycle
Only diploid cell is zygote Only a few haploid spores are produced PER ZYGOTE
Of the following, which is a difference in how reproduction occurs in gymnosperms compared to angiosperms?
Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm.
What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering?
Organisms have the capacity to produce more offspring than the environment can support.
Producers
Organisms that make their own food
Because he was well aware of the effect his theory of evolution would have on the public and on the Church of England, Darwin delayed publishing his work for several decades while he gathered additional evidence. After invoking selective breeding of domesticated species as evidence that groups of organisms are capable of change, he then proposed that natural populations can change as well. On which two lines of evidence did he base this proposal?
Organisms within a population vary, and all populations produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, resulting in competition for survival within the population.
Gametangia
Organs where gametes are formed Protects developing gametes from desiccation and microbial attack Zygotes remain sheltered and fed
Plastids in green and red algae
Originated through PRIMARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS HETEROTROPHIC HOSTS captured cyanobacteria via PHAGOCYTOSIS but did not digest them Massive HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
What Phylum(s) belongs to the Supergroup Unikonta?
Phylum Amoebozoa Phylum Mycetozoa
All angiosperms belong to which phylum?
Phylum Anthophyta
Which phylum of plants is the most abundant on Earth today?
Phylum Anthophyta
Which of the following phyla is NOT included in the group gymnosperms?
Phylum Lycophyta
Slime molds
Physarum Dictyostelium
What is lateral gene transfer?
Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.
__________ is a protist that causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 19th century.
Phytophthora infestans
Habitat
Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Seaweeds/macroalgae
Vascular tissue
Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
Which of the following statements about algae and plants is true?
Plants have a waxy, waterproof cuticle, and algae do not.
How are bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
Plants in both groups have vascular tissue.
Bacterial genetic mixing
Plasmids transfer small pieces of DNA
Which of the following is a trait of gymnosperms?
Pollen Ovule Tracheids
Which plant adaptation were important in helping plants become less reliant on water?
Pollen Vascular tissues Waxy cuticle
Which of the following statements regarding pollen is true?
Pollen contains the male gametophyte
Fertilization
Pollen germination on STIGMA Tube nucleus from pollen forms POLLEN TUBE Generative cell (n) divides into 2 sperm (n) Sperm travel down tube into MICROPYLE One sperm (n) fuses with egg (n) to make ZYGOTE (2n) One sperm (n) fuses with 2 POLAR NUCLEI (each n) to form the ENDOSPERM (3n)
Which of the following is not true about pollen?
Pollination only occurs in angiosperms and not gymnosperms
Capsule
Polysaccharide/protein layer Allows it to stick to surfaces/other bacteria
Protocells
Pre-biotic molecules -aggregate -arrange in specific pattern -separate outside from inside -different internal environment Form boundary Molecules inside cell contain info Other molecules have enzymatic function Allows for self-replication
Prior to the Cambrian explosion, most animals were small and soft-bodied. What development appears to have spurred adaptations such as sharp spines, claws, and body armor (shells)?
Predation
What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis?
Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
Convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
Aerobic
Process that requires oxygen
Leaves
Produce SUGARS via photosynthesis
Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis?
Prokarya
Which statement about prokaryotes is true?
Prokaryotes are widely used for bioremediation.
Evolution (Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes: First appeared approximately 3.5 BYA Eukaryotes: Evolved from prokaryotes approximately 1.8 BYA
Organelles (Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes: NO membrane-enclosed organelles Eukaryotes: HAS membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA (Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes: Not contained w/in ANY cellular structure (nucleoid) Eukaryotes: Housed in membrane-enclosed NUCLEUS
Complexity (Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes: SIMPLER Eukaryotes: MORE STRUCTURALLY COMPLEX
Size (Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes: SMALLER Eukaryotes: Typically 10-100x LARGER
Number of Cells (Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes: UNICELLULAR Eukaryotes: UNICELLULAR/MULTICELLULAR
Why is salt a good preservative to use for foods such as pork and fish?
Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce.
