Biology Unit 1 Test

What happens in a chemical reaction?

Atoms are produced or destroyed and chemical bonds are rearranged.

Which of the following would you find in the cells that produce the mucus that lines the nasal cavities? A. Vesicles B. Gana C. Flagella D. Thykaloids

A. Vesicles

True or false: Cilia are usually thicker and longer than flagella

False

True or false: Endocytosis is used only to bring specific substances into the cell.

False

True or false: Mitochondria produce most of the energy used in a bacterial cell.

False

True or false: Nuclear pores allow the nucleus to pass through the plasma membrane

False

True or false: Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells

False

True or false: Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.

False

True or false: The scientific method is a very specific set of steps that scientists must follow to the letter.

False

True or false: Oleic acid (bent chain) would not be considered an unsaturated fatty acid.

False, it would

True or false: Steroids and proteins are different types of lipids

False, proteins are not lipids, they are proteins

True or false: Unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.

False, they are liquid because of the kinks in the chain

True or false: The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes have the same basic structure.

False. Only the EUKARYOTIC flagellum is surrounded by a MEMBRANE.

True or false: Any type of transport that involves transport proteins is called active transport.

False. Passive transport can also utilize transport proteins.

True or false: Science solely of knowledge of the natural world

False. Science is both a body of knowledge about the natural world, and the process scientists use to generate this knowledge.

The BLANK model describes the plasma membrane as a mobile mixture of phospholipids and proteins

Fluid-mosaic

How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

Four. Each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with another water molecule. The oxygen atom forms two hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.

How do consumers obtain their energy?

From other organisms

In the equation 2 H2O2 --> 2 H2O + O2 , the H2O2 molecules are the BLANK and the the H2O + O2 molecules are the BLANK

H2O2 molecules are the REACTANTS H2O + O2 molecules are the Products

Some active carrier proteins require energy to transport molecules across a membrane. What is that energy used for?

It causes the carrier protein to change shape

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

It sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

It states that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes that lived as symbionts inside larger cells.

A protein that is supposed to be released from the cell into the extracellular matrix is produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Through which organelles and in what order does this protein travel through other compartments in the cell to get there?

It travels from the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane

What is a community?

Living things and their interactions with other living things in a given place. They do not involve non-living organisms.

The enzymes inside the lysosome are only active when exposed to what type of pH?

Low pH, so that the enzyme can not digest the cell contents if the lysosome bursts open, and so that they cannot function in the transport vehicles, because the cell and transport vehicles are both more neutral pH

Is the pH of lysosomes high or low? Are they related to enzymes?

Low. And yes, they have the presence of digestive enzymes.

What are the microtubules in charge of?

MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES INSIDE THE CELL, and FORM CILIA AND FLAGELLA

In eukaryotic cells, most of the ATP used for cellular reactions is produced by specialized, membrane-enclosed compartments known as BLANK

Mitochondria

What is the smallest structure you could see with a light microscope?

Most bacteria

Microtubules are responsible for

Moving and positioning organelles inside the cell

Why is cell to cell communication important in multicellular organisms?

Multicellular organisms are made up of many different cell types that need to communicate in order to coordinate their activities

What is the mechanism for biological evolution?

Natural selection, it leads to changes in the overall genetic composition of populations.

Are ribosomes surrounded by a cell membrane?

No

Once experimental data verifies a prediction, is the hypothesis considered proven? Why or why not?

No, it is not considered proven, because future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refutes the hypothesis.

Can science prove a hypothesis to be true? If no, why?

No. Because future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refutes the hypothesis.

Does facilitated diffusion require energy? If not, what does it require?

No. It requires a membrane, a concentration gradient, and a transport protein.

The boundary structure that physically defines a cell is the

Nuclear envelope

BLANK are a type of organic compound that plays a role in both heredity and the energy delivery in cells

Nucleic Acids

Which is the only class out of the four organic molecules that is not commonly found embedded in or attached to the plasma membrane?

