Block 1 Review Quiz

Which attention type is known to improve when the operator places gauges closer together for more efficient scanning? Selective Focused Divided Sustained

Selective

T/F Recognition Primed Decisions (RPD) are decisions based on your experience with a situation or problem?

True

T/F Judgement is considered a cognitive process.

True*

What percentage of our perceptions comes from visual information? -60% -70% -80% -90%

80%*

See the table for your options to this question. You misplace your cell phone, and out of desperation, you call the number and are trying to locate the phone by listening for the ring tone. How would you describe the predominant tasks you are performing in terms of Wickens' Multiple Resource model?

A*not A but table was weird so idk

The new regulation increasing the number of controllers required to be on duty is an example of which layer of defense? Administrative Oversight Supervisory Controls Pre-conditions Operator Actions (Prevention of unsafe acts)

Administrative Oversight

What layer involves creating laws that require mandatory suspension of driver's licenses for DUI convictions? Administrative Oversight Supervisory Controls Pre-conditions Operator Actions (Prevention of unsafe acts)

Administrative Oversight*

In Reason's model, Supervisory Controls, is described as the layer that? Identifies and corrects problems Sets policies and licenses Identifies conditions that could cause errors

identifies and corrects problems

A key problem with focused attention is? distraction loss of situational awareness both a and b none of the above

Both A and B

What effect does turbulence (vibration) have on your vision performance? Your ability to focus on an object. Your ability to track the movement of an object. Both A and B are true. Neither A nor B are true.

Both A and B

In the evening, shadows falling across the runway make it seem shorter and wider than during the middle of the day, when the sun is high in the sky. Which of the following options describes the change in visual perception due to the effect of the shadows? Depth perception problems due to lack of detail. Context. Relative motion. Extraneous cues.

Context?*

Which of the following statements regarding engrams is true? Engrams store both information and motor skills, but do not improve our ability recall them. Creation of engrams improves recall of information due to the development of the nerve pathway. Engrams are reinforced nerve pathways in our short-term memory. All information stored in long term memory is in an engram.

Creation of engrams improves recall of information due to the development of the nerve pathway

T/F Bias is preference in the way we approach decisions, based on our prior experience.

False*

An alarm was repeatedly sounding in the air traffic control center when system testing was being performed. Later that day, the same alarm sounded for a real emergency, but when questioned later, none of the controllers said they even heard the alarm. Recordings showed the alarm had sounded. Why did the controllers not perceive it? habituation vicarious learning negative transfer inattention

Habituation

T/F Rational choice decision are more commonly used when options need to be created instead of recalled

True*

A cognitive judgment is characterized by which of the following statements? A cognitive judgment tends to take less time than perceptual judgments. A cognitive judgment tends to involve a fewer number of factors and variables in the decision that perceptual judgments. A cognitive judgment tends to involve issues that are primarily based on your perceptions. A cognitive judgment tends to involve unfamiliar settings and unclear information.

a cognitive judgement tends to involve unfamiliar settings and unclear information

In Recognition-Primed Decision-making, several problems can impact the quality of our decisions. One of those problems is an anomaly. Which of the following options describes an anomaly? -An inappropriate assumption as to the nature of the problem. -A failure to obtain or clarify information regarding the problem. -A key finding that does not fit our explanation or past experiences. -All of the above options describe an anomaly.

a key finding that does not fit our explanation or past experiences

How would you classify traffic laws and regulations? -administrative oversight -supervisory controls -pre-conditions -operator actions

administrative oversight

Kate typically flies in clear skies in New Mexico. Today she is taking a flight to French Valley airport in the Riverside Valley (California). The weather is 5-7 SM visibility with HZ. As Kate approaches the airport, how will her visual perception of the distance to the airport be different when compared to New Mexico? the airport will appear closer than it actually is. the airport will appear farther away than it actually is. Kate will not experience any perceptual issues judging the distance. None of the answers are correct.

