Unit 9
____ refers to a binocular cue that comes from the separation of the eyes, which causes different images to fall on each retina
retinal disparity
In Milgram's obedience experiments, the learner exhibits ..... compliance with an experimenter's orders when
the "learner" screamed as the shocks became more punishing
Over the last few years, Mr. Helmus has been obsessed with bizarre thoughts and has become increasingly agitated and socially withdrawn. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for assessing the nature and severity of his symptoms?
the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to
engage in aggression
Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished
This theory says that people are motivated to make attitudinal changes when they experience tension after becoming aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behaviors.
festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
we often choose the type of toothpaste our family uses, believing it to be better than other toothpastes just because we are used to it. Our preference is based on
mere exposure effect
In the classic Asch study of conformity, _____ of the subjects conformed and agreed with obviously incorrect choices made by other group members.
more than one third
experimental participants randomly assigned to play a video game involving bloody murders and groaning victims became _________ hostile and _____________ likely to blast intense noise at a fellow student.
more; more
circadian rhythm refers to
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
An altered state of consciousness in which people experience hallucinations and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of
LSD
Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of
a hierarchy of motives
Deindividuation refers to
a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
behaving with selfish concern for the welfare of others is called
altruism
neuroscientists have detected implicit prejudice in an emotion-processing center known as the
amygdala
the frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when
an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked
A failure to aid a stranger who needs help in an emergency situation is especially likely when people
are in a hurry
The principles people follow in making judgments about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior are known as _____.
attribution
Svetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive college women.
be perceived as more socially skilled
Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their telephone conversation if he has just:
completed a series of aerobic exercises
Latane and Darley believed that the lack of intervention can be understood as resulting from what?
diffusion of responsibility
A store owner charges Black customers more than hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in
discrimination
attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behaviors either to their
dispositions or situations
REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep because
during a normal REM sleep cycle, the brain is highly aroused but the body is essentially paralyzed
according to freud, defense mechanisms are used by the
ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized
A cochlear implant converts sounds into
electric signals
which of the following factors in milgram's experiments did NOT encourage obedience?
having the "learner" in the same room
Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by
hindsight bias
who would be most involved in designing user-friendly programming controls for HDTVs?
human factors psychologists
After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
ingroup bias
the ___ content of a dream is the remembered storyline of the dream, which Freud believed hid the "true" meaning.
latent
cones are
less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are rods
Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our own actions performed long ago are ________ likely to involve dispositional attributions than our explanations of our own very recent actions.
less; more
Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence
after the first week at his new school, Jorge had his hair cut the way others were wearing theirs and started tucking his shirt the way other boys on campus did in order to fit in. This is an example of __________.
normative social influence
compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to
occur more rapidly
the perceptual organization principle that says people tend to perceive items that are close together to make up one group and be related to each other in some way
proximity
david failed his last psychology test. which of the following conclusions would be most representative of an external locus of control on David's part?
questions were bad
expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
reciprocity norm
After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.
role playing
Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:
self-disclosure
which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?
semicircular canals
professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates
social facilitation
an expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the
social-responsibility norm
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called
the other-race effect
Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of
the young-helmoltz trichromatic theory
The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because
too much arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks
An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of _____theories
trait