Phylogenetic species concept pros and cons
Pros: -can be used widely -includes fossil, asexual, cryptic, polymorphic Cons: -difficult to do (need DNA data) -how much difference is enough?
Morphological species concept pros and cons
Pros: -can be used widely Cons: -Polymorphic species may be misdiagnosed -Cryptic species may be ignored -Subjective -Convergent evolution
Biological species concept pros and cons
Pros: -sharp delineation (no breeding = different species) Cons: -What about asexual species? -Fossils? -Geographic isolation issues
Dependent, multicellular embryos
Protects developing embryo
Shared features between plants and charophytes
Proteins and enzymes Structure of FLAGELLATED sperm Details of cell division Photosynthetic pigments Cellulose-rich cell walls
Taxa of domain bacteria
Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria
You find a eukaryotic organisms that is not a plant, fungi, or animal. Which category should it fit in to?
Protists
Eukaryotic supergroups
Protists are represented in EACH group Some groups are ONLY protists
Which of the following statements, concerning the stages of biochemical evolution, is TRUE?
Protocells are formed from lipids aggregating and arranging in specific patterns to form a barrier between the internal and external environments
Self-replication
Protocells start to act like cells -simple reproduction -simple metabolism
After completing a Gram Stain, bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer will appear _______________and will be considered __________________________-.
Purple, gram positive
A population of worms has adult individuals that range from 10 to 25 cm in length, with the average and most prevalent (45% of individuals) length being 16 cm. A generation later, the range of length is 12 to 22 cm, with the most prevalent (56% of individuals) length being 17 cm. What type of natural selection does this indicate? (you only need to use one word)
Stabilizing
Many protists possess a colored eye-spot, better known as a ___________.
Stigma
Name stramenopiles
Strameno - straw Pila - hair
The SAR supergroup contains which 3 main sub-supergroups?
Stramenopila Alveolata Rhizaria
Systematics
Study of classification of life according to evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy
Study of classification of organisms
Phylogenetics
Study of evolutionary relationships
Population genetics
Study of genes and genotypes in populations
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms
Analysis of eukaryotic supergroups
Summarize the basic traits and ecological roles of brown algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates
The largest species in Kingdom Protista belongs to what supergroup?
Supergroup Stramenopila
TACK history
Superphylum, original split between eukarya and archaea
Besides the Prebiotic Soup model of how organic molecules formed, there is one more model. It is the __ __ model
Surface metabolism
The analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relatedness of both extant and extinct organisms is called __________.
Systematics
A seed is a dormant embryo embedded into the nutrient tissue of the female gametophyte and is surrounded by a seed coat.
TRUE
Diatoms are unicellular algae that possess a cell wall made of silicon dioxide
TRUE
Dicots have two cotyledons.
TRUE
Green algae are more closely related to plants than they are to kelp.
TRUE
Like Plankton from SpongeBob, Chlamydomonas has one singular eyespot known as the stigma.
TRUE
Liverworts can reproduce asexually via fragmentation or gemmae cups.
TRUE
Members of the Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) are red due to the presence of the pigment phycoerythrin.
TRUE
Pollination is when pollen is transferred from one plant to another while fertilization is when the sperm and egg come together to form an embryo.
TRUE
Rhodospirillum rubrum are red under anoxic conditions and turn clear when exposed to oxygenated environments.
TRUE
The Cabbage Palm, commonly found in Florida, Have leaves with parallel venation. This means that they are a monocot.
TRUE
How to avoid self-fertilization
Temporal avoidance spatial avoidance self-incompatibility
On some areas of the seafloor, one could observe an "ooze" that is hundreds of meters thick. What creates this ooze?
Test the dead radiolarians
TACK
Thaumarchaeotes Aigarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Korarchaeotes
Self-incompatibility
The ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.
Which example below is a correct statement about Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a bacterium that lives in the human intestines?
The bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with the human body.
donor cell (bacterial donor)
The bacterial cell that is the source of DNA transferred to a recipient cell by either conjugation, transduction, or transformation.
How does continental drift affect speciation?