Nucleic Acids

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

The BLANK is the place where the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is stored

Nucleus

Which of the following structures is NOT found in all types of cells? A. Cytoplasm B. RIbosomes C. Nucleus D. Plasma Membrane

Nucleus. Prokaryotic cells don't have them.

Molecules of BLANK are consumer by mitochondria during cellular resipration

O2

What does the scientific method begin with?

Observations

Membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells are called

Organelles

Membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells are called BLANK

Organelles

During the process of photosynthesis, BLANK is given off as a by-product

Oxygen

As a biological process, osmosis what type of transport?

Passive transport

What is anchoring junction?

Patches or belts of proteins between cells that are subject to heavy structural stress.

What does pH measure?

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. High numbers on the scale have low H+ ion concentrations and are basic, while low numbers have high H+ ions and are acidic

Where does the golgi apparatus recieve proteins and lipids (which it packages for delivery to the plasma membrane) from?

The endoplamsic reticulum

The inner membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts are folded into various arrangements. What is the advantage of having a folded membrane rather than a simple interior membrane that follows the same oval shape as the exterior membrane?

The folds allow for more surface area for the chemical reactions that occur across the inner membranes.

What part of the cell packages proteins and lipids for delivery to the plasma membrane and other organelles?

The golgi apparatus

Control group

The group in an experimental design that is maintained at a standard, baseline level with no manipulation

Treatment group

The group in an experimental design that is manipulated and contains a dependent and an independent variable

What are the organisms known as that capture their energy directly from the sun?

They are known as producers

True or false: The hydrophobic portions of a membrane's phospholipid bilayer are oriented toward the interior of the membrane

True

True or false: The primary structure of a protein consists of its amino acid sequence

True

True or false: Cells suspended in a hypertonic solution will lose water

True (hyper=skinny, they shrink)

True or false: Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.

True, because they are found in animals, which have more energy than plants

True or false: All the isotopes of a particular element have the same number of protons

True, they have different numbers of neutrons, not protons

List the 12 levels of the hierarchy of structural organization, from smallest to largest.

1. Atoms 2. Molecules (or biomolecules) 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ systems 7. Organism 8. Population 9. Community 10. Ecosystem 11. Biomes 12. Biosphere

What are two similarities between animal gap junctions and plant plasmodesmata?

1. Both permit the cytoplasm of neighboring cells to connect 2. Both allow for direct communication between cells

What three things are part of all cells, regardless of their type?

1. Cytoplasm 2. Plasma membrane 3. RIbosomes

What are the three types of cell junction?

1. Gap junction 2. Tight junction 3. Anchoring junction

What four types of bonds are involved in holding the tertiary structure of a protein?

1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Hydrogen 4. Hydrophobic interactions

What three types of microscopes could you see a cell with?

1. Light microscope 2. Compound light microscope 3. Electron microscope

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

1. Microtubule 2. Microfilament 3. Intermediate filament

Why is it important for the inner mitochondrial membrane to have a high surface area? (2 reasons)

1. More surface area in this membrane means the mitochondrion can produce more energy in the form of ATP. 2. Many important proteins are embedded in this membrane. More surface area = more proteins.

Steps to the scientific method

1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Test (through observations or experiments) 5. Hypothesis is either supported (in which case you conduct further tests, going back to step 4) or refuted (in which case you make a new or revised hypothesis, going back to step 2)

What are two results of the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

1. Small and uncharged molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane, but large and charged molecules cannot. 2. The chemical composition of the cytoplasm is different from the chemical composition of the environment.

What are three functions of the nucleus?

1. Stores DNA 2. Converts DNA to RNA 3. Assembles ribosomes

What four phenomena are a result of hydrogen bonding?

1. Surface tension 2. Ice floats 3. Water acts as a solvent 4. Water moderates temperature swings

What are three functions of the plasma membrane?

1. Transporting materials in and out of the cell 2. Communicating with other cells 3. Anchoring the cell in place

How many Hydrogen atoms are present in a single molecule of C8H10N4O2

10

What is the range of sizes you can observe with a microscope?

