BSC 116 Exam 1

What happens regarding xylem sap at night?

At night, water root pressure pushes xylem sap up through roots and stem -endodermis seals vascular tissue from cortex -roots continually pump ions into stele -water follows due to lower solute potential: generates root pressue -less important in tall plants: hard to overcome gravity -small plants: GUTTATION

(L4) What are the 3 domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

How do we find information about the order in which key traits appeared?

By looking at the traits of living plants and using phylogenetic methods

Prokaryotes who use chemicals for their energy source

CHEMOAUTOTROPHS, certain prokaryotes, CHEMOHETEROTROPHS, many prokaryotes, many protists, fungi, animals

Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds? -Cellular slime molds have haploid zygotes. -Cellular slime molds have fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. -In plasmodial slime molds, the haploid condition is the dominant part of the life cycle. -Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated. -Cytoplasmic streaming helps distribute nutrients and oxygen in cellular slime molds.

Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated.

What is the purpose of complex life cycles?

Complex life cycles provide organization needed for multicellularity; (development of organism from single cell; differentiation of cells into tissues)

fungi plant parasites

Cryphonectria parisitica and American chesnuts- decrease yields and sometimes toxic to humans

Why do researchers use rRNA in investigations of relationships between taxa that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago?

DNA coding for rRNA changes relatively slowly

Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms.

Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.

What does Kingdom Plantae=

Embryophytes

How did eukaryotes arise?

Endosymbiosis

Which statement about endotoxins is true?

Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.

Eukarya... plantae

A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.

Eukarya...animalia

Hfr cell

F factor on chromosome; High Frequency Recombination; chromosome passed and recombined

What does long distance transport rely on?

It relies on pressure rather than solute potential

In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.

Monera

Select the correct statement(s) about the origin of fungi.

Multicellularity probably arose independently in fungi and animals.

What is an example of the life cycle of ascomycetes?

Neurospora

Prokaryotes who use CO2 as their carbon source

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS, photosynthetic prokaryotes, some protists, plants, CHEMOAUTOTROPHS, certain prokaryotes

Prokaryotes who use light for their energy source

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS, photosynthetic prokaryotes, some protists, plants, PHOTOHETEROTROPHS, some prokaryotes

Prokaryotes who use organic compounds as their carbon source

PHOTOHETEROTROPHS, some prokaryotes, CHEMOAUTOTROPHS, certain prokaryotes

What are two extant phyla of seedless vascular plants?

Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Monilophyta

Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells.

What does sexual reproduction allow for?

Sexual reproduction allows alleles to be shared among lineages, which increases genetic variation

How does sperm fertilize eggs?

Sperm must swim through water to fertilize eggs which is why mosses are limited to moist habitats

Stramenopiles + 3 major lineages

"hairy flagella" with 2 endosymbiotic plastids; diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

active transport

"pumping" a solute against its gradient; does require energy; involves a protein pump

fimbriae

(attachment pili) proteinaceous spines

What are the two male and female parts of a pine tree?

(male) pollen cones with microsporocytes and (female) ovule cones with megasporocytes

gametophytes

(n) develop from spores (n), larger and longer living than sporophytes, spores germinate to form branched protonemata (1 cell thick), each protonemata produces 1+ gametophore(s), anchored by rhizoids not roots

mutualism symbols

+ +

parasitism symbols

+ -

commensalism symbols

+ 0

What is the ecological importance of seedless vascular plants?

- the ancient seedless vascular plants are now ancient coal forrests (gasoline, natural gas)

Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which of the following is an example of such a relationship?

-Fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants -Fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites. -Fungi help break down plant material in the guts of grazing mammals. -Endophytes in leaves produce toxins that deter herbivores.

gram negative bacteria

-appear pink after gram staining -alcohol rinse easily removes crystal violet -have an outer membrane as part of their cell wall structure -have thin peptidoglycan layer

gram positive bacteria

-appear purple after gram staining -alcohol rinse does not remove crystal violet -have a thick peptidoglycan layer

Examples of protist pathogens

-giardia: causes giardiasis -trypanosoma: causes African Sleeping Sickness -plasmodium: causes malaria

proton pump

-uses ATP to create proton (H+) gradient across membrane - membrane potential

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).

1

What are some adaptations of plants to keep from being eaten?

1) chemical- caffeine, nicotine, morphine, cyanide 2) mechanical- thorns, silica crystals

What do the two sperms released down the tube do?

1) one fertilizes embryo (2n) 2) one fuses with 2 nuclei in central cell: endosperm (3n)

What are 3 overlapping "zones" of development

1) zone of cell division 2) zone of elongation 3) zone of differentiation

evidence for secondary endosymbiosis

1)chloroplast (2 membrane) surrounded by two more membranes: 1 from engulfed euk, 1 from vacuole 2) nucleomorph

What does the female gametophyte produce? (n)

1+ eggs (n), fertilized by sperm produced by male gametophyte following pollination

#Major archaea clades

4- extremophiles, halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens

When was the oldest fossil fungi discovered?

460 My, terrestrial

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.

475

#Major bacteria clades

5

Plants for food

80% of our calories come from only 6 angiosperm crops (wheat, rice, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes)

How much water escapes through the stomata?

95%

What happens as a result of large populations?

There is a greater chance for mutations ex- in E coli reproduction in the human gut, 20 billion new E coli per day will result in 9 mil new mutations per day

In fungi, haploid hyphae fuse to produce dikaryotic and then diploid nuclei, only to restore the haploid condition by meiosis before the growth of new hyphae. What is the significance of a transient diploid state in fungi?

These sexual processes generate genetic variation.

(L7) What are fungi?

They are multicellular heterotrophs that represent diverse ecological roles

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise?

They have extremely short generation times and large populations; They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer

T/F; Water potential gradient exists.