The breaking apart of landmasses or the change in configuration of ocean basins promotes allopatric speciation. The closing of an ocean basin represents an enormous loss of habitat that can wipe out some species. Climate change associated with mountain building and plates moving to different latitudes creates new niches for some organisms and wipes out other organisms. The joining of previously separated habitats may produce a hybrid zone or establish competition among previously isolated populations.
Which of the following characteristics is a reason why a Gram-stain to distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria is an important tool in a medical diagnosis of a bacterial infection?
The cell walls of many gram-negative bacteria are toxic. The outer membrane of a gram-negative bacterium helps protect it from the body's defenses. Certain gram-positive bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
What is a difference between the cell walls of prokaryotes and the cell walls of eukaryotes?
The cell walls of prokaryotes are made of molecules different from those comprising the cell walls of eukaryotes.
What global change occurring between the Carboniferous period and the Permian period likely contributed to the success of the gymnosperms?
The climate became drier and warmer.
Primary endosymbiosis
The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.
Embryo sac
The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nuclei.
Carpels
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Allopatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. DIFFERENT PLACES, dispersal and vicariance
Sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area SAME PLACE, disruptive selection, habitat differentiation, sexual selection, polyploidy
Which one of the following is true of seed plants, but NOT true of seedless plants?
The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.
Which of the following best describes how the breakup of Pangaea affected evolution?
The geographic isolation of populations that had previously coexisted led to speciation.
If the diploid chromosome number of a sexually-reproducing species is 58, which of the following statements is true?
The haploid chromosome number is 29.
What is the evolutionary significance of orthologous genes?
The high percentage of orthologous genes found in vastly different organisms emphasizes the many biochemical and developmental pathways shared by all organisms.
Continental drift
The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations
What magnification should you start on when viewing a slide?
The lowest one so you can find the specimen easily
gametophore
The mature gamete-producing structure of a moss gametophyte.
Which of the following is a trait unique to land plants?
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Tertiary endosymbiosis
The mechanism by which some eukaryotes acquired the capacity for photosynthesis; for example, a dinoflagellate that apparently lost its chloroplast became photosynthetic by engulfing another protist that had acquired a chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis.
How do trypanosomes withstand the attack of a host's immune system?
The molecular composition of their surface changes continually.
Based on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 28.2, which of the following statements is correct?
The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.
Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but most reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenetic trees for these groups?
The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious.
Which statement below is true of parsimonious trees?
The most parsimonious tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characters.
Which statement below is true about an outgroup?
The outgroup should be from a lineage known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the ingroup.
Vicariance
The physical splitting of a population into smaller, isolated populations by a geographic barrier. SOMETHING SEPARATES POPS
F plasmid
The plasmid form of the F factor cells that contain this function as DNA donors during conjugation; F+ cells transfer DNA to F- recipients; chromosomal genes can be transferred during conjugation when donor cell's F factor is integrated into chromosome
In lab class, a plasmodial slime mold is used as a demonstration organism. One of the students does not understand why this organism is not considered multicellular. How would you explain it to her?
The plasmodium is undivided by membranes and contains many diploid nuclei; therefore, it is not technically multicellular.
Stamens
The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.
A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection?
The population will come to contain adult zooplankton that reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.
Adaptations to reduce water loss
Waxy cuticle Stomata 3D Tissues
Embryonic development
The process by which the embryo is formed and develops, until it develops into a fetus.
Which statement is true for all sexually reproducing plants and animals?
The process of meiosis produces haploid cells.
Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently?
The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella
radial symmetry
The quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point.
If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result?
The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially.
Which example below is evidence provided by living gymnosperms of an evolutionary transition between seedless and seed plants?
The sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella.
strobili
The technical term for a cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants.
Plate tectonics
The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle.
Pollination
The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants
Zygotic life cycle
The type of life cycle of most unicellular protists in which haploid cells develop into gametes. Two gametes then fuse to produce a diploid zygote
The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called __________.
artificial selection
Which of the following statements regarding the diversity and abundance of bacteria is accurate?
There are more bacterial cells in a human body than human cells. Bacteria can be found in all environments on Earth. There are more bacteria species than all animal species combined.