1m down to 1um

How many atoms are present in a single molecule of C8H10N4O2

24

How many different elements would be needed to construct a molecule of C8H10N4O2

4

The number that represents neutrality on the pH scale is

7

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A big pentagon shaped 5-c sugar, with a ball shaped phosphate on one side and a honey comb looking nitrogenous base on the other

Define science

A body of knowledge and a particular way of learning about the natural world.

What is a peptide bond?

A bond between amino acids that happens via dehydration reaction.

What is an ecosystem?

A community plus abiotic factors (abiotic factors like the geography and environment of a place)

What separates living cells from the outside environment?

A flexible membrane (remember that every cell has a flexible membrane, not to be confused with a cell wall, which is a rigid thing outside of the membrane, but not all organisms have a cell wall)

A cell that is gaining water from its surroundings is in what type of solution?

A hypotonic solution

Scientific thinking is

A logical format for answering questions and solving problems that is based on evidence and is as objective as possible.

Define a hypothesis

A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence

Must a scientific hypothesis be testable? Why or why not?

A scientific hypothesis must be testable, because if it is not, science cannot evaluate it.

Define a cell

A self contained and self replicating structure that is built of organic molecules, and whose complexity is maintained by energy.

What is a population?

A single species

What is facilitated diffusion?

A type of diffusion in which proteins help to assist molecules that cannot cross the membrane on their own in entering or leaving the cell.

Your muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of your body. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be especially abundant in muscle cells? A. Mitochondria B. RIbosomes C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosomes

A. Mitochondria, since their dominant role is the production of ATP

The relative abundance of a specific organelle is predictable when cell function is considered; for example, the BLANK could be expected to contain more lysosomes than an average cell.

Acid- and enzyme-producing cells that line your stomach. (because lysosomes break down macromolecules)

A solution with a ph of 3 is

Acidic

Charles Darwin introduced the concept of:

Adaptation

Plasma membranes, cytoplasm, and ribosomes are found in which types of cells?

All cells

Macromolecules are typically formed by repetitively adding small monomers together; what is the monomer for the macromolecule of polypeptide?

Amino acid

What is a scientific theory?

An explanation for a phenomenon in the natural world that has been extensively confirmed.

What type of receptor is a steroid sex hormone most likely to bind to?

An intracellular receptor.

How did the person who introduced the concept of adaptation define it?

As features that help organisms survive and reproduce.

Which of the following structures is NOT found in all cells? A. Cytoplasm B. Ribosomes C. A nucleus D. A plasma membrane

B. A nucleus

Which of the following is NOT a role of fatty acids in living organisms? A. Energy storage B. Storage of genetic info C. Membrane construction D. Building blocks of fats

B. Storage of genetic info

Which of the following could NOT easily diffuse across a plasma membrane? A. Water B. Sugar C. Oxygen D. Carbon Dioxide Molecules

B. Sugar, because H2O, O2, and CO2 all get a free pass.

Which of the following works like a propellor? A. The eukaryotic flagella B. The prokaryotic flagella C. The eukaryotic cilia D. The eukaryotic cilia

B. The prokaryotic flagella

What does osmoregulation refer to?

Balancing water concentrations in organisms and cells.

Why is water considered to be a polar molecule?

Because of the uneven distribution of electrical charges in the molecule. The hydrogen atoms in water carry a slightly positive charge, while the oxygen atoms carry a slightly negative charge.

What is tight junction?

Belts of protein that provide a leak proof barrier between cells.

How can a hypothesis be rejected or supported?

By experiments, or in some cases, new observations

A molecule with the general formula CH2O is a(n)

Carbohydrate

The basic unit of life is the:

Cell

What are the two types of transport proteins?

Channel proteins and carrier proteins.

All of the energy in the food we eat is produced when organelles in plants called BLANK convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy

Chloroplast

When looking through a light microscope at a plant leaf, you notice small green organelles moving around in the cytoplasm of every cell. What organelle are you most likely seeing?

Chloroplasts

What structures are found in both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Circular DNA Internal membranes with high surface area Two lipid membranes surrounding the organelle

Surface tension is created by water molecules clinging together as the result of what force?

Cohesion

What is the microfilament in charge of?