airport will appear farther away than it actually is

Which statement about short term memory is true? information will be more difficult to retrieve over time. meaningful information is easier to remember capacity is improved by chunking all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Which statement best describes perception? the ability to gather sensory information the ability to interpret sensory information recognizing and interpreting patterns All of the above describe perception

all of the above

What supporting skills are required during problem discovery? your experience procedures and systems knowledge recently reviewed information all of the above none of the above

all of the above*

What type of coding is used in short-term memory? -phonetic -semantic -visual -all of these coding types are used in short term memory

all of these are used in short term memory

Your multiple-choice exam is long and time limited. You decide to answer each question as soon as you find the correct answer instead of reading all the options, like you normally would do, to save time and complete more questions before you run out of time. This is an example of which of the following methods to increase the speed of your performance during time pressure? Accelerating performance Filtering information Altering strategies None of the above options apply

altering strategies

An error is defined as? any action in which the desired outcome is not achieved any action in which the desired outcome is achieved any environment, attitude, or condition that influences the quality of your decisions or actions

any action in which the desired outcome is not achieved

A threat is defined as? any action in which the desired outcome is not achieved any action in which the desired outcome is achieved any environment, attitude, or condition that influences the quality of your decisions or actions

any environment, attitude, or condition that influences the quality of your decisions or actions

Which of the following options describes the skills needed for the risk analysis step in the rational choice decision model? Identifying ways to resolve problems, based upon information available. Recognizing that an abnormal condition exists. Assessing the likelihood of the success or failure of each option you are considering. Having adequate knowledge of the operations to anticipate the areas of greatest risk.

assessing the likelihood of the success or failure of each option you are considering

The pilot in question 5 chose to perform a maneuver in violation of the regulations just to impress his friends. How would you categorize his need to impress his friends, in terms of the Rational Choice Decision Model? Background Problem Diagnosis Option Generations Decision

background

Which of the following statements about background aspects of the rational choice decision model is true? Background only affects vigilance and risk analysis steps in the rational choice model Since peer pressure is due to an interaction between people, it is not considered a background problem. Background aspects are a concern to airline operations because even though pilots undergo extensive training, this training may not overcome the pilot's background issues. Emotions that we like (e.g., overconfidence) do not contribute to background problems.

background aspects are a concern to airline operations because even though pilots undergo extensive training, this training may not overcome the pilot's background issues

Which option is most correct with regards to human bias? Bias is a way our assumptions from prior experience can influence our decisions. Bias is a conscious decision (an intentional action) to disregard or misuse information. Both options (A and B) are true statements. Both options (A and B) are false statements.

bias is a way our assumptions from prior experience can influence our decisions

You really need to complete the cross-country flight tomorrow to get flight points. Weather predictions show marginal conditions. You find you only believe reports that show favorable weather and reject adverse weather reports as outdated, inaccurate or unreliable. What bias does this represent? -hindsight -confirmation -first impression -short term memory

confirmation

Which of the following types of attention is known to degrade due to resource sharing? Selective Focused Divided Sustained

divided

T/F Anomalies are pieces of information that fit our story.

false

T/F Attention and memory failures are common decision based errors.

false

T/F Good judgment cannot be learned?

false

T/F Intentional behavior that is performed as expected, yet is inadequate or inappropriate for the situation is considered a skill-based error

false

T/F Response selection and execution requires higher levels of cognitive activity to process information than perceptual and cognitive.

false

T/F exceptional violations are considered habitual in nature and tolerate by the supervisory level.

false

T/F rational choice decisions depend on prior experience and knowledge

false

T/F transfer to long term memory occurs by phonetic coding.

false

Your multiple-choice exam is long and time limited. You decide to only read the key words in each question and option, instead of reading all the words, like you normally would do, to save time and complete more questions before you run out of time. This is an example of which of the following methods to increase the speed of your performance during time pressure? Accelerating performance Filtering information Altering strategies None of the above options apply

filtering information

Which attention type is associated with immediate loss of situation awareness? Selective Focused Divided Sustained

focused

A pilot attempting to land a float plane on glassy water will likely? have difficulty judging the height above the water be able to judge the height with a high degree of accuracy. none of the above

have difficulty judging the height above the water

During an emergency at the airport, and air traffic controller informed fire/rescue of an accident, but gave them the wrong runway location (17R instead of 17L). During a review, the administrator stated "I can't believe the controller doesn't know the runway numbers by now. What an idiot. All he needed to do was tell them the correct runway and he screwed that up." What bias do you see in the administrator's statements? -confirmation -first impression -short term memory -hindsight