How many genes must change in order to form a new species?
There is no set number of genes or loci that produces a new species. Genetic and environmental factors interact.
Many parasitic members of the excavates lack plastids and have highly reduced mitochondria. Which of the following statements explains these observations?
These parasites live in dark, low-oxygen conditions and therefore loss of genes for plastids and mitochondria did not result in lower fitness
What would be good indicators of plant-like protist in the pond water samples?
They are green and mostly sedentary
What did Darwin observe about species on islands?
They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands.
Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination?
They are probably wind pollinated
Which of the following is/are true about R plasmids?
They can be transferred from one bacterium to another via conjugation. They can carry several resistance genes.
What is the role of heterocysts in a cyanobacterial filament?
They carry out only nitrogen fixation
Why are neutral mutations the best for tracking using molecular clocks?
They don't affect the fitness of the organism
What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?
They have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes. Their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes.
Which of the following is a difference between bacteria and archaea?
They have different chemicals in their cell membranes and cell walls.
What is the evolutionary significance of paralogous genes?
They increase the size of the genome and provide more opportunity for the evolution of novel characteristics.
What is the evolutionary significance of megaphylls?
They increase the surface area for photosynthesis.
What ecological role do nitrogen fixing bacteria play in the environment?
They transform atmospheric nitrogen to a form that other organisms can use
The closest seedless relatives of seed plants produce one kind of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. What does this suggest about the ancestors of seed plants?
They were homosporous
If left alone (no input from humans), which of the following is true about land plants?
They will store carbon dioxide in warmer climates and lower environmental temperatures
You are watching a movie in which one of the characters excitedly claims to have found human remains in Asia dated at 10 million years old. The date was obtained by carbon-14 dating. What is your reaction?
This can't possibly be true because carbon-14 dating can only be used back to about 75,000 years.
Which of the following organisms is most closely related to the ancestor of modern amphibians?
Tiktaalik
The time interval between speciation events is typically __________.
Times between speciation events vary widely and depend on generation times, causes of speciation, environmental factors, and chance.
What is the function of a bacterial endospore?
To facilitate persistence in temporarily harsh environments
Commercial uses of diatoms
Toothpaste, polishes Pest control Filter packing
During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment?
Traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment. The species may go extinct. Individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success. The population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species.
Which of the following mechanisms is/are (a) means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes?
Transformation Transduction Conjugation
Pine life cycle components
Tree is the SPOROPHYTE Two types of sporangia (2 types of cones) -POLLEN CONE -OVULATE CONE
Disease causing SPIROCHETES
Treponema pallidum (syphillis) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
True or false - embryonic dolphins have back limbs during some part of their development
True
True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria.
True
Eudicot
True dicot; one of the flowering plants generally characterized by embryos with two cotyledons.
Which of the following is a disease caused by bacteria?
Tuberculosis
Nitrogen fixation
Turns atmospheric N2 into useful form
Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.
Eukaryotic Cell
Typically 10-100x larger More structurally complex Has membrane-enclosed organelles Evolved from prokaryotes approximately 1.8 bya Housed in membrane-enclosed nucleus Unicellular/Multicellular
How does variation within populations occur?
Underlying phenotypic variation is genotypic variation
Evolutionary
Unique evolutionary role, tendencies, and historical fate
Protist evolutionary history
Used to be kingdom PROTISTA Do NOT share a common ancestor Many relationships are UNCERTAIN/CONTENTIOUS New ones CONSTANTLY discovered (changes the PHYLOGENY) Classified into SUPERGROUPS
Shared derived character
Used to create meaningful clades -used to determine relationships -morphological and/or molecular
What phenomenon causes speciation when populations are physically split from each other (without one moving away of its own accord)?