Contribute to cell crawling

In organic compounds, carbon atoms are bound to each other by

Covalent bonds

ATP is a universal fuel for living organisms. The energy that ATP molecules deliver in chemical reactions is stored in

Covalent bonds between the molecule's phosphate groups

Certain cells in the mouth produce large amounts of the enzyme amylase (which is a protein), a component of saliva that hydrolyzes carbohydrates. Which of the following organelles would be expected to be especially abundant in these cells? A. Chloroplasts B. Mitochondria C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosomes

D. Lysosomes

The genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living is:

DNA

When you cook an egg, the clear outer part turns white as the result of what process?

Denaturation

The fragrance of bread baking in a kitchen spreads to other rooms by

Diffusion

A scientific fact is a

Direct and repeatable observation of the natural world

What is the difference between the cell wall and the cell membrane?

Every cell has a flexible cell membrane. A cell wall, on the other hand, is a rigid thing outside of the membrane, but not all organisms have a cell wall.

Whether scientists use observation or experimentation or both, the most important outcome that forms the basis for conclusions is

Evidence

What is the main difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion requires a protein, simple diffusion does not

The atoms in water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds

False

What is homeostasis? Name three ways the body maintains homeostasis.

Homeostasis is the ability to detect and correct disturbances that develop within an organism. Three ways the body maintains homeostasis are: 1. Hunger 2. Thirst 3. Perspiration

The pull of BLANK bonds creates a force that holds the water surface taut and makes it resistant to stretching or breaking.

Hydrogen

A medical diagnosis is a(n)

Hypothesis

In which type of cell would you find a chloroplast?

In a green eukaryotic plant cell.

Where are electrons found?

In one or more shells that surround the atom's nucleus

Where is the pigment chlorophyll contained inside the chloroplast?

Inside the disks called thylakoids.

An atom that becomes charged due to the gain or loss of an electron is called a(n)

Ion

An BLANK bond is the result of an attraction between atoms with opposite electrical charges

Ionic

The smooth endoplasmic retuculum

Is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured

The boundary structure that physically defines a cell is the

Plasma membrane

A group of monomers bonded together form a

Polymer

Organisms whose cells lack internal membrane-bound organelles are classified as

Prokaryotes

Organisms whose cells lack internal membrane-bound organelles are classified as BLANK

Prokaryotes

Ribosomes are very small nonmembranous organelles associated with the synthesis of

Protein

There are a variety of BLANK in the plasma membrane that function in communication, signaling, and transport

Proteins

An atom of the element with the atomic number 11 (which can form an ion) always contains 11

Protons

The nucleolus is the

Region of the nucleus where ribosome production begins

The BLANK endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes

Rough

In order to communicate, cells produce BLANK molecules that travel throughout the body of a multicellular organism and attach to BLANK proteins found on or in BLANK cells. The interaction of these molecules results in a BLANK that may turn on genes that help the cell respond to the message it has received.

SIGNALING RECEPTOR TARGET SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY

Define an experiment

Scientific procedure to test a hypothesis

The sugar glucose has an important role in

Short term energy storage

What are some examples of a biome?

Some examples of biomes would be deserts in general, or temperate rain forests in general. It is a classification of a type of area, and not necessarily one specific group or area.

What is the intermediate filament in charge of?

Support the overall structure of the cell

Which levels of protein structure does denaturation affect?

Tertiary and quaternary

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum have that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not?

The ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum has RIBOSOMES attached to it, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not.

What part of the cell recycles old organelles?

The lysosome

Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules. Why is it useful to have the lysosomal reactions compartmentalized rather than allowing them to take place freely in the cytoplasm of the cell?

The lysosome's enzymes would break down macromolecules that should remain in tact. (I think)

What part of the cell finishes the conversion of sugar into energy in the form of ATP?

The mitochondria

What level of biological organization is DNA an example of?

The molecular level of biological organization

What part of the cell assembles ribosomes?

The nucleus

We use soap to clean ourselves better than we could with water alone. Soaps contain phospholipids that are responsible for the cleansing action. Provide an explanation for how soaps work.

