Business Ethics Final
Fox News and MSNBC very often use which of the following in their news coverage to depict a targeted conclusion?
Framing
We can tell with great accuracy whether someone believed Dr. Christine Blasey Ford or Judge Brett Kavanaugh by only asking people's political persuasion (party preference). Based on our class discussions, what very powerful human tendency best helps to explain this?
Confirmation bias
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US
*Ruling confirmed that motel owners cannot discriminate amongst races as this would violate federal law *Congress could use the power granted to it by the Commerce Clause to force private businesses to abide by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 *A violation of the 13th amendment could not be legitimately claimed by the Motel owner
requisites of a well-functioning legal system
*certainty (stability) *flexibility (technology) *knowable (lawyers) *reasonable (akin to justice)
Mario gives his girlfriend, Zelda, an engagement ring on Christmas morning to honor their relationship, but primarily as the best Christmas gift she would ever receive. She is ecstatic, but after two months she starts dating Luigi and breaks off the engagement. Mario sues to get the ring back. In a subsequent lawsuit, the court jury believes it is mostly a Christmas gift. (They live in Texas) Who most likely gets to have/keep the ring?
Zelda
Zayn Malik is encountering an ethical dilemma at work. He does not know what to do about it. In working to make the "right" decision, Zayn looks inside himself to determine if his actions will be courageous and humble. Zayn is displaying:
a virtue ethics approach
valid express contract
agreement with clearly stated terms to which both parties are bound at the same time it is formed; oral or written; must demonstrate an offer and unconditional acceptance, and expressed in an easy-to-understand manner
valid implied contract
agreement without explicitly stated terms based on parties assuming a contract exists based on conduct
Utilitarianist Approach to Ethics
greatest good for the greatest number
Doctrine of Equivalents
means by which the holder of a patent can raise a claim of infringement even though each and every element of the patented invention is not identically present in the infringing product
top-down management
occurs when goals, projects, and tasks are determined among your company's senior leaders - usually independently of their teams.
top-up management
occurs when goals, projects, and tasks are informed largely by employee feedback
The German engineers who built large-scale ovens during World War II (used by the Nazis to get rid of their victims' bodies) tended to justify their actions by claiming: "We were engineers, so we developed whatever the military needed, and we did it to the best of our abilities. That's what a good engineer does." Which one of the following best explains the engineers' irrational thinking?
role morality
literal infringement
the allegedly infringing product infringes each and every claim limitation of the patent
tokenism
the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort to do a particular thing, especially by recruiting a small number of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of sexual or racial equality within a workforce.
framing bias
the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them
Assault
threat or attempt to injure another person
Battery
unlawful touching of another person without consent
dilution
use of a trademark or trade name in commerce that's sufficiently similar to a famous mark that by association confuses the public's perception of the famous mark
A unilateral mistake is:
when only one party is mistaken as to the subject matter or the terms contained in the contract agreement
Sony entered into a contract with Cher on terms rather unfavorable to Sony. He paid her $50,000 for a piece of land that had an actual market value of $30,000. Neither of them knew anything about real estate and neither used an agent. After learning of the actual market value, Sony sued Cher to recoup the $20,000 difference. Who most likely wins?
Cher
When Mr. Q asks a question and the first thing people do before raising their hands is look around at what other people are doing - as discussed in the book and in class, this is an example of?
Conformity bias
The Federal 5th Circuit Court of Appeals is know as being rather _____________, and the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals is known as being rather ___________.
Conservative, Progressive
Edgar was very upset with David for scoring higher than him on the Torts exam. After lunch, he walked behind David and hit him on the back of the head with his Torts book. At Common Law, David would prevail on a tort claim against Edgar for what?
Battery only
Longhorn Lawns was used to demonstrate the importance of which of the following? Copyright infringement only matters if you get caught Being thoughtful about the design of your logo can spare you legal troubles, and possibly losing a lot of money, down the road Trademark infringement is on the rise All of these One should not pick a field to dive into when the legal parameters of that field are still being defined
Being thoughtful about the design of your logo can spare you legal troubles, and possibly losing a lot of money, down the road
Stormy filed a lawsuit against Don in civil court. Don, believing he was completely innocent told his attorney to ignore the lawsuit, as he did not want to justify the accusation with a response. After several months and notices from the court, the judge finally had enough. What is the most likely action from the sitting judge?
Default judgement
If a company takes one important element of a product that has been granted a patent and puts it in their own product, the company is likely running afoul of what?
Doctrine of equivalents
Generally speaking, it is required that contracts between two individuals must to be in writing to be upheld in a court of law. (T/F)
False
Given the premium importance of the freedom of speech in this country, pornography is now allowed on interstate billboards, for instance on I-35. (T/F)
False
Hooters successfully argued the BFOQ defense in two previous class action lawsuits and that is how they are allowed to only hire women servers. (T/F)
False
The courts usually do not uphold adhesion contracts because of the "take-it-or-leave-it" language. (T/F)
False
Jenna believes that her boss at Dell Inc. fired her because she is a women. If she wants to take legal action against the company for a Title VII discrimination claim, Jenna should do which of the following first?
File a discrimination claim with the EEOC
Vlad was sued by Joe in state court. Concurrent jurisdiction existed. Vlad and his attorneys wanted to move the case to federal court. Would they be able to do so?
Yes
Which of the following is TRUE regarding 16(b) and 10b-5? 16(b) focuses on corporate insiders whereas 10b-5 can reach people other than just corporate insiders 16(b) seeks to identify tipees that are running from the law 10b-5 is focused on material and public information that can be used for insider trading 16 (b) targets fraud and abuse only, 10b-5 waste and abuse
16(b) focuses on corporate insiders whereas 10b-5 can reach people other than just corporate insiders
Bubba is standing outside his house drinking a beer and watching people go by. When a group of kids walk by he says to them, "I sure would like to get $200 for this here bicycle." One of the kids responds, "Yes, I'll take it!" Which of the following is True? The contract is unenforceable because Bubba was drinking A contract does not exist because there was no valid offer None of these There was no valid offer and this contract is voidable because the buyer is a minor The contract is voidable because the buyer is a minor
A contract does not exist because there was no valid offer
According to Prof. Q, hearsay can best be analogized to which of the following?
A game of "telephone" on the witness stand
Which of the following would DEFINITELY be excluded from the protections given under the 1st Amendment:
A man yelling "fire!" in a crowded theatre (there was no fire)
The Business Roundtable essentially argued for which of the following? A stakeholder approach to business An employee only focus on business None of these A multiple profit center approach to business A shareholder approach to business
A multiple profit center approach to business
Which of the following would likely be considered "non-obvious" from a patent perspective?
A new one-legged table (with the table leg in the center)
illusory promise
A situation in which a party appears to commit to something but really has not committed to anything. It is not a promise and thus not consideration; unenforceable
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the state of Marijuana use in Austin?
It remains illegal for recreational purposes, but recent laws/ordinances have resulted in effective decriminalization
Which of the following is a valid example of courts allowing companies to utilize the BFOQ defense? A restaurant hiring only a male to work as an attendant in the men's restroom All of these A department store hiring only a woman to work in the women's undergarment section None of these A hospital hiring only a female nurse to work in the labor and delivery unit
All of these
Virtue Ethics Approach
An approach to ethical decision making that focuses on how you should behave and think about relationships if you are concerned with your daily life in a community.
To illustrate his point that the SEC had poor oversight of insider trading, Mark Cuban referred to which of the following examples? An employee seeing a bunch of limousines outside his rural company's office A factory worker who saw a new piece of technology being installed in his plant A business owner who sought to buy back over half of his own company None of these A woman who saw new airplanes flying over her house daily
An employee seeing a bunch of limousines outside his rural company's office
If your "friend" gets into some trouble and has a criminal charge brought against him, you can best help him (legally speaking) by contacting which of the following?
An experienced criminal defense attorney
Which of the following is True regarding Mediation and Arbitration?
Arbitration is binding but Mediation non-binding
Sarah is a waitress at Betty's Burrito Shack. One night, Sarah was hurrying because she had just been triple sat (got three tables at once). She was running from table to table delivering drinks and food. She was also trying to show off to the guy at table 15, who had been making eyes at her all night. She had served him two margaritas and was running to deliver him a third margarita when she tripped and dropped the glass on a young girl sitting at table 14. The glass cut the girl's face and she needed several stitches to fix the wound. In a lawsuit brought by the parents on behalf of the young girl, who is liable for the damages?