Vicariance
paraphyletic group
a group that includes an ancestral population and some of its descendants, but not all
Which type of organism would be most likely to pollinate a red, tube-like flower?
a hummingbird
Gamete
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Magnoliids
a member of the angiosperm clade that is most closely related to the combined eudicot and monocot clades
Alternation of generations in all land plants is between __________.
a multicellular haploid organism and a multicellular diploid organism
Tertiary plastid
a plastid acquired by the incorporation into a host cell of an endosymbiont having a secondary plastid
Secondary plastid
a plastid that has originated by the endosymbiotic incorporation of a eukaryotic cell containing a primary plastid into a eukaryotic host cell
Secondary endosymbiosis
a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell
Secondary endosymbiosis in Excavata
a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell
Adaptive evolution
a process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency in a population over time
Diplomonads
a protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella
Cross-pollination
a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant DIFFERENT individuals
CRISPR/Cas9
a revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune system of simple prokaryotes
Consider the following mutations to the nucleotide sequence of a gene. Which of these mutations would not alter the reading frame of the gene's genetic message?
a single nucleotide-pair substitution
Heterocysts
a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria
Cladogenesis
a species diverges into two or more species
Cryptic species
a species that cannot be distinguished from similar species by easily identifiable morphological traits
Root caps
a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury
Pseudopodia
a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding.
A gram-negative cell wall consists of __________.
a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides
Gametic life cycle
a type of life cycle where all cells except the gametes are diploid, and gametes are produced by meiosis
Monilophytes (characteristics)
about 12,000 species of HORSETAILS, WHISK FERNS, and OTHER FERNS
What percentage of the world's photosynthesis is carried out by protists?
about 30%
Approximately 1 out of every 2,500 Caucasians in the United States is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately what percentage of people are carriers?
about 4%
An F+ bacterial cell __________.
acts as a donor during conjugation
The phenomenon whereby one or a few species rapidly becomes many species due to a lack of competition in niche spaces is:
adaptive radiation
Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because
all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.
All known organisms translate genetic information to produce protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________.
all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor
In which group is the sporophyte stage dominant in the alternation of generations?
all vascular plants
The Galápagos finches collected by Darwin are thought to have descended from a very small parent population. Different species of finches that are confined to only one or two islands most likely arose by __________.
allopatric speciation
Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts in mutualistic or parasitic relationships?
alpha
Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?
alternation of generations
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?
alternation of multicellular generations
A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from __________.
an ovary an ovule
Which of the following would be the LEAST useful in determining the relationships among various species?
analogous structures
Fossil record bias
anatomy size number environment time geology paleontology
Rhizoids __________.
anchor the gametophytes of bryophytes
The holdfast of brown algae functions in __________.
anchoring the algae
Monocot
angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon
Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____.
angiosperms
In flowers, pollen is produced in the __________.
anther
During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the __________ to the __________.
anther stigma
When viewing the liverworts, make sure you identify the sexual structures _________ and __________ and understand the role they have in the life cycle.
antheridia archegonia
In the life cycle of a fern, the multicellular male gametangium (the sex organ that produces sperm cells) is called a(n) __________.
antheridium
Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) __________ and down the neck of a(n) __________.
antheridium ... archegonium
R plasmids confer
antibiotic resistance
Which of these groups includes parasitic unicellular organisms with a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues?
apicomplexans
Multicellular gametangia
archegonia and antheridia
In the life cycle of ferns, the multicellular female gametangium (the sex organ that contains an egg) is a(n) __________.
archegonium
In which bryophyte structure specifically does a zygote develop into an embryo?
archegonium
which protists contain kingdom plantae?
archeplastida
Bacteria that __________ tend to have abundant internal membranes.
are photosynthetic
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____.
are unicellular
Bilateral symmetry
arrangement of body parts so there are distinct left and right halves that mirror each other
Which of the following is not an advantage seeds provide over spores?
asexual reproduction
lack of nucleus :
bacteria
Sewage treatment
bacteria recycle nutrients from waste
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals
Which type of selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population?
balancing selection
Hesperidium
berry having a thick leathery rind and juicy pulp especially oranges and other citrus fruits
Subspecies
between species and population
cell division in bacteria
binary fission
Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells?
biofilms
A bright pink flower with deep floral tubes will most likely be pollinated by which mechanism?
birds with long beaks
Which of the following to angiosperms definitely NOT have?
blood vessels
Mutualism
both species benefit
A genetic ______ occurs when a large population is drastically reduced in size and has a resulting loss of allelic diversity.
bottleneck
An earthquake hits a small island. All but a small group of closely related lizards are eliminated, and the survivors spread out over the island. This is an instance of __________.
bottleneck effect
Megaphylls
branched vascular system
Which of the following organisms is commercially harvested to extract algin from their cell walls?
brown algae
Which example below is a clade of nonvascular plants?
bryophytes
Diatoms are ecologically important because the cycle approximately twenty five percent of _________________________ on Earth.
carbon
Ribozymes
catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA
Entamoeba histolytica
causes amoebic dysentery
Which of the following is NOT a fruit?
celery stalk
What prokaryotic adaptation occurred during the oxygen revolution and opened up the possibility for energy-demanding multicellular life-forms?
cellular respiration
Dinoflagellates may have plates made of ________, diatoms have shells made of_________ , and radiolarians have tests made of _________. (arrange and spell them correctly...possible answers: calcium carbonate, cellulose, silica)
cellulose silica calcium carbonate
Mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Founder Effect
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
Homoplasy
character found in a set of organisms but not found in their common ancestor -eyes have evolved many times -wings, etc.
Shared character
character found in multiple lineages
morphological species concept
characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features
Evidence suggests that land plants arose from within which protist lineage?
charophytes
Green algae are divided into two main groups, the charophytes and the __________.
charophytes
The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.
charophytes
Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____.
chemoautotrophs
In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile broth, consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the organisms would be most likely to survive?
chemoheterotrophic bacteria
Which group of bacteria is unusual in that they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
chlamydias
When viewing the Euglena in lab, you should be able to positively identify the _________ and __________.
chloroplasts and stigma
Which of the following taxon is thought to be the MOST closely related to animals?
choanoflagellates
What structure(s) does the Stentor sp. use for feeding?
cilia
Which of these groups is characterized by cells that have more than one nucleus?
ciliates
Which of the following taxonomic levels falls between the kingdom and the family? Please read all possible answers before making a selection
class and phylum
Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating that __________.
closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins than more distantly related organisms
Prokaryotic shapes
coccus, bacillus, spirillum
Mixotrophs
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
The term mixotroph indicates that a protist __________.
combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
Which of the following methods to establish phylogenetic relationships among organisms has been developed most recently?
comparing the amino acid sequences of proteins and nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids
Asexual species
compatible with the phylogenetic species concept but not the biological species concept
How do ciliates generate genetic variation?
conjugation
The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________.
containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
Domain Bacteria
contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics.
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
Integument
covering of the megasporangium
Which of the following is not one of the most common prokaryotic cell shapes?
cuboidal
The development of the __________ prevents plants from drying out and protects them from microbes.
cuticle
Molecular data suggest that plastids originated as __________ engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote.
cyanobacteria
Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in
cyanobacteria
photosynthesis :
cyanobacteria
The group of bacteria that are thought to be the origin of chloroplasts found in plants is the _________ , and the bacterial group that can only live in animal hosts is the _____________
cyanobacteria chlamydias
Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____.
cyanobacterium
The smaller spheres inside of the colonial protists Volvox sp. and Pandorina sp. are known as_________________________. They are products of asexual reproduction.
daughter colonies
Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis?
decomposer
Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to cause human health problems and provide Robbie with future patients?
defenses against herbivory and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
Desiccation
dehydration; the process of being rendered free from moisture
Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are predators of other bacteria?
delta
What is the process by which a trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor?
descent with modification
In moving to land, plants had to overcome which of the following challenges?
desiccation
In moving to land, which of the following challenges did plants have to overcome?
desiccation
Mutations in what class of genes have probably been responsible for many of the changes leading to the great diversity of life existing today?
developmental genes
Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant?
diatoms
The vast majority of angiosperms with two cotyledons formerly classified as __________ are now classified as __________.
