Brain and Behavior: Chapter 10

Depending on the definition used for insomnia, its prevalence ranges from _______ in the adult population.

10% to 40%

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is

90-110 minutes.

A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true?

An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm?

It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly.

Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?

It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia.

What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?

It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.

How do dolphins sleep if they must regularly come to the water's surface to breathe?

Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time.

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.

REM

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.

a bit later than

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the

alpha

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening.

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings.

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.

basal forebrain

If a hamster is kept in a laboratory and receives no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), its rhythms will eventually _______, with a daily cycle that lasts a bit longer than 24 hours.

become free-running

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.

cataplexy; consciousness

The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.

infradian

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during the _______ of a night's sleep.

initial half

Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.

pineal gland

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety.

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the

reticular formation.

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.

shorter; REM

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

stage 3

In a young adult, during the course of a night's sleep the length of the bouts of _______ sleep progressively decrease, while the length of bouts of _______ sleep progressively increase.

stage 3 SWS; REM

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS).

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior more than once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.

ultradian

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)

zeitgeber.

People who tend to wake up in the morning with lots of energy likely carry a different version of the _______ gene than night owls, who stay up late at night and are drowsy in the morning.

Clock

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

Jet lag

Nightmares are associated with _______ sleep.

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen i

REM

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long.

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

abolish

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.

abolishes

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

an abundance of REM sleep.

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

better academic performance.

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the

consolidation of perceptual learning.

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

improving long-term retention.

Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the

locus coeruleus

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will

match animal A's rhythm

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain.

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called

night terrors.

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show

phase shift.

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.

pontine

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of

sleep apnea.

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

stage 3

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS.

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep.

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM.

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because

the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes.

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

vague visual imagery.

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.

women; the later stages of life