BLY 122 Chapters 40-42 Launchpad

What can animals do to maintain an energy balance when food supplies become scarce in winter? hibernate to reduce energy expenditure and conserve energy reserves migrate to areas with more abundant food supplies migrate to warmer areas build up enough of a positive energy balance during summer and fall to sustain them through the winter All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct. hibernate to reduce energy expenditure and conserve energy reserves migrate to areas with more abundant food supplies migrate to warmer areas build up enough of a positive energy balance during summer and fall to sustain them through the winter

_____ produces genetically identical cells or individuals called clones. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Fertilization Oviparity Viviparity

Asexual reproduction

The membranous sac enclosing the glomerulus of a mammalian kidney is called: Bowman's capsule. the nephron. the renal pyramid. the medulla. the renal pelvis.

Bowman's capsule

Glucose enters the epithelial cells of the small intestine against its concentration gradient. Select the BEST explanation from the following. Glucose is transported through a glucose pump in the apical membrane that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and Pi. Glucose is co-transported with Na+, which moves down its concentration gradient into the cell. Glucose is co-transported in the Na+/K+ pump. Glucose follows the water that is pumped into the cell. Glucose enters by diffusion.

Glucose is co-transported with Na+, which moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.

What is the importance of fertilization in sexual reproduction? It helps restore the full complement and number of chromosomes. It keeps certain organisms from having to reproduce via parthenogenesis. It is necessary to make sure that the offspring will have at least half of one parent's DNA. It is required for any organism that reproduces so variation can increase in a population.

It helps restore the full complement and number of chromosomes.

Most birth-control pills contain both progestin (biologically similar to progesterone) and estrogen. By taking a pill over consecutive days the amount of each hormone is maintained at a constant concentration in the circulating blood, inhibiting ovulation. Based on this information, what is the MOST likely mechanism for how birth-control pills affect ovulation? They inhibit growth of the uterine lining so implantation cannot occur. They inhibit growth of follicles so that immature eggs will be released. They inhibit maintenance of the corpus luteum after ovulation. They inhibit the release of the egg so that ovulation does not occur.

They inhibit the release of the egg so that ovulation does not occur.

Although cellulose is a carbohydrate made of polymerized glucose molecules, the usual enzymes such as amylase that break down carbohydrates in your mouth and small intestine do not have any effect on cellulose. For the most part, animals do not produce the enzyme cellulase, which catalyzes cellulose hydrolysis. How then do herbivorous organisms manage to live on plant material primarily made of cellulose? (Select all that apply.) They may have specialized chambers in the foregut that harbor populations of symbiotic anaerobic bacteria that break down cellulose. They may have a cecum that houses symbiotic anaerobic bacteria that break down cellulose. They have a multichambered stomach that has very low pH and particularly active form of pepsin for digesting plant proteins. They may have food take longer to pass through the intestine so more nutrients can be absorbed.

They may have specialized chambers in the foregut that harbor populations of symbiotic anaerobic bacteria that break down cellulose. They may have a cecum that houses symbiotic anaerobic bacteria that break down cellulose.

Which of the following statements about villi is/are CORRECT? (Select all that apply.) Villi serve to increase surface area. Villi allow for enhanced nutrient absorption. Villi move food particles through the digestive tract. Villi secrete multiple types of digestive enzymes.

Villi serve to increase surface area. Villi allow for enhanced nutrient absorption

Daphnia alter their reproductive mode based on food availability. Why might it be adaptive for Daphnia to reproduce asexually in the spring? When food is in excess, asexual reproduction allows for more rapid rates of reproduction. When food is in excess, natural selection cannot act on variation because all individuals can get the food they need. When food is in excess, asexual reproduction results in variable offspring. When food is in excess, reproductive rates will slow so that more energy can be put into growth by the individual Daphnia.

When food is in excess, asexual reproduction allows for more rapid rates of reproduction.