dicots eudicots
Neutral variation
differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage
Temporal avoidance
different parts mature at different times
The gram stain is a ______________________ stain which detects differences in ____________________ composition.
differential cell wall
In the species selection model, __________ is to macroevolution as __________ is to microevolution.
differential speciation success ... differential reproductive success
Water is brought into mosses primarily by __________.
diffusion through all cells
The first large forests formed in the Carboniferous Period. The decrease in CO2 levels by all of these plants caused __________.
global cooling
The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are _____.
gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
Speed of speciation
gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question.A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.This bacterium's ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due to the presence of ________.
gram-negative cell wall
Which of the following groups of algae is/are most closely related to land plants?
green algae
According to the phylogeny presented in this chapter, which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants?
green algae dinoflagellates
Plastid
group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments
monophyletic group
group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor AKA CLADE
Select the response that best completes the following statement:Members of Phylum Pteridophyta possess vascular tissue, and as a result are able to...
grow taller than non-tracheophyte plants.
Seed bearing plants are grouped into two clades, namely __________ and ____________.
gymnosperms angiosperms
At the time Darwin voyaged on HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________.
had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before
Fimbrae
hairlike structures for attachment to surfaces SHORT, MORE NUMEROUS
The gametophyte generation is
haploid
The megaspore is
haploid
The cells within pollen grains are __________ and together comprise the __________.
haploid male gametophyte
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
haploid spores
monoecious
having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal
Which of the following is an example of the process of evolution?
herbivory
Anabaena contain specialized cells called __________________ which all them to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere.
heterocysts
A plant that produces two kinds of spores is called _________.
heterosporous
Which of the following adaptations is common to all seed plants?
heterospory reduced gametophytes pollen ovules
Protozoa (ecological role)
heterotrophic
Zooplankton
heterotrophic
Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits. Select the exception.
homospory
In the absence of meiosis and sexual reproduction, what general process allows genetic recombination among prokaryotes?
horizontal gene transfer
Portions of the genomes of certain prokaryotic species are very similar to portions of the genomes of distantly related prokaryotes. The process that most likely accounts for this genetic similarity is __________.
horizontal gene transfer
Scientists hypothesize that the O157:H7 strain of E. coli is so different from the K-12 strain because of __________.
horizontal gene transfer over many years, most likely through the action of bacteriophages
Which of the following most accurately measures an organism's fitness?
how many fertile offspring it produces
Which of the following would seem to be an example of neutral variation?
human fingerprints
Inviability
hybrid does not develop into maturity
A new species can arise in a single generation __________.
if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____.
inhibit herbivory
Pollination of angiosperms is mediated by __________.
insects and birds wind water
After fertilization of the ovule, the ________ develops into the seed coat.
integument
In gymnosperms, the seed coat develops from the integument. In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the __________.
integuments
Antibiotics administered in human medicine work against bacterial infections by __________.
interfering with an aspect of bacterial metabolism or structure that differs from that of eukaryotic cells
Isolation
intrinsic reproductive isolation (absence of interbreeding between heterospecific organisms based on intrinsic properties, as opposed to extrinsic [geographic] barriers)
A taxon __________.
is a formal grouping at any given level
A heritable trait is one that
is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.
Alternation of generations __________.
is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular
The gametophyte generation of a moss __________.
is haploid
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.
is surrounded by a cuticle
The two types of gametes ("plus" or "minus") produced by Chlamydomonas under adverse conditions are called________________________.
isogametes
Autoploidy
occurs when a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis
Genealogical
of or relating to the study or tracing of lines of family descent.
Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located __________.
on plasmids
Parasitism
one species benefits and the other is harmed
Commensalism
one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Autotroph
organism that builds organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules
Heterotroph
organism that gains nutrition from complex organic molecules
Chemoautotroph
organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions
Chemoheterotroph
organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon
Decomposers
organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment
Pathogens
organisms that cause disease
Nitrogen fixers
organisms that change nitrogen into a form of fertilizer that plants can use
Extremophiles
organisms that live in extreme environments
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
ovaries.