True (v important)

(L3) Population

a group of interbreeding individuals in space and time (individuals of the same species)

transmembrane

a hybrid of apoplast and symplast transport routes; route repeatedly crosses membranes; moves between apopoplast and symplast

What is a pine tree?

a mature sporophyte

What is a species?

a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but don't produce viable fertile offspring with members of other such groups

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____.

a sporophyte

T/F There are protist pathogens that affect human health

T

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.

bacteria and archaea

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

bacteria and archaea

Two things leaf surfaces of land plants must do

balance photosynthesis and water loss

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom?

basidia

cortex

between vascular tissue and dermal tissue

vascular tissue (leaves)

branches through mesophyll; continuous with stem vascular tissue surrounded by protective bundle sheath

nitrogen fixation

can convert atmospheric N2 into NH3 that can be used by other organisms

perennials

can live for years

transformation

can pick up DNA from the environment

What structures help maintain a prokaryotes position

capsule and fimbriae

taxa

categories, smaller nested in larger

What effect did an abundance in plants cause?

caused a drop in CO2 and global cooling which favored vascular seed plants

ciliates

cell covered in many short cilia rather than few long flagella; two types of nuclei; free living like paramecium

What kinds of cell structure does fungi have?

cell wall of chitin, hyphae that is either divided by septa or undivided (coenocytic fungi)

differentiation

cells change from unspecialized meristematic cells to specific specialized types

derivatives

cells divide and differentiate into different kinds of tissues; it is from these cells that all plant tissues arise

zone of elongation

cells elongate, pushing tip forward up to 10x original length

How do cells know when to open stomata?

cells know when to open stoma based on light, weather conditions, internal clock (when they're programmed to open)

zone of differentiation

cells mature to specialized cell types

plant growth

cells need to grow (elongate) as well as divide

What are 3 levels of plant body organization?

cells, tissues, organs

Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______. brown algae water molds cellular slime molds diatoms golden algae

cellular slime molds

dinoflagellates

cellulose plates, with two flagella in groves; can cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning

genetic drift

chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, particularly in small populations

What does induction cause us to do?

change our understanding of what we observe

What are bryophyte life cycles like?

characterized by gametophyte, but with prominent sporophyte

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.

charophytes

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____.

chemoautotrophs

green algae

chlorophytes and charophyceans + Land Plants

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

chloroplasts

What are the 5 clades of fungal species?

chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

A paramecium is a(n) _____.

ciliate

All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia.

ciliates

How are leaves spaced in a bud?

close; elongation behind tips lengthens internodes

basidiomycetes

club fungi; sexual spores formed in basidia, with basidiocarps (fruiting bodies); decomposers

Lycophyta

club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts; more ancient than Monilophyta

three basic shapes of prokaryotes

cocci, bacilli, and spiral

annuals/biennials

complete life cycles in 1 or 2 years

gram negative

complex, outer membrane with less peptidoglycan (tends to be more toxic)

characteristics of leaves

composed of blade and petiole (stalk), veins, simple or compound leaf, needles are leaves, leaves can be modified for support, protection, etc

plant body organization: tissues

composed of cells within similar form and or function( dermal- external, vascular- transport, ground tissues- other)

symplast

connected spaces inside of cells -must go thru selective barrier (plasma membrane) once; includes phloem -water and solutes must go through plasma membrane of a living cell once, then it can travel from cell to cell via plasmodesmata (toll road)

apoplast

connected spaces outside living cells; open space without organelles; inside of dead tracheids and vessels (xylem) cell walls: "open mesh" of cellulose

How do you distinguish homology from analogy?

corroborative characters, fossil evidence, character complexity, DNA evidence

ground tissue

cortex of parenchyma; store carbs, absorb water, etc; endodermis

Quantitative

countable, measurable

gymnosperm phylums

cycadophyta, gnetophyta, ginkophyta, coniferophyta

How long does gymnosperm life cycle take?

cycle takes 3 years after the tree reaches maturity

dermal tissue (leaves)

upper and lower epidermis stomata- openings in the epidermis that allows air to reach photosynthetic ground tissue guard cells- open and close stomata that regulate exchange of oxygen and CO2

methanogens

use CO2 and H2; create methane; obligate anaerobes ex- species in anaerobic marshes

What does the cation exchange do?

use H+ gradient to loosen + ions from neg. charged soils

deductive reasoning

use a generalization to explain particular cases

facultative anaerobes

use either method; obligate aerobes or obligate anaerobes

secondary compounds in the evolution of plants

various compounds that protect plants from UV light, herbivores, pathogens, etc

ground tissue system

various tissues that are neither vascular or dermal; specialized, responsible for metabolic functions; cortex and pith

What did earliest land plants lack?

vascular tissue

What are 5 evolutionary innovations of vascular plants?

vascular tissue, roots, leaves, spsorophylls, life cycles dominated by sporophytes over gametophytes

How is sperm transported

via pollen tube thru micropyle

transduction

viruses (phages) carry bacterial DNA

xylem sap

water and dissolved minerals

From what area does water move from?

water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

What determines which direction water will move?

water potential (Ψ)

waxy cuticle

water proofing so plants don't dry out

casparian strip

waxy barrier that blocks apoplastic route; solutes must go thru selective membranes of endodermis and enter symplast; doesn't let water or dissolved nutrients in; prevents back leakage

What other traits of plants have evolved to support life on land?

waxy cuticle, stomata, mycorrhizal associations, secondary compounds

What happens when K+ moves?

when K+ is moved, water follows, the turgor is changed, and cells bow or become flaccid

cross-pollination

when the egg and sperm are from different plants

nodes

where leaves attach

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.

diploid sporophyte

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____.

diploid sporophyte

Karyogamy produces a _____.