Animals faced challenges when moving from water to land. What was the single most important adaptation that led to the uncoupling of reproduction and the need for an aquatic habitat? amniotic egg internal fertilization flagellated sperm

amniotic egg

Ectotherms often regulate their body temperatures by _____ means. metabolic behavioral cellular passive

behavioral

The developing embryo implants into the uterine lining at about 5 days after fertilization. At this stage, it is a fluid-filled ball of cells called a: morula. blastula. gastrula. epiblast. hypoblast.

blastula

Depending on their environments, animals may gain water: (Select all that apply.) by drinking. from food. during cellular respiration. through their lungs. during excretion.

by drinking. from food. during cellular respiration

The jaws of vertebrates are thought to have been derived by the modification of: scales. the vertebrae. the notochord. cartilage that supported the gills. bones in the skull.

cartilage that supported the gills.

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes rounds of cell divisions in a process called: cleavage. gastrulation. organogenesis. implantation.

cleavage

Endotherms usually, but don't always, maintain a _____ body temperature that is _____ than that of the environment. constant; higher constant; lower constant; identical to fluctuating; higher fluctuating; identical to

constant; higher

The mammalian kidney has an outer layer called the _____ and an inner layer called the _____. cortex; medulla pelvis; glomerulus epithelium; endothelium medulla; pelvis glomerulus; cortex

cortex; medulla

In females, estrogen and progesterone: (Select all that apply.) direct development of female reproductive structures during embryogenesis. direct development of female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy. maintain adult health.

direct development of female reproductive structures during embryogenesis. direct development of female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy. maintain adult health.

The pancreas secretes substances into ducts that connect to the _____ of the digestive system. stomach duodenum jejunum ileum colon

duodenum

Animals that produce most of their own heat as by-products of metabolism are: (Select all that apply.) endotherms. active over a broad range of external temperatures. likely to respond to cool temperatures with peripheral vasodilation. unable to carry out fermentation in anaerobic conditions. most active in the heat of the daytime.

endotherms. active over a broad range of external temperatures.

Reabsorption is an important process in waste removal by excretory organs. Which of the following occur during reabsorption in vertebrate kidneys? (Select all that apply.) energy is expended water reenters the blood stream nitrogenous compounds reenter the blood stream all electrolytes are removed from the filtrate

energy is expended water reenters the blood stream

An amino acid that cannot be synthesized by cellular biochemical pathways (and therefore must be obtained from the diet) is called a(n) _____ amino acid. necessary essential important extra critical

essential

Together, the membranes of the amniotic egg are called the _____ membranes. chorionic amniotic yolk allantoic extraembryonic

extraembryonic

The fusion of gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote, is called: mitosis. meiosis. fertilization. implantation. cloning.

fertilization

Which of the following processes occur within Bowman's capsule? filtration selective reabsorption secretion filtration and selective reabsorption filtration, selective reabsorption, and secretion

filtration

In multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems, the CORRECT order of processes in waste elimination is: filtration, reabsorption, secretion. reabsorption, secretion, filtration. secretion, filtration, reabsorption. filtration, secretion, reabsorption. secretion, reabsorption, filtration.

filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

In addition to mechanical and chemical digestion of food, the stomach's other major function is: nucleic acid digestion. food storage. carbohydrate digestion. carbohydrate and nucleic acid digestion carbohydrate digestion and food storage.

food storage

Cells move to new positions in the developing embryo during which developmental stage or process? fertilization blastula gastrulation morula

gastrulation

Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all that apply.) glomerulus Bowman's capsule renal tubules collecting ducts Malpighian tubules

glomerulus Bowman's capsule renal tubules collecting ducts

In what order are internal fuel reserves consumed during starvation? glycogen, fat, protein glycogen, protein, fat fat, glycogen, protein fat, protein, glycogen protein, fat, glycogen

glycogen, fat, protein

The beginning of pregnancy is marked by: ovulation. fertilization. implantation. more than 24 weeks of gestation.

implantaion

The hindgut: (Select all that apply.) includes the large intestine. includes the rectum. is where water and minerals are reabsorbed. includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. includes the small intestine.

includes the large intestine. includes the rectum. is where water and minerals are reabsorbed.

