Biology (Mitosis, Stem cells, Cell Cycle)

Describe what occurs during each stage of the cell cycle.

- G1 - cell grows - S - DNA synthesis - G2 - organelles replicated - M -mitosis - C - cytokinesis

Describe the events that take place during telophase.

- Nuclear envelope reforms - Chromosomes decondense

Describe the events that take place during prophase.

- Nuclear membrane dissolves - Chromosomes condense - Spindle apparatus forms

List the 4 stages of mitosis in the correct sequence.

- Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase

If one parent cell goes through mitosis, how many daughter cells are created?

2

If one parent cell goes through meiosis, how many gametes are produced?

4

How many chromosomes and chromatids are present in a somatic cell that has gone through synthesis?

46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids

How many chromosomes and chromatids are in a somatic human body cell?

46, 46

What is a gamete?

A cell with only half the number of chromosomes in a body cell.

Explain the relationship between DNA, a chromosome, and chromatin.

A chromosome and chromatin are composed of DNA . The chromosome is the condensed version of chromatin.

What stage of mitosis is depicted?

Anaphase

After a tissue sample is done to the sample to see if any of the cells are cancerous?

Biopsy - a biopsy is when cells are examined to see if they are rapidly dividing/cancerous.

What is a somatic cell? Give examples of somatic cells?

Body cells : Nerve cells, Bone cells, white blood cells, liver cells, etc.

How would a cell be different if it had a shorter G1 phase?

Cells would be smaller because cell growth occurs during G1.

Chromosomes are counted by the number of _________.

Centromeres

While looking through a microscope, you see a cleavage furrow develop. What stage is this cell in, and what type of cell is it?

Cytokinesis Animal cell

What is cytokinesis?

Division of cytoplasm.

True or False: Cytokinesis is part of mitosis

False

What special phase do somatic cells enter when they do not divide?

G0 (Gap 0) = normal cell life

Identify the 5 stages of the cell cycle.

G1, S, G2, M, C

Identify the three phases of interphase:

G1, Synthesis, G2

What stages of the cell cycle are included in interphase?

G1,S,G2

What activities are taking place in the cell during interphase?

Growing Synthesizing DNA Replicating organelles

Identify the stage of mitosis in which the cell's chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Metaphase

What are the negative effects of chemotherapy?

Nausea, fatigue, loss of hair.

Aside from gametes, give an example of a body cell that does not go through mitosis?

Nerve cells, Brain cells.

What are the disadvantages of immunotherapy?

Not effective for everyone

Describe the difference between plant and animal cells during cytokinesis:

Plant - cell plate forms dividing the daughter cells, animal- cleavage furrow forms dividing the daughter cells.

Define mitosis

Process by which the cell's genetic material separates into 2 nuclei before cytokinesis.

The stage of mitosis in which you can first see individual chromosomes.

Prophase

List 4 methods used to treat cancer (not including stem cells).

Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Immunotherapy

Predict what might happen of the cell never underwent cytokinesis

The cell would have multiple nuclei.

Infer why mitosis does not increase genetic variation.

The daughter cells are identical to the parent cells, thus providing no genetic variation.

Describe the events that take place during anaphase.

The sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite ends of the cell.

What is "cleavage" in cell division? During which stage is it visible?

When the cell membrane starts to form between the two daughter cells telophase.

How is radiation used to treat cancer?

X-rays target the part of the body where the cancer is and kill rapidly dividing cells.