Biology- Inquiry Into Life Chapters 1-3

peptide bonds

Amino acids are linked by

Kingdom

Animal (animalia), fungi, plants (plantae), protists (protista)

Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

nucleic acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Polymers made of nucleotides.

Eukaryote

Eukarya

Pectin

Found in plants

Eukarya

Have a membrane and a true nucleus

contractile vacuole

In Protista (Protists)

The first electron shell

Is closet to the nucleus, holds 2 electrons

found in eukaryotes

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes

mass number

Number of protons and neutrons

Partially positive

Partially donates electrons

Partially negative

Partially gains electrons

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell;Where food is converted to ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is energy used by cell

Monosaccharides

Single unit sugars (glucose, galactose,fructose)

the greater its energy

The farther an electron is from the nucleus

protons and neutrons

The nucleus of an atom contains

functional groups

a group of chemicals that participate in a chemical reaction;where chemical reactions take place

Population

a group of organisms making up one species living together in a defined area

Cytoskeleton (definition)

a series of interconnecting protein structures that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells.

Glycogen

a storage carbohydrate found in animals. Composed of many highly branched chains of glucose (has extra chemicals

The cell theory

all organisms are made up of basic living units called cells and that all cells come only from previously existing cells.

community

all populations of all species in a specified area

Biosphere

all regions of the planet's crust, waters, and atmosphere in which organisms live

chemical bond

an attraction force between two atoms when their electrons interact;make molecules out of atoms.

Life's Hierarchy

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

ionic bond

attraction between ions with opposite electrical charges

non polar covalent bond

bond with atoms having similar electronegativity 

polar covalent bond (definition)

chemical bond in which shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atoms, making it slightly negative (slight negative charge) and the other atom slightly positive ( slight positive charge);share unequally. A whole point and above.

Ecosystem

community interacting with its physical environment through the transfer of energy and materials

Lipids

composed mostly of hydrocarbons (C and H) linked by nonpolar covalent bonds and have little tendency to dissolve in water

Steroid

composed of four fused carbon rings (Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D, bile salts)

Independent/experimental variable

condition/treatment is controlled by the experimenter

Nucleotide

consist of phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base.

Animal cell

contain mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes,

plant cell

contain mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall

Carolus Linnaeus

developed the naming system (taxonomy)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

extensive membranous network that is continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope

Disaccharide

formed by 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reaction (maltose, lactose)

negative charge

formed when atoms receive (gain) these electrons

positive charge

formed when atoms transfer (lose) their outermost electrons.

Ribosomes

found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Cellulose

found in cell wall, humans cannot digest, passes through digestive tract as fiber.

dehydration reaction

from a monomer to a polymer, or small to large

hydrolysis reaction

from polymer to a monomer, or large to small

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Triglycerides

glycerol and 3 fatty acids;can be fat or oil. Oils are found in plants; fats are found in animals.

DNA

has A- Adenine T-Thymine G-Guanine and C-Cytosine;2 chains of nucleotides (polynucleotides) twisted into a double helix;deoxyribose

RNA

has A- Adenine U-Uracil G-Guanine C-Cytosine;usually one nucleotide;ribose

Organic conpound

has carbon and hydrogen in it and comes from something that's living

Rough ER

has ribosomes; contains proteins and phospholipids

unsaturated fatty acid

have double bonds between carbon atoms wherever the number of hydrogens is less than 2 carbon per atom

Electron Shell Model

helps us visualize how electrons populate atoms.

Polysaccharides

hundreds and thousands of monosaccharides linked by dehydration reaction (starch)

control group

identical to experimental group except for the independent variable under investigation, control group will not receive certain treatment

Hydrogen bonds

keep coils and folds in place

Bacteria and Archaea

lack a membrane and a true nucleus

Hydrogen bonds (definition)

link one molecule to another molecule;the attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond;a weak bond.

Phospholipids

lipids that contain a phosphate group

Solution

liquid consisting of a mixture of 2 or more substances

Wax

made up of long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols

Electron

negative charge

Neutron

no charge

Smooth ER

no ribosomes, has enzymes. Some proteins get stuck on it,may be enzymes.

Hydrogen gas

non polar covalent bond

Nucleolus

nucleic acids and proteins; where components of ribosomes are made

ATP

nucleotide

atomic number

number of protons

Dependent/response variable

observed result influenced by the independent variable

tertiary structure

overall 3d shape (balled up)

Basic

pH greater than 7

Acidic

ph 0-6

secondary structure

polypeptide chain coiled or folded up

Proton

positive charge

Golgi apparatus

processes, packages, and distributes molecules from ER. Modifies proteins and lipids then packages the finished products into new vessels

trans fat

produced by hydrogenation, or the chemical addition of hydrogen to vegetable oils.

experimental group

receive certain treatments or characteristics

Isotopes

same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons;different atomic forms of the same element.

Lysosomes

sanitation worker, gets rid of waste products. Made from rough ER and Golgi apparatus

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

saturated fatty acid

single bonds

Ribosome (definition)

site of protein synthesis

Cell

smallest unit of life

Atom

smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

Starch

storage carbohydrate found in plants. Composed of glucose

Carbohydrates

sugars

plasma membrane

surrounds the cell

Electronegativity

the ability of an atom to draw or pull electrons in a covalent bond toward itself therefore the electrons are shared unequally.

covalent bond

the attraction between atoms that share one or more outer pairs of outer shell electrons

Solvent

the dissolving agent of a solution

Homeostasis

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment by an organism, or even by a single cell.

Solute

the substance that is dissolved

Compound

two different molecules bonded together

quarternary structure

two tertiary sticked together

light microscope

uses visible light to illuminate samples ~ Curved lenses inside the microscope focus light into a magnified image ~Researchers use stains or light-emitting tracers to see the details inside cells

central vacuole

very large organelle, fluid filled vesicle in many plant cells, storage, firmness

electron microscope

visualizes objects smaller than those that can be resolved by a light microscope. It uses magnetic fields to focus a beam of electrons onto a sample. The two types are scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM)