C14 brain and cranial nerves

During a cadaver dissection of an 80-year-old male, students measured the brain mass to be 1,300 g.What is a likely brain mass of the man when he was in his twenties?

1400g

What is the approximate rate of normal CSF production?

20 mL/hr

At which stage of development do the primary brain vesicles occur?

3-4 weeks

Which of the following cranial nerves are considered mixed nerves?

5

By the time a person reaches the age of 80, the brain weighs about ____________ less than in early adulthood.

7

Damage to which cranial nerve would result in loss of hearing?

8

The vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve was previously known as the nerve.

Acoustic

Which of the following substances can pass across the BBB?

Alcohol

Which type of brain waves normally occur in nearly everyone when awake, but disappear during sleep?

Alpha

The olfactory bulbs are _____ to the olfactory tracts.

Anterior

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is reabsorbed into the blood through fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid called

Arachnoid

If a person had contracted shingles in the past, and woke up one morning unable to move her facial muscles, which disorder may this person have?

Bell's palsy

Which type of brain waves generally appear when the nervous system is active

Belta

Strokes and TIAs are similar in all but which of the following ways?

Both rarely last as long as 24 hours.

The trochlear (IV) nerve arises in which region of the brain?

Brainstem

The olfactory (I) nerves terminate in the brain in paired masses of gray matter called olfactory

Bulbs

If a person has damage to the accessory (XI) nerve, it could mean that damage was done to which plexus?

Cervical

Which of the following statements concerning cerebral white matter is incorrect?

Commissural tracts conduct impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to sulci in the other hemisphere.

Which of the following functions is usually performed by the right hemisphere?

Control of muscles on left side of body.

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Damage to the olfactory nerve can result in anopia.

Which type of brain waves normally occur during deep sleep in adults?

Delta

The permanent or progressive general loss of intellectual abilities is known as

Dementia

A tumor situated on the cerebellum's inferior surface is compressing the very rostral portion of the inferior vermis. Given this precise location, speculate what symptoms would manifest initially as a result of this compression.

Difficulty in maintaining balance.

Which of the following is the outermost of the cranial meninges?

Dura mater

Middleweight boxer Manny was punched in the face by his opponent during Saturday night's boxing match. On Monday, Manny was unable to smell anything (anosmia), and his sense of taste was different. What do you suspect happened?

During Saturday night's fight, Manny was punched in the face fracturing the cribriform plate.

If an individual is experiencing difficulties frowning, they may have damage in the nerve.

Facial

If an individual is experiencing pain in the skin of the ear canal, they may have damage in which cranial nerve?

Facial

Which of the cranial nerves carry taste sensations to the brain?

Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X)

Chemotherapy is usually an effective treatment for brain tumors.

False

The causes of ADHD are well understood.

False

The olfactory nerve terminates in the primary olfactory area of the cortex

False

The vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve functions in hearing while the cochlear branch is involved in equilibrium.

False

The cerebellar cortex consists of slender, parallel folds called

Folia

Sensory axons of the facial (VII) nerve pass to which ganglion?

Geniculate

Which of the following structures is/are part of the epithalamus?

Habenular nuclei

Barney had a stroke that damaged the left cerebral hemisphere. Which of the following are among the symptoms that might result from such a stroke?

Impaired numerical and scientific skills.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through the foramina.

Interventricular

Which of the following describes the corpus callosum?

It is the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres.

If a person is in a car accident and has damaged the hypoglossal nerve and his tongue curls to the left, which side of the tongue will atrophy

Left

The functions of the reticular formation include help in:

Maintenance of consciousness Maintenance of attention and alertness Prevention of sensory overload Regulation of muscle tone

Which of the following is a diencephalon structure that is part of the limbic system?

Mammillary bodies

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve carries motor neurons to the jaw muscles?

Mandibular

If a person has difficulty feeling damage done to her upper lip, it could be due to damage to which branch of the trigeminal nerve?

Maxillary

Which best describes the direction of the nerve impulse in cranial nerve VIII?