diploid zygote

two main groups of excavates

diplomonads + parabasalids and euglenozoans

Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA?

diplomonads and parabasalids

Three ways that natural selection can alter the frequency distribution of heritable traits

directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection

What are two phases of scientific research?

discovery and explanation

solutes

dissolves materials (mineral ions and sugars); can move through membranes by active transport w ATP

Why is the diversity of bryophytes limited?

diversity is limited because of their life cycles and lack of vascular tissue

generative cell

divides and forms two sperm

What dominates the seedless vascular plant life cycle?

dominated by sporophyte stage

Which of these is unique to flowering plants?

double fertilization

What is unique to angiosperms?

double fertilization where one fertilization event produces a triploid cell

antibiotics

drugs that target the peptidoglycan cell wall, ribosomes of prokaryotes not harmful to humans ex- penicillin effective for gram + tetracycline for ribosomes

What happens regarding xylem sap during the day?

during the day, transpiration pulls xylem sap up

chytrids

earliest branch of fungi; decomposers, parasites and some mutualists

extremophiles

either halophiles or thermophiles

What kinds of associations do fungi have with plants?

either parasitic or mutualistic

What do the seeds of gymnosperm contain?

embryo (2n), food reserves (n), and maternal seed coat (n)

What are the seeds like in seed plants

embryo and food supply in protective coat, desiccation resistant, long dispersal distance

What must soil solution pass before reaching vascular tissue?

endodermis

membrane potential

energy stored in H+ gradient and voltage difference

dermal tissue

epidermis; absorb water and minerals; aided by root hairs

two types of eugenozoans

euglenids and kinetoplastids

What is suggested about the evolution of animals and fungi based on DNA evidence?

evidence suggests animals and fungi evolved independently from different protist ancestors

How observation supports evolution

evolution is documented over time

Order of eukaryotic evolution

evolution of nucleus, er> mitochondria via endosymbiosis> chloroplasts via endosymbiosis

Where did plants evolve from?

evolved from single celled, aquatic green algae: charophytes

Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____.

evolved from the same ancestor

Dinoflagellate example

ex- cause a crimson or Red Tide in coastal ecosystems due to high concentrations of carotenoids

What are the 4 main protist lineages

excavata, SAR (alveolates, stramenopiles, rhiziaria), archaeplastide, unikonta

Which of the main protist lineages are mostly parasitic?

excavates

Hypothesis

explanations of observations

dermal tissue system

external protective covering, first line of defense; epidermis with a waxy cuticle

Inductive reasoning

extrapolating from observations to a generalization

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.

false-In most fungi, fertilization is a two-step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.

heterotrophs

feed on other organisms, absorb dissolved molecules, get C and energy from organic C(sugar, protein,fat)

carpels

female flower parts (1+ per flower); produce female gametophytes; container in which seeds are enclosed; sticky stigma binds pollen; style connects it to ovary

In pine, the embryo develops within the _____.

female gametophyte

In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ .

female gametophytes

What are the two types of spores produced by a heterosporous seedless plant?

female megaspores produced by megasporangia and male microspores produced by microsporangia

Monilophyta

fern, horsetails, whisk fern, etc; more closely related to vascular plants because they share derived characters related to leaf and root growth

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.

ferns

During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.

ferns and other seedless plants

What does pollination lead to?

fertilization

photosynthesis

fix C, produce O2

How prokaryote species move around

flagella and taxis

excavates

flagellated parasites

What does the male gametophyte in seedless plants do?

flagellated sperm swim from male gametophyte (antheridium) to female gametophyte (archegonium)

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.

flowers

What are some uses of plants?

food, food for other human food, shelter, fuel, medicine, spices, ecosystem function

Examples of homologous structures in mammals...

forelimbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats are all constructed from the same basic skeletal elements but adapted different

zygomycetes

form sexual spores in zygosporangium; decomposers (like Rhizopus, black bread mold); also parasites/commensals on animals

Why is this association important?

fossil plants show association is important for colonization of terrestrial habitats

What do we use to help us date clades?

fossils and molecular clocks

kinetoplastids

free living predators and parasites, like Trypanosoma (causes sleeping sickness)

Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi?

fungi are heterotropic, and plants are autotrophic

mycorrhizal fungi mutualism

fungi provides phosphorus and other nutrients while the plant provides carbs

The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following?

fungus

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm of 2 different mating types

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei (2n)

gametes alternation of generations

gametes (n) fuse to produce sporophytes (2n)

Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations?

gametophyte

What stage are bryophyte life cycles dominated by?

gametophyte stage

gametophytes alternation of generations

gametophytes (n) produce gametes (n) by mitosis

What process actually increases the number of genes in an organism's genome?

gene duplication

migration

gene flow between populations; can bring new alleles and thus traits

allopatric speciation

gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolate subpopulations

What are scientific theories?

general hypotheses that have survived repeated tests

Recombination increases...

genetic variation and creates new genotypes via transformation, transduction, and conjugation

How biogeography supports evolution

geographic distribution of species

Examples of analogy/convergent evolution in mammals...

gliding of sugar gliders and flying squirrels evolved independently in response to similar pressures

Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants.

glomeromycota

Most lineages of bacteria are gram - or gram +?

gram negative (-)

Alveolates + 3 lineages

grouped together based on shared presence of alveoli beneath the cell membrane; ciliates, apicomplexans, and dinoflagellates

purpose of stems in the shoot system

grow to increase the above ground volume occupied by branching thus facilitates dispersal of pollen and fruit; orients the plant in a way that maximizes photosynthesis

determinate

growth limited to embryonic/juvenile phase

What are three important developmental processes in plant growth?

growth, morphogenesis, differentiation

How/when do guard cells open?

guard cells open in half moon shape and when K moves out and water follows, the guard cell closes