Both Sarah and Betty's Burrito Shack
The most common type of agency relationship is which of the following? Lawyer/client Realtor/buyer FDA/CDC Girlfriend/boyfriend Employer/employee
Employer/employee
As discussed, plaintiffs, trying to have as many options at winning, will often sue a defendant for both a misappropriation of trade secrets AND a patent infringement for the same claim. (T/F)
False
Gaston and Belle each owned French restaurants. They were always trying to outdo each other with their new recipes. One day, Gaston went to eat at Belle's restaurant to try her new ratatouille recipe. He took notes on a little pad he tried to keep out of sight and he slowly tasted it over and over. He immediately went back to his restaurant and began working on making the same ratatouille. He started selling it the next day and it was the exact same recipe as Belle's. In a lawsuit brought by Belle against Gaston for misappropriation of trade secrets, who will win
Gaston
ou own Roasting Rooster, a successful coffee shop. You have three issues come up in quick succession: 1) an injured customer that slips and falls on a mop that was left out by an employee, 2) an employee that burned their hand as it got caught in the door of the toaster oven, and 3) a claim by a barista (coffee maker) that the general manager asked her to have sex with him in exchange for a raise. You want to deal with these in the same order in which they came up. What is the order of phone calls you will make?
General liability insurance company, workers comp insurance company, EPLI company
Which one of the Beatles was found liable for copyright infringement of the song "He's So Fine"?
George
Elsa works at Frozen Frostees (an ice cream store). One day, while carrying a box of sprinkles, Elsa tripped on a puddle that had accumulated because some of the ice cream had melted. She broker her ankle as a result. The owner, Anna, felt terrible, but she was glad that Elsa was going to be okay. In seeking to get insurance to help cover the medical costs, whom should Anna call?
Her workers comp insurance company
As discussed in class, which of the following is MOST important when seeking to create an ethical company. Proper compensation Answer Hiring ethical people All of these Having a code of ethics Training employees well
Hiring ethical people
According to the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics' Framework, the first thing to do when encountering an ethical problem is which of the following? Identify the Ethical Issues Evaluate Alternative Actions Get the Facts Choose an Option for Action and Test It Implement Your Decision and Reflect on the Outcome
Identify the Ethical Issues
Bob tells his new hire that she should steal $50 from a customer on her first week, because it's not that much and they are a huge account, then, two months later he tells her to steal $200 from the customer, and then a year later the employee is told to steal $1000 from the customer - to the employee this does not seem like such a big deal because over time the changes have all seemed to be pretty small - as discussed, this would be an example of what?
Incrementalism
Prior to trial, which of the following are written questions submitted by one party to the other, which must be answered under oath?
Interrogatories
Jack and Alexa were good friends (or so she thought). They had known each other for years and usually got together for a few beers on Friday nights. For as long as they had known each other, Alexa let it be known that she dreamed of opening a fly-fishing company in Colorado. In fact, she went on so much about it that everyone called her "Fly-Girl". One night, while hanging out, Alexa began going on and on about her desire to be in Colorado. She said, "Man, if only I had $25,000, I could make it all happen." With that, Jack said, "You know what? I just got an unexpected $200,000 inheritance from my uncle. I'll give you $25,000 'cause I know how much you want to make it happen." Alexa said, "Thank you so much Jack! I need to start planning!" She gave Jack a big hug and ran out the door to get started. Alexa spent the next few nights putting ideas together and reaching out to contacts in Colorado to make inquiries. She used her rent money to purchase equipment, and to design a logo for the business. Four days later, as Alexa was about to book her flight to go Colorado, she ran into Jack who said, "You know, I changed my mind, I'd rather keep the money for a new car." Bob, who was standing nearby chimed in, "that's messed up Jack, you just told me you only did this to mess with her!" Alexa, terribly angry, told Jack, "You jerk, you knew I was going to act on this and you still said you'd give me the money. I'll see you in court!" Jack, laughing, replied, "too bad for you, a gift is not legally binding." Alexa then sued Jack. Which of the following is True? Jack can successfully countersue for defamation None of these Jack will likely be liable for some damages on the theory of promissory estoppel Jack will likely be liable for some damages as there was a valid contract Jack is safe, a gift is not legally binding
Jack will likely be liable for some damages on the theory of promissory
Drake was looking to rent an apartment. He reached out to Madonna, who owned many apartments in the area. They agreed on a unit for $9,000 a month and signed the lease. The lease agreement contained an exculpatory clause stating in effect that Madonna was not liable for negligence that might cause Drake damages. Drake was subsequently injured by a faulty sink in the apartment when it spewed out tremendously hot water (much hotter than is allowed by city code). Madonna had forgotten about faulty sink. Which of the following is the most likely outcome in a lawsuit brought by Drake against Madonna? Madonna found liable of breaching a duty to a trespasser Madonna found not guilty of a criminal action Madonna found not liable for negligence Madonna found liable for negligence None of these
Madonna found liable for negligence
In Walmart v. Cockrell, which of the following is likely what the court found to be out of bounds, thus making the confinement unreasonable? Refusing the plaintiff the ability to use the restroom Removing his boxer shorts so as to be completely nude Keeping the plaintiff in the room without water for 6 hours None of these Making the plaintiff remove a bandage that was covering a surgical wound
Making the plaintiff remove a bandage that was covering a surgical wound
At a party, Michael was running to hide from his friend, Magic. While running, he accidentally tripped and fell right onto another friend, LeBron, breaking LeBron's leg. They had all been drinking, and at the time Michael had consumed one beer. In a lawsuit brought by LeBron against Michael for battery, who will win?
