Unit 9

____ refers to a binocular cue that comes from the separation of the eyes, which causes different images to fall on each retina

retinal disparity

In Milgram's obedience experiments, the learner exhibits ..... compliance with an experimenter's orders when

the "learner" screamed as the shocks became more punishing

Over the last few years, Mr. Helmus has been obsessed with bizarre thoughts and has become increasingly agitated and socially withdrawn. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for assessing the nature and severity of his symptoms?

the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to

engage in aggression

Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be

even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished

This theory says that people are motivated to make attitudinal changes when they experience tension after becoming aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behaviors.

festinger's cognitive dissonance theory

we often choose the type of toothpaste our family uses, believing it to be better than other toothpastes just because we are used to it. Our preference is based on

mere exposure effect

In the classic Asch study of conformity, _____ of the subjects conformed and agreed with obviously incorrect choices made by other group members.

more than one third

experimental participants randomly assigned to play a video game involving bloody murders and groaning victims became _________ hostile and _____________ likely to blast intense noise at a fellow student.

more; more

circadian rhythm refers to

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience hallucinations and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of

LSD

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of

a hierarchy of motives

Deindividuation refers to

a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

behaving with selfish concern for the welfare of others is called

altruism

neuroscientists have detected implicit prejudice in an emotion-processing center known as the

amygdala

the frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when

an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked

A failure to aid a stranger who needs help in an emergency situation is especially likely when people

are in a hurry

The principles people follow in making judgments about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior are known as _____.

attribution

Svetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive college women.

be perceived as more socially skilled

Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their telephone conversation if he has just:

completed a series of aerobic exercises

Latane and Darley believed that the lack of intervention can be understood as resulting from what?

diffusion of responsibility

A store owner charges Black customers more than hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in

discrimination

attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behaviors either to their

dispositions or situations

REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep because

during a normal REM sleep cycle, the brain is highly aroused but the body is essentially paralyzed

according to freud, defense mechanisms are used by the

ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized

A cochlear implant converts sounds into

electric signals

which of the following factors in milgram's experiments did NOT encourage obedience?

having the "learner" in the same room

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by

hindsight bias

who would be most involved in designing user-friendly programming controls for HDTVs?

human factors psychologists

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of

informational social influence

Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

ingroup bias

the ___ content of a dream is the remembered storyline of the dream, which Freud believed hid the "true" meaning.

latent

cones are

less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are rods

Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our own actions performed long ago are ________ likely to involve dispositional attributions than our explanations of our own very recent actions.

less; more

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of

normative social influence

after the first week at his new school, Jorge had his hair cut the way others were wearing theirs and started tucking his shirt the way other boys on campus did in order to fit in. This is an example of __________.

normative social influence

compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to

occur more rapidly

the perceptual organization principle that says people tend to perceive items that are close together to make up one group and be related to each other in some way

proximity

david failed his last psychology test. which of the following conclusions would be most representative of an external locus of control on David's part?

questions were bad

expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

reciprocity norm

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.

role playing

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:

self-disclosure

which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?

semicircular canals

professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates

social facilitation

an expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

social-responsibility norm

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called

the other-race effect

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of

the young-helmoltz trichromatic theory

The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because

too much arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks

An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of _____theories

trait