hindsight

In Reason's model, Precondition, is described as the layer that? Identifies and corrects problems Sets policies and licenses Identifies conditions that could cause errors

identifies conditions that could cause errors

The attitude indicator failed during a flight in instrument conditions. While your instructor was flying the aircraft, you were to evaluate the cause of the failure. Although you had passed your systems ground school, under the pressure of the situation you can not remember how the attitude indicator is powered. As a result, you were unable to identify the cause of the problem. Which option describes the problem that contributed to this poor judgment? Impaired troubleshooting. Improper training. Vicarious learning. Faulty risk assessment.

impaired troubleshooting

Select the statement that best describes perceptual errors. -knowingly taking off with a 20 knot tailwind -misreading the altimeter -retracting the landing gear while you intended to retract flaps

misreading the altimeter

An alarm was repeatedly sounding in the air traffic control center when system testing was being performed. Even when the crew was advised it was a test only, they would often react when they heard the alarm sound. This would be known as what type of attention anomaly? vicarious learning negative transfer inattention habituation

negative transfer

The FAA's decision to fire the controller would indicate they viewed the source of the error was due to which defense layer of Reason's model? Administrative Oversight Supervisory Controls Pre-conditions Operator Actions (Prevention of unsafe acts)

operator actions

What layer are you intending to improve with driver's education course? Administrative Oversight Supervisory Controls Pre-conditions Operator Actions (Prevention of unsafe acts)

operator actions

Compared to your central vision, your peripheral vision is better at which of the following skills in flight? Color vision. Orientation to your surroundings. Detecting motion of an object on a collision course with you. Visual acuity.

orientation to your surroundings*

What statement best describes perceptual forms of judgment? perceptual judgment is primarily used when risk assessment is more difficult perceptual judgments are used when skills are well learned perceptual judgments are used when more time is needed. perceptual judgments need a high level of attention and concentration

perceptual judgments are used when skills are well learned

How would you classify fatigue that affected an individual's ability to remain alert? -administrative oversight -supervisory controls -pre-conditions -operator actions (prevention of unsafe acts)

pre-conditions

What layer are you attempting to control by placing fences along the interstate highway to prevent the occurrence of cattle and wildlife on the highway? Administrative Oversight Supervisory Controls Pre-conditions Operator Actions (Prevention of unsafe acts)

pre-conditions

When flying over the mountains, a pilot heard a faint hum coming from the engine. He didn't remember that from before, but he now is uncertain if the sound is normal or a sign of trouble. Where in the rational choice decision-making model is this pilot? Vigilance Problem Discovery Problem Diagnosis Risk Assessment

problem discovery

You are reading and answering your email as you are listening to a lecture. Which resource group, with regards to the Wicken's model, appears to have the greatest problem due to resource sharing? Processing codes. Inputs. Responses. All resources are shared in this example.

processing codes?*

When comparing Recognition-Primed Decision-making with the Rational Choice Model, you would expect to see Among aviation professionals, rational choice is used more often than recognition-primed decisions. Rational choice decisions are more consistent between individuals, but generally take more time than recognition-primed decisions. Rational choice is used more when situations are similar to an individual's training and experience than recognition-primed decisions. Rational choice decisions can have problems due to background, while recognition-primed decisions do not have background issues.

rational choice decisions are more consistent between individuals but generally take more time RPD

Which statement is true concerning resources, as referred to in Wicken's Multiple Resource Theory? Resources are defined as the brain's abilities to perform specific tasks. Wicken's model uses smell and taste as well as visual and auditory perception resources. Resources are used only in certain combinations, for example auditory inputs are only used for language processing. Resources are brain functions that are resistant to the effects of fatigue or hypoxia.

resources are defined as the brain's abilities to perform specific tasks

A pilot applicant to an airline has a prior FAR violation for making a dangerously low pass over a group of friends. He argues the low pass really wasn't dangerous and he only wanted to give his friends a scare. In which of the following steps did this pilot's decision model fail when he performed the low pass and was violated by the FAA? Option Generation. Decision. Action. Risk Analysis.