Michael
Rocky worked as a trainer at Mighty Mick's Gym. His employment was at will. Mickey, the owner of the gym, fired Rocky because he didn't think Rocky was the right fit for the gym as his personality clashed with other employees (it had nothing to do with race, sexuality, gender, or religion). Mickey admitted that Rocky didn't do anything wrong. If Rocky brings a wrongful termination suit against Mickey, which of the following is most likely TRUE? Rocky will win No one will win Drago will win Apollo will win Mickey will win
Mickey will win
When Isaiah Berlin stated, "I do not say 'I like my coffee with milk and you like it without; I am in favor of kindness and you prefer concentration camps'—each of us with his own values, which cannot be overcome or integrated. This I believe to be false," what was he explicitly rejecting?
Moral relativism
Bob's Tire Company and D'Andre's Limo Company, both from Texas, want to jointly file a lawsuit against a few of their shared vendors for breach of multiple contracts. Two of the vendors, a parts company and a glass company, are from from Nebraska. Another, a web hosting service, is from Texas. The plaintiffs desire to file suit in federal court. The claim against the vendors is $250,000. Can a federal court hear this case based on diversity of citizenship?
No
Jackson was walking down the street minding his own business when a deranged individual attacked him resulting in very serious injuries. He had to spend three months in the hospital due to his injuries. The attack would definitely be considered a felony given the seriousness of the injuries. Subsequently, Jackson wanted to get justice from his attacker. Assuming there is no valid defense the attacker could assert, can Jackson personally bring a civil and criminal charge against the attacker?
No
Joe Exotic works at a veterinary clinic. He has been having trouble with his boss, Carol Baskin. He believes that Carol is biased against him because he is a man. Finally, he overhears Carol telling another employee she is going to fire Joe because "he is just a dumb man, all men are dumb and stupid. If he were a woman he would be so much better!" Two days later Carol fires Joe. Subsequently, Joe files a 5th amendment, equal rights violation, against Carol and her company. Assuming Joe can produce an audio clip of what Carol said, will he win this case as filed?
No
Cardi Cee sued her public school system (AISD) claiming a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. She claims that she was treated differently at her school because of her gender. Cardi Cee was able to show the court that her treatment was due to a school policy that required different testing for men and women. AISD responded that it had important reasons for doing so and that it was in the very best interest of all students. The judge held that AISD had only displayed a rational basis, somewhat related to the unequal treatment. Which of the following is most likely the result of the court's analysis?
None of these
Gap has an advertisement on Facebook that states: "All Blue Jeans 50% Off Today Only! While Supplies last" You rush over but cannot find any blue jeans. It turns out they had just sold the last pair five minutes earlier. While you are leaving you trip over a mannequin that was left on the floor by one of the employees. You break your nose and fracture a rib. You file a lawsuit against Gap claiming damages from false advertisement and negligence? Which of the following is True? Because you were only an invitee, you will not win negligence claim The advertisement was fraudulent None of these You will win the false advertisement claim and the negligence claim All of these
None of these
Voir Dire is appropriately described by which of the following? Video taped statements prior to trial Written responses to the opposing party None of these All of these Attorneys decide which evidence to bring forth at trial
None of these
Which of the following would be a violation of the Establishment Clause?None of these The state of Texas did not establish jurisdiction over a defendant prior to finding him guilty All of these A father requires his children to make the sign of the cross upon entering the home Prior to a public high school football game, the announcer asks all in attendance to pause for a moment of silence in honor of one of the players who is injured
None of these
A plaintiff who is claiming $150,000 in damages is suing a defendant in federal court. Diversity of citizenship exists. Both parties want to be in Federal court. What keeps the case out of federal court?