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.

gymnosperms

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?

gymnosperms

What are the two major clades of seed plants?

gymnosperms (naked seeds) and angiosperms (flowering plants, seeds, contained fruits)

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____.

halophiles

Fungi produce _____ spores.

haploid

In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.

haploid...meiosis

What is used in the relationship between fungi and plant roots?

haustoria

euglenozoans

have flagella with unique morphology

R plasmids

have genes for enzymes that destroy antibiotics

cycads only

have palmlike leaves

diplomonads and parabasalids

have reduced mitorchondria, obligate or facultative anaerobes, generally parasites

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____.

help plants take up nutrients and water

What are the 3 phyla of bryophytes?

hepatophyta, anthocerophyta, bryophyta

Where are the areas of high and low pressure in regard to bulk flow?

high pressure- sugar sources lower pressure- sugar sinks

example of a flaccid cell

higher in sucrose, water will move out of cell; plasmolysis not enough water; wilted

homosporous vs heterosporous

homo- (most seedless plants) one type of spore that typically gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte hetero- m and f spores of different sizes produce dif gametophytes

shared ancestral characters

homologies shared with distant ancestors; ex- mammals all have vertebrae and jaws

share derived characters

homologies that are evolutionary novelties of particular clades; ex- mammals have hair and mammary glands

Which process occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on Earth, and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult?

horizontal gene transfer

phyllotaxy

how leaves arranged on stem; determines light capture

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom?

hyphae are produced by mitosis

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____.

hyphae...mycelium

In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.

immature sporophyte

Plants for medicine

in US 2% of prescription drugs contain an active ingredient from seed plants

flagella

in the front to pull, in the back to push, or both

gnetophytes only

includes three genera that vary greatly in appearance

selection

increase in the average fitness of a population

leaves

increase surface area for photosynthesis also allows plants to get bigger

ginkos only

leaves have fanlike appearance; only one living species today

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall?

lignified vascular tissue

photosynthetic dinoflagellates

live in tissues of organisms in coral reefs, including coral and giant clams

Taxa who look the same as they did millions of years ago:

living fossils

transpiration

loss of water vapor by diffusion and evaporation. water vapor inside humid leaves moves to lower potential of dry air

What do bryophytes look like?

low "carpets" rather than upright branches

What plants formed the first forrests?

lycophytes and pterophytes

indeterminate

made up of embryonic, juvenile, and adult organs; can keep growing and living until killed

taprout

main vertical root from primary root, many lateral roots. Good for tall plants

stamens

male flower parts; anthers on filaments; produce pollen

pollen grain

male gametophyte in sporopollenin coat

Reproduction rate of prokaryotes

many generations over a short period of time from 20 minutes reproduction time to 24 hours

mycelia

masses formed by filaments, increase surface area; underground mass of hyphae

fruits of angiosperm

mature ovary; may be fleshy/dry/etc; aid in dispersal (can be carried away by animals)

petals

may be brightly colored to attract pollinators (bees, hummingbirds)

ovule contains

megasporangium (sporophyte tissue)(2n), megaspore (develops into f gametophyte) (n), integument (sporophyte tissue) (2n)

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?

megaspores or microspores

zone of cell division

meristem and immediate derivatives

ground tissue (leaves)

mesophyll- photosynthetic cells space between mesophyll cells allows diffusion of gases

Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____.

mesozoic

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.

micropyle

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

mitosis...mitosis

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. meiosis ... mitosis binary fission ... mitosis mitosis ... meiosis meiosis ... meiosis mitosis ... mitosis

mitosis...mitosis

sporophylls

modified leaves bearing sporangia, with many sporangia per plant

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

moisture

By definition a clade is _____.

monophyletic

What do bigger leaves mean?

more stomata, more photosynthesis, more water loss

What are some disadvantages to living on land?

more water escapes, the temperature will be higher, more UV light may lead to plant mutations, they need specialized tissues to acquire resources both above and below ground, need specialized tissues for transport

cercozoans

most are parasites and predators; most important consumers of bacteria in aquatic and soil ecosystems

What do almost all vascular plants have?

most vascular plants have mycorrhizae

euglenids

mostly free living mixotrophs(photosynthetic and heterotrophic) like Euglena

Protists

mostly single eukaryotic celled with organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ER, contractile vacuoles) with metabolic adaptations

How would you move fluids large distances?

move them large distances by pressure depending on side gradient independent of solute conc. (combo of diffusion, active transport, and bulk flow)

translocation

movement of photosynthetic products in phloem sap

endospore

moves through time; resting stage can remain dormant but viable for centuries

What do charophytes lack?

multicelled sporangia and no sporopollenin in their spores

(L6) What is a plant?

multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs, cell walls of cellulose, chloroplasts with a and b chlorophyll

red algae

multicellular, with accessory photopigment that makes them red

What are some major events in plant evolution?

multicellularity, invasion of land, origin of vascular tissue, appearance of (extant) seed plants, evolution of flowers

What is the ultimate source of phenotypic variation?

mutation

What symbiotic associations do prokaryotes have with larger organisms?

mutualism ex- help w digestion commensalism ex- 150+ spp on skin parasitism ex- cholera, tb, food poison, Lyme disease

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?

mycelium

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi?

mycelium

Examples of helpful fungi

mycorrhizae + lichens, ascomycete endophytes between leaf cells, (food) mushrooms truffles cheese bread beer, medicine (antibiotics), bioengineering (fungi can make euk products)

What is an example of mutualism between fungi and roots?

mycorrhizal fungi mutualism

What causes adaptive evolution?

natural selection

analogy

natural selection causes similar traits to appear in unrelated groups aka convergent evolution

What will natural selection do to a changing environment?

