WMGST ASSESSMENT
McIntosh
"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" discusses how white privilege operates in society--McIntosh refers to white privilege as "an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools, and blank checks"--discusses that there is privilege virtue to the fact of being born white.
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
Welfare opportunity.
Rape Shield Laws
laws that protect rape victims, for example, by limiting the introduction of evidence about their prior sexual behavior-- this led to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (1978), and the passage of Violence Against Women Act (1994) which offered coordinated efforts to develop awareness and protect violence
Gender Status
the gender ascribed to an individual by others through naming, clothing, choice of toys, decorations; public level;
Social Location
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
Gender Socialization
the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
welfare program paid for by the federal government and administered by the individual states
private vs. public
"private" is attributed to women whereas "public" is attributed to men; women run the household and men run the workforce; raises the issue that housewives should be paid a wage + also universal childcare should exists since housewives are constantly working but are not making any money. Private: informal work, reproductive, no wages, unskilled Public: skilled labor, productive, wages
Kirk and Okazawa-Rey
Identities and Social Location
Judith Butler
She is a philosopher and gender theorist, known for discussing, from 1988 onwards, how even commonplace communication and speech are performative acts. The concept of performativity refers to the way speech and behaviors shape one's identity. That is, she reverses the idea that identity is the source of more secondary actions (speech, gestures). This view is influenced by philosophers including Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida.
Gender Display
The process whereby we perform the roles expected of us by social convention
Mythical Norm
White, middle-class, heterosexual, abled, thin and a young adult.
Bootstrap myth
myth that if you work hard enough, you will succeed-- this is an issue because it results in poor people constantly being blamed for their poverty.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Three waves of feminism
1st Wave: What is the root cause of female oppression? Discusses topics of democracy and individual's rights--ate 19th Century/early 20th Century movement focused on voting rights/property rights/reproductive health 2nd Wave: Introduced "radical feminism" -- Trying to find the root cause of women's inequality. Mid-20th Century movement focused on civil rights/social justice/socio-cultural change/legal equality/reproductive rights--came to the conclusion that society was patriarchal/male supremacy based. 3rd Wave: Early 21st Century movement focused on power and empowerment in a world ordered by money and markets.
The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
An amendment to the Civil Rights act that was declared through the Obama administration that allows for the 180 day statue of limitations for filing an equal pay lawsuit regarding pay discrimination resets with with each new discriminatory paycheck.
Equal Rights Amendment
Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Federal law requiring organizations with 50 or more employees to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave after childbirth or adoption; to care for a seriously ill family member or for an employee's own serious illness; or to take care of urgent needs that arise when a spouse, child, or parent in the National Guard or Reserve is called to active duty.
Fallacies of feminism
Feminism is dead, feminists are ugly, feminists hate men, only women can be feminists, feminists are for lesbians, etc
Radical Feminism
Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life.
Lorber Night to His Day
Gender does not equal sex Have to be taught gender stratification Gender is automatic (done without thinking)
How does the family medical leave act function in privilege versus oppression
In low income families, if a woman has a child she will not be able to afford to take medical leave, versus in a high income family a woman does not lose anything.
Gender Identity
Individual's sense of gender; how an individual ascribes gender to themself--also known as gender comportment
Internalized Oppression
Internalizing negative judgments from the dominant group's characterizations of them as lesser and inferior
What is evidence that the binary sex system is a social construction?
Intersex and Transgendered people complicate the gender binary by not conforming to one gender.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work
Horizontal Hostility
Members of marginalized groups police each other's behaviors and/or appearance based on society's characterizations of them. This occurs when a member of a marginalized group identifies with the values of the dominant group; an example of this is women slut shaming other women--this is a result of internalized oppression.
Aspects of identity: micro, meso, macro
Micro: Personal level - home, family, etc Meso: Community, school, police, organization, workplace, neighborhood Macro: Media, in the world, Education, Military, government, religion
Nuclear Family
Mother, father and children living as a unit.
Transgender
People whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
Intersex
Possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
Prohibits discrimination in employment against pregnant women; protected women from job loss or consequences due to pregnancy
Vertical Segregation of Labor
Refers to the fact that even in fields where there is more even mix of men and women working, women tend to be clustered in positions with lower pay and prestige refers to the same fields where men and women occupy different duties
Masculine God Language
Religious language in scriptures, prayers, and liturgy that suggests God is male
Affordable Care Act (2010)
Requires an organization with 50 or more employees to make health insurance available to employees or pay an assessment and gives employees the right to buy health insurance from another provider if an organization's health insurance is too expensive.
Gender Ranking
Social Value attached to masculine and feminine attributes (with higher value attached to masculinity)
Socialist Feminism
The belief that women's inequality results from the combination of capitalistic economic relations and male domination; argues that both must be transformed fundamentally before women can achieve equality
Roe v. Wade (1973)
The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
Gender Wage Gap
The difference between the earnings of women who work full-time year-round as a group and those of men who work full-time year-round as a group--women usually have a lower pay
tough guise
The front that men often feel they must put on in order to be seen as tough or manly--discusses violence that men exhibit and how crimes SHOULD be gendered as it calls for a masculinity crisis since men are taught to be violent
Gender Assignment
The initial assignment as male or female, which usually occurs at birth and is subsequently referred to as the "natal gender."
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Julia Serano "Whipping Girl"
Uses transgender feminism to look at the discrimination trans people face in society due to a cisgendered norm - talks about "pathetic" and "deceptive" transsexual
Horizontal Segregation of Labor
Women are more likely to serve in administrative and clerical positions whereas men are more likely to work in manufacturing and skilled labor; refers to gender segregated areas of work
Gendered Double Standard
Women in society are faced with two less-than-desirable options of adhering to or rejecting feminine gender norms, risking negative repercussions either way.
Rape Culture
a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women--"boys will be boys,"
Privilege
a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people. For every type of privilege, there is a corresponding type of oppression.
Ideology
a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
Toxic Masculinity
adherence to traditional male gender roles that restrict the kinds of emotions allowable for boys and men to express, including social expectations that men seek to be dominant (the "alpha male") and limit their emotional range primarily to expressions of anger
Definition of "feminism"
although there are many different definitions, it is widely agreed that the term 'feminism' refers to the idea that men and women are of equal worth. other definitions suggest it is the struggle to end sexist oppression.
Intersex
complicates the gender binary system since they have psysiological characteristics of both men and women.
occupational segregation by gender
the tendency for men and women to be employed in different occupations from each other
Gender Expression
the way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior.