Nothing keeps this case out of federal court
Consequentalism
Part of utilitarianism , main emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of action
Which of the following was the big change in pay discrimination suits brought about by the Lily Ledbetter Act? Plaintiff's in a gender based pay discrimination case can now sue based on each payment of compensation (paycheck) Defendants now have a right to report all earnings differentials to the EEOC, prior to asserting a defense Men finally receive as much protection as women Plaintiff's now can sue in state court, not only federal court None of these
Plaintiff's in a gender based pay discrimination case can now sue based on each payment of compensation (paycheck)
Chaz asked his assistant, Lee, if Lee would sleep with him in exchange for a raise. Which of the following best captures Chaz's request? Quid pro quo harassment All of these Hostile work environment harassment Disparate impact discrimination None of these
Quid pro quo harassment
Sammy was repeatedly harassed by his female supervisor. She often made sexual jokes about his body and twice she even pretended to reach across his desk to grab something and brushed across Sammy's upper thigh. Sammy was terrified by the whole ordeal and said nothing, but ultimately, since he did not give in to the supervisor's advances, she fired him. In a lawsuit on the claims of "hostile environment" sexual harassment, the company stated that they were covered under the special defense. Which of the following is TRUE? Sammy would likely win as the company does not qualify for the special defense in this case Sammy would lose because the supervisor was not acting within the scope of her employment None of these There is not enough information to determine if this rises to the level of sexual harassment Sammy would lose so long as the company could show that it had a clear harassment policy and that Sammy did not follow the policy
Sammy would likely win as the company does not qualify for the special defense in this case
As discussed in class, the discovery phase of a lawsuit most often leads towards which of the following?
Settlement
Sponge Bob promised Patrick $200 if Patrick could get Sandy to go on a date with Sponge Bob on Friday. Patrick went to Sponge Bob's house the next morning and told him that he got it all worked out and had already made dinner reservations for them, but that he would only accept $1,000. When Sponge Bob refused to pay more than $200 for their agreement, Patrick pulled out a knife and held it to Sponge Bob's neck. Sponge Bob paid $1,000. Which of the following is a legal reason why Sponge Bob could argue that the additional $800 should be returned? Because Patrick was a bad friend All of these Sponge Bob was under duress when he agree to the new terms Because Patrick committed fraud None of these
Sponge Bob was under duress when he agree to the new terms
Syed placed an online order for gardening equipment with a company based in Texas. After two weeks Syed received what he thought was some low quality stuff. After a lot of back and forth that we won't get into here (including some rather nasty name calling), Syed and the manager had a very ugly phone argument. The gardening company then filed suit against Syed in Iowa state court (Iowa is where the owner of the company lived). Though the court did not believe personal jurisdiction existed, it held a hearing on the matter and Syed had hired an attorney to defend him in court. Syed's attorney strenuously argued that the Iowa court did not have personal jurisdiction and claimed that the court could not allow the case to go forward. The attorney also stated that Syed had done nothing wrong - it was the gardening company that actually short changed his client. Subsequently, the Iowa court found Syed liable for partial payment of the equipment and placed a judgment against him for $400. Syed believed he was totally in the clear because the court did not have personal jurisdiction over him, and anyway, he was in Texas, not Iowa - so who cares if there is some judgment against him in some other state? Which of the following is True?
Syed needs to come up with $400
As discussed in class, when you get on a subway/bus/train and see an advertisement for a charity, what is often used to increase the ad's effectiveness?
Tangible versus abstract
Regarding the outcome of "Colorado Baker" case, which of the following is True?
The Baker won because of his right to freedom of religion
Amazon is taking on bids for the construction of a new warehouse. Bid A comes in at $43 million, Bid B at $42 million, and Bid C at $24 million. What is most likely true if Amazon accepts Bid C?
The court will not enforce the contract if Amazon likely knew that a genuine unilateral mistake had been made
The "Cole Memo" refers to which one of the following?