natural selection results in adaptations to new environments and possible rise to new species

stem cells

new cells that retain role of cell division in meristems

fibrous roots

no main root; lots of little branches; small plants

bryophytes

non-vascular plants

Plants and ecosystem function

nutrient cycling; fix carbon and nitrogen, use excess CO2

4 evidences for evolution because of natural selection

observation, homology, fossil record, biogeography

sympatric speciation

occurs within a population, gene flow is reduced between individuals by such factors as sexual selection and habitat differentiation

Molecular clocks are based on the idea that _____.

on average neutral mutations arise at a constant rate

Genes for the resistance to antibiotics are usually located _____.

on plasmids

Where do fern antheridia develop?

on the underside of the gametohyte

There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).

one

double fertilization

one fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces triploid cell - UNIQUE TO ANGIOSPERMS

What are the differences between the two meristems?

one is responsible for primary growth and the other is responsible for secondary growth

conjugation

one way transfer of DNA where the donor and receiver are connected by sex pilus (mating bridge)

What is the stomata?

openings in leaf epidermis that control gas exhange: let CO2 in, oxygen and water out; trade-off with water loss

What happens over time as a result of natural selection?

organisms and their environment will become more matched

plant body organization: organs

organization of tissues to perform some function; two main systems of vegetative growth; reproductive growth (flowers)

sugar sink

organs that store or use sugars like growing tissue

roots

organs to absorb water and nutrients from soil which allows plants to get bigger

How does water move freely across cell membranes?

osmosis

sepals

outer most ring, usually green

apicomplexans

parasites with complex life cycles; like plasmodium which causes malaria

What is the purpose of flowers?

part of the shoot system, but involved with reproductive growth as opposed to vegetative growth

Where do vascular roots originate from?

pericycle, keeps vascular cylinders continuous

meristems

perpetually embryonic tissue; can differentiate into other cell types; make indeterminate growth possible; allow plants to both lengthen and increase the diameter of roots and shoots

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower?

petals

Which sap is thicker?

phloem sap is thicker than xylem sap: up to 30% sugar (sucrose)

Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____.

photosynthetic

diatoms

photosynthetic algae, with silica (glass) wall around cell

autotrophs

photosynthetic, use light energy to fix inorganc CO2

_____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain.

phytoplankton

Example of prokaryote use in relation to nutrient cycling

pine seedlings grown in sterile soils which one of three strains of bacterium had been added absorbed more potassium than did seedlings grown in soil without any bacteria

conifers only

pines, redwoods, all species produce cones

example of turgid cell

place flaccid cell in water; water enters by osmosis and turgor pressure pushes back against the cell wall fully watered plant

Types of harmful fungi

plant parasites and animal parasites

What are animals dependent on?

plants (and vice versa)

Plants for food for other human food

plants used to feed livestock

Gram negative and gram positive bacteria both have

plasma membrane

F plasmids

plasmid passed; F+ passes plasmid to F- pilus; carries plasmid genes and F factor

What connects plant cells?

plasmodesmata

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals?

plasmogamy

What is the sexual reproduction steps for fungi?

plasmogamy> heterokaryon/dikaryon> karyogamy > spores produced

secondary endosymbiosis

plastid aquired by engulfing photosynthetic eukaryote

obligate anaerobes

poisoned by oxygen ex- fermentation/glycolysis; anaerobic respiration

The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.

pollen

What is the male gametophyte in plants?

pollen

What is the pathway of the pollen in the angiosperm life cycle

pollen adheres to the stigma of the carpal, pollen tube grows down within the style of the carpal. the tube penetrates through the micropyle, and discharges two sperm cells into female gametophyte (embryo sac), then pollen releases 2 sperm through the tube

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____.

pollen grains

horizontal gene transfer

recombination between species

Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water?

red algae

Archaeplastida includes which plants

red algae and green algae

decomposers

release C and N into the environment

nucleomorph

remnant of eukaryote genome within 3rd membrane

cork cambium

replaces epidermis with periderm

branch points

represent ancestral species; "common ancestors" --x{

obligate aerobes

require aerobic respiration (humans) aka need oxygen

halophiles

require high salt concentrations ex- species living in Great Salt Lake

thermophiles

require high temperatures ex- species living in hot springs

drift

result of random processes; important in small populations

adventitious roots

root tissue emanating from stems or leaves (shoot system)

From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial?

rusts

asocomycetes

sac fungi; sexual spores formed in asci, with ascocarps (fruiting bodies); 40% of species lichens w green algae or cyanobacteria

Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction.

saclike structures

mixotrophs

same individual capable of both: photosynthesis in light and heterotrophs in dark

heterogeneous taxa

same traits appearing repeatedly in different groups

lateral meristems

secondary growth (increase girth); woody plants; "cylinders of cells" that extend thru stems and roots; vascular cambium; cork cambium

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.

seed coat

What are advantages of seeds?

seeds are better for dispersal than spores, can remain viable longer, seeds can remain dormant until conditions are right for germination, seeds can get dispersed further via wind/water/animals

all gymnosperms

seeds do not form in an enclosed structure; undergo alternation of generations

(L9) What characteristics do angiosperms have?

seeds, flowers, fruits

What causes the frequency of alleles to change over time?

selection, drift, and migration

What parts make up flowers?