The phospholipid tail attaches to the oily dirt while the phospholipid head interacts with the rinse water and carries the dirt (and soap) away with it.

What would be an appropriate analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The post office of the cell, or a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box

What is endocytosis? What are the two types?

The process by which materials move into the cell. The two types are phagocytosis (cellular eating) and pinocytosis (cellular drinking).

Memorize number 2 on lecture quiz 1, the answer is:

There is a strong correlation between amount of fertilizer and number of leaves per corn plant

Describe the timeliness of the action and effects of hormones

They act anywhere from seconds to years They are long lasting

In the scientific method, what are the two steps that most often follow observations?

They are: 1. Hypotheses 2. Predictions or experiments

Which of the following is true of chloroplasts?

They capture energy from sunlight

What do ribosomes have to do with protein?

They play a role in protein production in the cell

Describe the role that vacuoles play in plant cells

They play a role similar to that of lysosomes in animal cells, but they are also involved in storage, growth, and maintenance of the plant's upright structure.

What do transport proteins do in relation to the plasma membrane?

They provide "assistance" for large, charged, and/or hydrophilic solutes to cross the plasma membrane.

In the chloroplast, pancake-like membranes known as BLANK are arranged into stacks of grana

Thykaloids

What does the process of photosynthesis do?

Traps light energy in an energy carrier like ATP

An atom is in its most stable state when all its electron shells are filled to capacity

True

True or false, a eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell in that the eukaryotic cell's DNA is surrounded by a membrane.

True

True or false: All prokaryotes are single celled organisms

True

True or false: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles

True

True or false: In eukaryotic cells, both the nucleus and the mitochondria have double membranes

True

True or false: Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules

True

True or false: Part of a plant vacuole's function is the production of ATP

True

True or false: Phospholipids are found in cell membranes

True

True or false: The SMALLER the cube, the HIGHER the surface area relative to its volume?

True

True or false: The golgi apparatus is composed of a stack of mebranes

True

True or false: The red and white blood cells in a human have identical DNA sequences, but are specialized to perform different tasks that keep the multicellular organism alive.

True. Red blood cells are more efficient at carrying oxygen gas throughout your body, whereas white blood cells are more efficient at fighting off infections.

What is gap junction?

Tunnels formed by proteins that allow direct cytoplasmic connection between cells

BLANK pinch off from a membrane, enclose material, and then fuse with another membrane to release their contents at their destination

Vesicles

Oil and water do not mix well together because

Water is polar and oil is nonpolar

What is exocytosis?

When materials are exported out of the cell via secretory vesicles. In this process, the Golgi complex packages macromolecules into transport vesicles that travel to and fuse with the plasma membrane. This fusion causes the vesicle to spill its contents out of the cell.

What is a dehydration reaction?

When the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). It usually occurs between two amino acids.

Would the white fur on polar bears be considered an adaptation? Why or why not?

Yes it would. Because that white fur makes them difficult to see as they stalk seals, therefore it is a feature that is helping them survive, which falls under the definition of an adaptation.

Do some questions fall outside the realm of science? If so, give an example of a question that could not be answered using the scientific method.

Yes, some questions fall outside the realm of science. One such question would be, "Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs on animals?"

When talking about info from a graph:

You can only take away what you KNOW from the graph.

Using an electron microscope, you notice an organelle that consists of stacks of membranes and appears to be producing vesicles. This organelle is most likely

a Golgi apparatus

Imagine examining a cell using a light microscope; a prokaryote could be distinguished from a eukaryote by the absence of

a nucleus

Active transport requires

cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP

One of the major functions of the plasma membrane is to

control what enter and leaves the cell

In order to survive, living organisms must be able to sense and respond to their internal and external...

environment

Taking prescription medicine is a(n)

experiment

What part of the cell synthesizes lipids and proteins?

the endoplasmic reticulum

Describe the timeliness of the action and effects of neurotramsmitters

they act in milliseconds they are very short lasting (milliseconds)

The membrane known as the BLANK contains light-capturing pigments like chlorophyll

thykaloid