The decision by the Obama Administration's Attorney General's office not to prosecute would-be criminals if their only offense was the otherwise legal possession of marijuana in a state that legalized pot
One day, Mr. Q was outside playing baseball with his daughter in their front yard. When he was tossing the ball to her, he missed and the ball went right into the street and shattered the windshield of a car driving by. The driver was startled and ran right into a tree. The tree fell over and broke the window of a nearby house. A jogger narrowly missed being hit by the tree, but he kicked some of the shattered glass from the window as he was jogging and the glass hit a cat right in the eye. Freaked out about the glass in its eye the cat started running and ran right into a lady walking across the street. The lady jumped to move away from the cat and sprained her ankle very badly on the sidewalk. She slowly walked a mile back to her house down the street. She was in severe pain on getting back home and sat down on her front porch. As soon as she sat down, she was stung on her hand by a scorpion and had to have her finger amputated later that night. In a subsequent lawsuit the driver claimed that Mr. Q was liable for the damage to her vehicle. Mr. Q's attorney admitted that "but for" the baseball going into the street there would not have been damage to the car, but still maintained that Mr. Q was not liable for the damages. Who most likely wins?T
The driver
What is true regarding Equal Protection lawsuits?
The government often wins rational basis cases, but almost always loses strict scrutiny cases
A neurologist (brain doctor) was walking down the street when he saw a man showing signs of a stroke. The doctor acted quickly but the man had already lost consciousness. He treated the man and called an ambulance. The hospital staff credited the doctor with saving the man's life through his quick treatment. When the man received a bill from the doctor, the man refused to pay. Which of the following is TRUE? None of these The man will have to pay under the notion of promissory estoppel The man will not have to pay because there was no consideration (bargained for agreement) The man will not have to pay since it was impossible for there to be a meeting of the minds The man will have to pay under the notion of quasi contract
The man will have to pay under the notion of quasi contract
In the trolley problem, many people would say that the main problem with pushing the man off the bridge is that it violates which of the following?
The means principle
"Jalapeño Business" a taco restaurant placed an ad on Facebook stating, "Two tacos for $.50 every Tuesday all day!" Tom, the owner, knew that he would lose money if he sold tacos at that rate, but figured he could get a lot of people into the restaurant using the ad. The ad did not specify that it was only good for chopped liver tacos, which the restaurant never sells - so rarely in fact that Tom never has any liver meat in his inventory. If Jerry sees the ad, goes to the restaurant, and finds that the ad is only good for the liver tacos, what would be the result if he sues the restaurant?
The restaurant would likely lose
Indra is an employee Apple. She has recently lost her sight, but intends to keep working at Apple. Her manager knows that she can continue performing her duties but changes will be have to be made to her workspace for her to do her job. What is required of Apple under the ADA?
They must make reasonable accommodations for Indra
A buyer of a plot of Oklahoma land is a manager at a large oil company. The seller of the land is a retired teacher. The buyer learned from his job that the land next to the one he intends to purchase just found a huge oil reserve that likely extends to neighboring lots. If the buyer does not mention the oil "strike" (oil finding) to the seller his silence could likely be a form of fraud. (T/F)
True
A person can be tried for the same action in both a civil and criminal court (T/F)
True
In an insider trading case, the difference between a "tipee" and a "misappropriator" essentially comes down to how the individual got or received the material nonpublic information. (T/F)
True
Substantive due process essentially means that government cannot make laws "willy nilly". (T/F)
True
Trial courts settle questions of both fact and law, appellate courts rule on questions of law only (T/F)
True
In Okoli v. City of Baltimore, what was the reason given by the City for the plaintiff's termination?
Typos
Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the UK during WWII, knew that the town of Coventry was going to be bombed. He and his advisors had the information because the Allies had broken Germany's "Enigma" code system. Churchill knew that if they moved to protect Coventry or ordered an evacuation, that Germany would likely know that the code had been broken - and would probably begin using a different code. Churchill made the decision not to inform or protect Coventry fearing that doing so would lead to greater harm in the future for the UK and their allies. Which of the following best describes his decision in this scenario?
Utilitarianism
Napoleon goes to get his beard trimmed at the local grooming spot. When he walks in the lady says to him that a trim costs $35. Napoleon twirls his mustache and thinks for a moment, then looks at the lady and gives her a thumbs up. What type of contract did this form?
Valid express contract