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

flowers of angiosperms

sex-organs made up to 4 rings of specialized leaves (sporophylls)

Fossil evidence indicates that some dinosaurs had feathers. If birds are indeed descended from dinosaurs, feathers are what kind of character?

shared ancestral character

How homology supports evolution

shared traits via common descent from common ancestor

foraminiferans

shell (test) of calcium carbonate; planktonic, sessile, when they settle to the bottom they form limestone/chalk

radiolarians

shell of silica (glass); planktonic

apical bud meristem

shoot tip, surrounded by leaf primordia where leaves developed

How fossil record supports evolution

shows evolutionary changes of different species

clomeromycetes

similar to zygomycetes, but most have arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with plants (90% of plants)

gram positive

simple, with a lot of peptidoglycan

cellular organization of prokaryotes

simpler than euks, lack compartmentalization and membrane bound organelles, perform same functions on folded membrane surfaces, singular circular chromosome in cytoplasm (no nucleus; nucleoid region); may have acessory DNA/plasmids that replicate independently of chromosome

Examples of single celled and multiple celled filaments of fungi

single- yeast multi- hyphae

Data

singular pieces of info

fungi animal parasites

skin (external) mycosis: athletes foot, yeast infection systemic (internal) mycosis: can be caused by inhaled spores

amoebozoans

slime molds and other amoebas; locomotion via pseudopodia; unicellular w large aggregations

amoebozoans fungi

slime molds, other amoebas

How does the soil solution enter than plant?

soil solution (water and dissolved ions) enters plant through root tissue via apoplastic/symplastic route and moves thru cortex

vascular stele

solid cylinder of vascular tissue; pericycle

water potential (Ψ)

solute concentration and pressure measured in megaPascals (Mpa)

Ψs

solute potential; solutes always lower Ψ

vascular tissue

specialized cells that transport water, nutrients, etc

stomata

specialized spores that allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the atmosphere and the plant

morphogenesis

specific tissues/organs must develop at specific places (pattern formation)

spores alternation of generations

spores (n) develop into gametophytes (n)

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.

sporophyte

seed of plant

sporophyte embryo (2n) encased in maternal sporophyte tissue

How evolution of plants from charophytes is supported?

supported by morphological/ biochemical evidence; shape of cellulose synthesizing complexes, flagellated sperm morphology; also supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses

parabasalids

symbionts in termite guts to break down cellulose

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____.

symbiotic

Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote?

syngamy

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.

t

What are the two main root morphologies?

taproot and fibrous roots

What is a key structure that distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

the carpels (gymnosperms don't have them)

Which of these facts provides the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae?

the chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b

taxonomy

the classification of living things

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?

the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

What does the female gametophyte of an angiosperm have

the female gametophyte has a large central cell with 2 nuclei (n+n)

How is the flow of xylem sap powered?

the flow is powered by transpiration and root pressure

endosperm

the food supply for the seed

What happens when fungi reproduces asexually?

the fungi molds and spores (n) are produced by mitosis

Which of these contains two haploid nuclei?

the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle

Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned?

the kingdom protista is not monophyletic; some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists

What does the large surface area of roots allow for?

the large surface area of roots allows for lots of membrane transport to take place

What does the male gametophyte of an angiosperm have

the male gametophyte (pollen) has two haploid (n) cells

What happens when populations become divided by a barrier?

the microevolutionary processes will operate in isolation (no gene flow), populations will diverge and acquire different traits; eventually populations are no longer compatible

Which observation supports the position of eukaryotes at the convergence of the "ring of life"?

the nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains genes from archaeans and from bacteria

What can the membrane potential be used for?

the potential can be used to move solutes against their gradient - positive ions driven to neg. side -cotransport of neg. ions

What happens to pressure potential as a result of transpiration during the day?

the pressure potential (Ψp) lowers inside of the leaves

speciation

the process by which a species arises from an ancestral species

How are archaeans most similar to bacteria?

the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

gene flow

the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

What does the gymnosperm life cycle enable them to do?

their life cycles allow them to live in drier habitats

What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually?

their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment

(L11) What are some advantages to living on land?

there is more CO2 in the air than in water, more direct sunlight, more photosynthesis, and plants can grow bigger because of structural adaptations

Where are apical meristems located?

they are located behind root cap

Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes?

they are poisoned by O2

What is the ecological role of protists

they are producers, produce 25% of the worlds photosynthesis

In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?

they are sedentary

What is the purpose of leaves?

they are the main organs of photosynthesis

What is the function of fimbriae?

they are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes

What happens to fertilized female ovules?

they become seeds

What is the function of guard cells?

they can open and close the stomata

What does a megasporocyte develop into?

they develop into female gametophyte that makes eggs

What does a microsporocyte develop into?

they develop into male gametophyte (pollen) that makes sperm

What rate do molecular characters evolve at?

they evolve at a relatively constant rate

From what did fungi evolve?

they evolved from single celled protists

What do endodermis and living vascular cells both do?

they export minerals to the xylem

Uses of modern prokaryotes

they give info about original forms of life; their characteristics tell us about the evolutionary transition to eukaryotes

Where does the root system operate?

they operate below the ground

What do (good) decomposers do?

they secrete enzymes that breakdown many compounds

How do sperm in the bryophyte life cycle fertilize eggs?

they swim through water

What do aquaporins do?

they transport proteins for water; regulate movement of water -water moves thru plant membranes faster than just diffusion -open/close affecting the rate of water movement between cells

What do co transport ions do

they use hydrogen ions to get more ions in, ex- hydrogen nitrate being brought in together

How prokaryote cells keep their shape.

they're surrounded by a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan(sugars linked together by proteins)

What does the male gametophyte in seed plants do?

tiny male gametophyte transported to female gametophyte -microspore develops into pollen grain -pollination

What are a plants organs composed of?

tissues

What is the purpose of root hairs?

to increase surface area for absorption

Purpose of multicellular gametangia

to produce gametes

What is the purpose of roots?

to provide anchorage and absorb water and minerals

What is the purpose of the shoot system?

to reproduce and carry out photosynthesis via stems, leaves, flowers

sporopollenin

tough protective outer coating of charophyte zygotes and plant spores; walled spores made in sporangia

homology

traits shared by common descent via common ancestor

Which of the following processes contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes?

transduction

pollination

transport by wind or animal (bees) to female ovule

phloem

transport organic molecules

xylem

transport water

xylem of plants

transport water and minerals from roots up to the shoots

phloem of plants

transports sugars from where they are made (leaves) to where they are needed (flowers, fruits, roots)

turgid cell

turgor pressure pushes back against expansion of protoplasm

opisthokonts

unicellular and multicellular flagellate heterotrophs including fungi and animals

golden algae

unicellular or colonial mixotrophs. Many species form protective cycts that can survive for decades

chlorophytes

unicellular, colonial, and green algae

Which way does xylem flow?

up

Which way does phloem flow?

up and down (roots for storage or to leaves for energy)

How many stomata are there per leaf?