The loops of Henle create a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop, with the concentration highest in the _____ and lowest in the _____ of the kidney. inner medulla; cortex outer medulla; inner medulla outer medulla; cortex cortex; inner medulla cortex; outer medulla

inner medulla; cortex

The blood of some individuals does not carry sufficient oxygen to their tissues. These individuals could be deficient in: magnesium. phosphorous. iron. calcium. potassium.

iron

Excreting ammonia directly into the environment: (Select all that apply.) is energetically inexpensive. requires high volumes of water. is energetically expensive. requires little water. converts it into a less toxic form.

is energetically inexpensive. requires high volumes of water.

A calorie is a: particular quantity of food. measure of the nutritional quality of food. measure of energy. measure of entropy.

measure of energy

Gametes or spores are produced during the cellular process referred to as: mitosis. meiosis. budding. fragmentation. parthenogenesis.

meiosis

Chemical elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are required in the diet and must be obtained from the food an animal eats are otherwise known as: vitamins. essential amino acids. non-essential amino acids. minerals. fat.

minerals

Per gram of body tissue, which of the following animals has the HIGHEST resting metabolic rate? mouse elephant polar bear dog cheetah

mouse

Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms isolate and eliminate waste materials by: moving the wastes into a contractile vacuole and eliminating them through exocytosis. filtering the wastes through specialized filters in the plasma membrane and into the extracellular space. secreting wastes into excretory tubules that connect to the outside of the cell. filtering the wastes into a collecting tubule and then selectively reabsorbing key solutes before excretion. All of these choices are correct.

moving the wastes into a contractile vacuole and eliminating them through exocytosis.

Childbirth consists of: (Select all that apply.) oxytocin release. descent and delivery of the baby. delivery of the placenta. widening of the cervix. lengthening of the cervix.

oxytocin release. descent and delivery of the baby. delivery of the placenta. widening of the cervix.

Once the plasma membranes of the egg and sperm fuse, the egg completes meiosis II and undergoes a series of changes that further prevent _____, or fertilization by more than one sperm. polyploidy aneuploidy polyspermy cleavage gastrulation

polyspermy

Nitrogenous wastes are produced through the breakdown of which of the following? proteins glucose lipids carbohydrates All of these choices are correct.

proteins

Nearly all animals rely on three main classes of molecule as sources of energy and building blocks for growth and development. They are: carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids. nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. carbohydrates, sugars, and lipids. sugars, proteins, and fats.

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are described as: impermeable. permeable. selectively permeable. diffusible. impervious.

selectively permeable.

In response to LH and FSH, testes secrete: TDF. sperm. ejaculate. testosterone. estrogen.

testosterone

In most animals, the gut or digestive tract can be thought of as: the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. the pouch in which digestion occurs. the small and large intestines. the tube that runs from the animal's mouth to its anus. just the esophagus.

the tube that runs from the animal's mouth to its anus.

The nephron is composed of all of the following structures EXCEPT: the ureter. the collecting ducts. the glomerulus. the renal tubules. the capsule.

the ureter

The primary function of the loop of Henle is: to generate a concentration gradient between the inner medulla and outer cortex. to dilute the filtrate passing through the loop. to concentrate the filtrate passing through the loop. selective reabsorption of glucose and other solutes into the bloodstream. active secretion of other wastes from the bloodstream.

to generate a concentration gradient between the inner medulla and outer cortex.

In parthenogenesis: (Select all that apply.) unfertilized eggs develop into adults. adults may be haploid or diploid. adults may develop via mitosis or meiosis. the parent may be either maternal or paternal. eggs may be fertilized or unfertilized.

unfertilized eggs develop into adults. adults may be haploid or diploid.

Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the three forms of nitrogenous waste in order from least to most toxic? uric acid, urea, ammonia uric acid, ammonia, urea urea, uric acid, ammonia urea, ammonia, uric acid ammonia, urea, uric acid

uric acid, urea, ammonia

Osmosis describes the movement of: water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. water from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. solutes from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. solutes from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. solutes from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

A fertilized, diploid egg is called a(n): gamete. oocyte. ootid. zygote. blastula

zygote