Which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules?
ovulate cone
After fertilization, the __________ develops into a seed and the __________ develops into a fruit.
ovule ovary
The early atmosphere on Earth is thought to have lacked which of the following gases?
oxygen
Which of the following characteristics would indicate that a plant is a monocot?
parallel veins in a leaf
Protists are considered
paraphyletic
The clade "Protists" is:
paraphyletic
Pathogen
parasite that causes disease
A type of ecological relationship called __________ involves one organism living at the expense of another organism.
parasitism
Anatomy of a Phylogenetic Tree
parts
Nuts
peanuts
Gram negative more resistant to antibiotics
penicillin affects gram positive peptidoglycan
The cell walls of bacteria are composed of ______________________.
peptidoglycan
Which structure of a bryophyte sporophyte is specialized for gradual spore discharge?
peristome
Like gymnosperms, many grasses and angiosperm trees are wind-pollinated. To conserve energy, these angiosperms do not produce complete flowers (complete flowers have all four of the basic parts). Which part would be unnecessary for wind-pollinated angiosperms?
petals
Cohesion
phenotypic cohesion (genetic/demographic exchangeability)
Bacteria that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________.
photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________.
photoautotrophs
Which of the following is not a trait characteristic of monocots?
taproot
A directional behavioral response to a stimulus is known as ____________________.
taxis
__________ is a behavioral, directional response to a stimulus.
taxis
Question 8:Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of __________.
temporal isolation
There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this?
temporal isolation
Hypermastigotes are important endosymbionts that live in the guts of __________.
termites
Abiotically produced vesicles display which of the following rudimentary qualities necessary for life?
the ability to perform simple reproduction and metabolism
Apicomplexans are currently assigned to the SAR clade because __________.
the apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin
Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he __________.
the binomial classification system ... thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation
Descent with modification definition
the change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals, and resulting in the development of new species.
What is the focus of the branch of biology called taxonomy?
the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences
Relative fitness
the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 represents __________.
the expected frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population
Question 15:Using cladistic analysis, a taxonomist wishes to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among various species of mammals. Which of the following would be the LEAST useful for this purpose?
the fact that all mammals have hair
Speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
What data can we use to calibrate molecular clocks?
the fossil record
Consider a gene that exists in two allelic forms in a simple Mendelian dominant/recessive pair. In a large population of randomly breeding organisms, the frequency of a recessive allele is initially 0.3. There is no migration and no selection. Humans enter this ecosystem and selectively hunt individuals showing the dominant trait. When the gene frequency is reexamined at the end of the year, __________.
the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go down, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go down, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go up
In the evolutionary tree shown, identify the sister taxon or taxa of iguanas.
the group consisting of monitor lizards and glass lizards
orthologous genes
the homology is the result of a speciation event and hence occurs between genes found in different species
Mold fossils
the impression in a rock left by an ancient organism
If frequencies do change,
they are not in equilibrium, an evolutionary mechanism is occurring
Ferns and mosses are limited mostly to moist environments because __________.
they have swimming sperm
Which of the following is NOT true about gymnosperms
they only flower after rain
Symbiosis
tight relationship between two or more organisms
What is the goal of bioremediation?
to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria
Which of the following lists of features characterizes eudicots?
two cotyledons, netlike veins, taproot usually present
Dictyostelium
unicellular amoeboids when food is scarce, aggregate together forming chimeric slug
The pollen tube releases two sperm cells into the embryo sac. The result of this is the __________.
union of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and of the other sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the central cell, forming a triploid nucleus called the endosperm
The placement of all protists in one kingdom caused dissatisfaction among taxonomists mainly because __________.
various pieces of evidence indicate that the kingdom Protista cannot be monophyletic
A major division in plant systematics is based on whether a particular species has __________.
vascular tissue
Phloem
vessels that transport sugars, amino acids, other organic molecules
Xylem
vessels that transport water and minerals
A seed has a thick, heavy coating, and several air pockets. It is most likely
water dispersal
Non-vascular plants include all the following types of plants EXCEPT _________.
whisk ferns