1-2% of external leaf surface

heterokaryon/dikaryon

2 parental nuclei in 1 cytoplasm (n + n)

What are the functions of roots?

anchor, absorb minerals and water, store carbohydrates

90% of living plant species are...

angiosperms

Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____.

angiosperms

(L10) How is plant growth different from animal growth?

animal growth is usually determinate while plant growth is usually indeterminate

opisthokont fungi

animal plus choanoflagellates; fungi plus nucleariids

herbivory

animals feeding on plants; plants have various adaptations to keep from being eaten

A stamen consists of _____.

anther and filament

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

antheridia

angiosperm phylum

anthophyta

What are the two main types of meristems?

apical meristems and lateral meristems

Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____.

apicomplexan

What are 3 routes for the transport of water and solutes through plants?

apoplast, symplast, transmembrane

What are two different kinds of mycorrhizal fungi mutualism?

arbuscular mucorrhizae (haustoria) and ectomycorrhizae (form sheaths around roots)

What are the male and female gametangia for gametophytes?

archegonia- produce eggs antherida- produce sperm

In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.

archegonia...egg

All seed plants _____.

are heterosporous

apical meristem

area of growth on shoot and root tips

axillary bud meristems

areas of meristem left behind by leaf primordia

lateral stems

arise from axillary bud meristems, not the vascular tissue as with lateral roots

complex life cycles/ alternation of generation

asexual + sexual phases, mitosis (2n) meiosis (n) + fertilization

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

asexual reproduction via binary fission

Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce ____________ in the diploid stage by producing haploid cells that form spores, which then germinate into haploid adults.

asexually

3 protists

autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs

apical dominance

axillary bud growth inhibited by proximity of apical bud

How the stem tissues are organized:

dermal tissue: epidermis vascular tissue: xylem and phloem ground tissue: pith and cortex the bundled vascular arrangement of the stem converges with a solid vascular cylinder of the root

What is a prokaryotes role in nutrient cycling

depended on for oxygen production and nitrogen fixation

What are the three tissues that plants are made up of?

dermal tissues, vascular tissues, and ground tissues

Qualitative

descriptive, comparable

Desert plants and stomata:

desert plants have less stomata per leaf (environmental); higher CO2=less stomata

Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica?

diatoms

plant body organization: cells

differentiated to perform various specific functions (cells for photosynthesis, support, absorption, transport)

How does the soil solution get to the xylem?

diffusion and active transport

basidia

dikaryotic cells at the end of hyphae

What does the basidiomycete life cycle have?

dikaryotic mycelium

A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____.

dinoflagellates

When does a high rate of evaporation/transpiration occur?

it occurs when stomata opens and air pockets provide surface area for trans/evaporation

What does haustoria do?

it perforates the cell wall but not the plasma membrane

What does 1" growth produce?

it produces all 3 root tissue types: dermal tissue, vascular stele, ground tissue

What is the purpose of a fungi's cell wall made of chitin?

it provides rigidity; keeps cells from bursting

What happens when the protoplast is full?

it pushes against the cell wall

What does phloem do?

it transports sugars from sources to sinks

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation?

karyogamy and meiosis

Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness?

kinetoplastids

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.

lack true leaves and roots

plasmolysis

protoplasm shrinks from cell wall because there is less water overall contained in cell

What did Darwin infer? (2)

1- Individuals w inherited traits that give them a higher chance of surviving and reproducing tend to cause more offspring 2- Because of #1, those w favorable traits will accumulate

4 features shared by all plants are...

1- alternation of generations (plus multic, dependent embryos) 2- sporopollenin 3- multicellular gametangia 4- apical meristems

What are the two male and female gametangia produced by gametophytes?

1- archagonia (produce eggs) 2- antheridia (produce flagellated sperm)

What are the two main functions of stems?

1- branch to provide 3D architecture for leaf surfaces 2- conduit for transport between leaves and roots: the movement of water and dissolved resources

Neurospora cycle (asexual)

1- conidia (asexual spores) form at hyphal tips(conidiophores)

What are 3 ways that resources can be transported through a plant?

1- diffusion 2- active transport 3- bulk flow

What are four evolutionary innovations of seed plants?

1- further reduction of the gametophyte stage 2- variation in spore size and density 3- seeds 4- ovules and pollen (no water needed)

Gametophyte stage

1- gametophytes (n) develop from spores (n) 2- spores germinate to form branched protonemata (1 cell thick) 3- each protonemata produces 1+ gametophore(s) 4-anchored by rhizoids: not roots

What are the two cells the male gametophyte has

1- generative cell 2- tube cell

life cycle of mosses

1- mature sporophytes produce haploid spores, dispersed by wind 2- separate spores develop into f and m gametophytes 3- haploid eggs form in archegonia, and haploid sperm form in antheridia 4- haploid gametes undergo fertilization, forming a diploid zygote 5- the diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte

What did Darwin observe? (2)

1- members of a population vary in their inherited traits 2- all species produce more offspring than can be supported, and many die

(L8) What are 5 key events in the history of plant evolution?