risk analysis

Which answer is an example of a task using "selective attention"? -watching TV -scanning multi computer monitors -texting and talking with your friend -none of the above

scanning multi computer monitors

Which type of memory can store and process information without using attention in order to function? Sensory Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory None of the above, as all memory types require attention.

sensory memory

In Reason's model, Administrative Oversight, is described as the layer that? Identifies and corrects problems Sets policies and licenses Identifies conditions that could cause errors

sets policies and licenses

The clearance delivery instructions were long and complex, and, in addition, were delivered rapidly over the ground control frequency. While you were paying attention, you weren't prepared to write the instructions down. Due to the large number of items to remember, you now find that you cannot recall all the information, even though it was just given to you moments before. This limitation is due to characteristics of your long term memory. sensory memory. short term memory. perceptual capabilities.

short term memory

How would you classify the layer of police sobriety checkpoints, for the purpose of arresting violators? Administrative Oversight Supervisory Controls Pre-conditions Operator Actions (Prevention of unsafe acts)

supervisory controls

What layer is being used when using recording cameras at intersections to identify red light violators? Administrative Oversight Supervisory Controls Pre-conditions Operator Actions (Prevention of unsafe acts)

supervisory controls

In Multiple Resource Theory "Stages" are defined as? the level of brain activity that is needed. the perceptual sources that are being used. the type of task that is performed what actions are done.

the level of brain activity that is needed

Which statement is true? The majority of our perception involves conscious monitoring of our surroundings. Our assumptions and prior experiences have little influence on our perceptions. The majority of the time in aviation operations, we are using our visual sense to gather information. Your visual acuity is approximately the same in your entire field of view.

the majority of the time in aviation operations we are using our visual sense to gather information

In Multiple Resource Theory "Processing Codes" are defined as? the level of brain activity that is needed. the perceptual sources that are being used. the type of task that is performed what actions are done.

the type of task that is performed*

Which of the following options regarding Recognition-Primed Decision-making is/are true? This type of decision-making is dependent upon an individual's prior experience. This form of decision-making is normally used by novices. This decision-making procedure is resistant to error, because we are comparing the problem with our personal experiences. This type of decision-making is performed best when we disregard the anomalies.

this type of decision-making is dependent upon an individual's prior experience

T/F Context influences your perceptions.

true

T/F Divided attention is defined as performing two or more tasks at the same time.

true

T/F Multiple Resource Theory describes human information processing.

true

T/F background problems affect any aspect of the rational choice decision model.

true

T/F short term memory uses all three coding systems (visual, phonetic and semantic).

true

T/F time pressure is more often a result of poor planning rather than an emergency.

true

T/F Alternative generation skills require critical thinking skills like comprehension, synthesis, and application.

true*

Which statement is true? Tasks that use language processing codes must use vocal response resources. Sharing a single resource for two separate tasks will increase your efficiency and performance of both tasks. Two separate resources can be used at the same time for a single task. Load stress is a common problem in focused attention

two separate resources can be used at the same time for a single task

During your initial flight training, your instructor allows you to get some actual instrument flying during a lesson that goes quite well. Later, when on your VFR cross country, you try to run through some low lying clouds and survive a scary situation. The reason you attempted to do this was from your prior experience. Which option describes the problem that contributed to this poor judgment? Impaired troubleshooting. Vicarious learning. Improper training. Faulty risk assessment.

vicarious learning?*

Which of the following options is a common bias in information processing? We allow late information to change our assessment of the problem at hand. We consider too many options or alternatives at one time. *c.We seek more information than our short term memory can hold. d. We request too much information from our sources.

we allow late information to change our assessment of the problem at hand

Select the statement that best describes confirmation bias? you see an event that has already happened as more predictable after it has happened. you favor information that favors your beliefs. you consider early information to be more accurate. none of the above.

you favor information that favors your beliefs

Select the statement that best describes hindsight bias? -you see an event that has already happened as more predictable after it has happened -you favor information that favors your beliefs -you consider early information to be more accurate -none of the above

you see an event that has already happened as more predictable after it has happened