1- multicellularity (non vascular bryophytes) 2- invasion of land (seedless of vascular plants 475 My) 3- evolution of vascular tissue (seed plants 420 My) 4- appearance of (extant) seed plants (angiosperms 305 My) 5- evolution of flowers

Cycle of Basidiomycetes

1- plasmogamy 2- dikaryotic (n+n) mycelium grown quickly and may produce basidiocarp (mushrooms) 3- gills of basidiocarp lined w basidia 4- karyogamy produces basidiospores (100 M+)

Neurospora cycle (sexual)

1- plasmogamy 2- dikaryotic cells divide into asci 3- karyogamy (2n>4 x n> 8 x n) 4- ascospores form in asci arranged into ascocarps

What are 2 things that make a hypothesis useful?

1- provide the best explanation 2- must be falsifiable/testable

What are two main systems of vegetative growth?

1- root system: roots 2- shoot system: stems and leaves

Why can't natural selection fashion perfect organisms?

1- selection can act only on existing traits and genetic variation. The ideal phenotype may not exist in the population 2- evolution is limited by historical constraints, it operates on the traits that the organism already has 3- adaptations are often compromises: each organism can't possess optimal form and function in every possible aspect (there's trade offs) 4- chance extrinsic events (ie weather) and a constantly changing environment prevents organisms from perfectly adapting to the environment over evolutionary time (challenges w climate)

What do meristems divide into?

1- stem cells 2- derivatives

Two variations in flowers

1- symmetry 2- complete v incomplete flowers

How does the fern life cycle differ from that of a bryophyte?

1- the bisexual gametophyte stage is much smaller than the sporophyte 2- the sporophyte is not dependent on gametophyte

What does deduction cause us to do?

Gives us an idea where to look for new information

What does it mean for scientific knowledge to be conditional?

The meaning of our data changes as we get more

Plants for spices

derived from a variety of plant parts: flowers (cloves), fruits and seeds (vanilla, black pepper), leaves (basil, mint), bark (cinnamon)

Where does the shoot system function?

above ground

heterotroph

absorb nutrients without ingestion (unlike animals); don't photosynthesize and need food; can be parasitic or mutualistic; good decomposers

Fungi obtain nutrients through _____.

absorption

taxis

actively moving toward or away from the stimulus ex- positive phototaxis: moving toward the light

vascular cambium

adds 2" vascular tissue- xylem

Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with _____.

algae

brown algae

all multicellular "seaweeds" and kelp

lignin

allows plants to get bigger

Characteristics of stems in the shoot systems

alternating nodes and internodes; primary growth via axillary buds; apical dominance; stems modified for storge, asexual reproduction

alternation of generations

alternating, multicellular haploid (n) and diploid (2n) phases

nucleariids

amoeba that feed on algae and bacteria

Rhizarians + 3 groups

amoeboid pseudopodia; cytoplasmic for locomotion, prey capture, etc; foraminiferans, radiolarians, cercozoans

The two Unikont groups

amoebozoans and opisthokonts

What are the two main groups of unikonts?

amoebozoans and opisthokonts

What are the three tissue types of leaves?

dermal tissue, vascular stele, ground tissue

The largest seaweeds are _____.

brown algae

Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds?

brown algae, red algae, green algae

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.

bryophytes

How do fungi reproduce?

by producing spores and haploid hyphae (sexual and asexual)

circadian rhythms

daily opening of stomata; stimulated to open by light, when the CO2 in cells is low

Natural selection

individuals w heritable traits survive and reproduce more than others w/o those traits

endodermis

inner most cortex cells

endodermis

inner most layer; selective boundary with vascular tissue

vascular tissue system

internal transport between shoot and root systems; physical support

What happens when a seed germinates?

it becomes a seedling

What does the conjugation process depend on?

it depends on the location of the F factor

What does transpirational pull depend on?

it depends upon the cohesiveness and surface tension of water

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?

it functions as a haploid food reserve

How is pressure potential determined?

it is determined by how the protoplast presses against the cell wall

How is solute potential determined?

it is determined by solute concentration inside and outside cell

How is the phloem sap translocated?

it is translocated through long sieve tubes (sieve tube elements separated by sieve plates)

How does bulk flow move?

it moves by pressure-flow

How does sugar move?

it moves via apoplast and or symplast to sieve tubes; can require active transport

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____.

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

Ψp

pressure potential; physical pressure; can be positive or negative

apical meristems

primary growth (increase length) in tips of roots and apical+axillary buds of shoots; most growth in herbaceous plants

tube cell

produces a pollen tube

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

produces spores

the most abundant organism

prokaryotes

root cap

protects root tip against soil; secretes polysaccharide lubricant

In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?

protista

(L5) How do protists compare to prokaryotes and multicellular organisms?

protists are more complex than prokaryotes and more ecologically diverse than multicellular organisms

sporophytes alternation of generations

sporophytes (2n) produce spores (n) by meiosis

gram stain

standard test, provides info about cell wall structure; stains purple or pink

internodes

stem segments between nodes

capsule

sticky coat of polysaccharide or protein

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species.

stigma

A carpel is composed of _____.

stigma, style, ovary

what is gas exchange and water loss controlled by?

stomata

Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella?

stramenopila

What groups have complex life cycles?

stramenopiles, archaeplastida, unikonts

Where is the megasporangium retained?

within the parent sporophyte

pith

within vascular tissue

Plants for shelter, fuel

wood fibers (clothing), moss for peat

Basidiomycetes particularly decompose what?

wood(lignin)

stele

xylem + phloem; arrangement varies in roots (cylinder) and shoots (bundles)

composition of vascular tissue

xylem and phloem, reinforced with lignin

formula to calculate water potential (Ψ)

Ψ= Ψs + Ψp