Medially

If the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include detecting taste and swallowing food, then the nerve is to be classified as a _____________ nerve.

Mixed

If the only function of the trochlear nerve is movement of the eyeballs, then the nerve is to be classified as a ________________ nerve

Motor

Which of the following applies to the hypoglossal (XII) nerve

Motor

During development in the first few years of life, which of the following accurately describes the changes in the brain?

Myelination of the axons. Growth of neuroglia. Increase in size of neurons.

Damage to Broca's area would most likely result in which type of cognitive deficit?

Nonfluent aphasia

Damage to which of these cranial nerves would cause a person to have difficulty seeing objects close to her face?

Oculomotor

Which of the following is an oval-shaped swelling in the medulla that contains nuclei that receive inputs from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus, and spinal cord?

Olive

The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier differs from the blood-brain barrier in which one of the following ways?

Only the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is found in the choroid plexus.

The majority of cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the choroid

Plexus

The abducens (VI) nerve originates in which region of the brain?

Pons

The trigeminal (V) nerve terminates in which region of the brain?

Pons

Which best describes the direction of the nerve impulse in the optic (II) nerve?

Posteriorly

Which of the following are located in the parietal lobe?

Primary somatosensory area.

Axons from the cerebrum and cerebellum form synapses in which of the following midbrain structures?

Red nuclei

All of the following are thalamic nuclei except the

Red nucleus

If the only function of the optic (II) nerve is vision, then the nerve is to be classified as a _________ nerve.

Sensory

The olfactory nerve is important for ___.

Smell

Which is the primary function of cranial nerve I?

Smelling

An individual with damage to the hypoglossal nerve may have a hard time performing which function?

Swallowing

Damage to the vagus nerve could cause which cardiac problem?

Tachycardia

The posterior part of the midbrain contains four rounded elevations called the

Tectum

Most axons of the optic nerve enter the brain and terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus, which is located in the . This information is then projected to the primary visual cortex.

Thalamus

What is the reason that the olfactory bulbs are located above the cribiform plate?

They will be closer to the olfactory epithelium.

To which hemisphere of the brain would the signals go when light reflects off an object and stimulates the retina of the region of the left eyeball closest to the nose?

They would go to the right hemisphere.

If a person is in a car accident and has damaged the hypoglossal nerve, which organ may not function properly?

Tongue

An episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to part of the brain is known as a(n)

Transient ischemic attack

Benign and malignant brain tumors may be equally serious.

True

Hemispheric lateralization refers to the fact that each hemisphere is specialized to perform unique functions.

True

The pons is superior to the medulla and inferior to the midbrain

True

The precentral gyrus contains the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex while the postcentral gyrus contains the primary somatosensory area.

True

The thalamus is considered a relay station where impulses from all parts of the body are sorted out and "edited".

True

The vagus nerve is so named because it wanders through the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.

True

Which cranial nerves do NOT have somatic motor fibers that control the extraocular muscles? Check all that apply!

V and VII

A person who is not able to experience taste in his taste buds in the epiglottis and pharynx may have damage in which cranial nerve?

Vagus

If you wanted to have an injectable drug to treat a brain tissue disorder, which of the following types will be most effective?

a concentrated sugar solution

What would most likely result if a patient developed a tumor on the ethmoid bone that caused the closure of 10 olfactory foramina on each side?

a partial loss of smell

Which of the cranial nerves cause lateral rotation of the eye?

abducens

Which cranial nerve has motor axons which originate in the first five segments of the cervical portion of the spinal cord?

accessory (XI)

Nuclei in the medulla oblongata are associated with which of the following pairs of cranial nerves?

accessory nerves

Which is NOT true about the reticular formation?

almost all ascending information synapses in it

When brain tissue is destroyed because of lack of blood flow, the disorder is known by all of the following except

aneurysm

Don, a 34-year old, was in an accident, and the doctors suspect brain damage. What would they look for in his EEG to confirm this diagnosis?

appearance of delta waves when awake

The white matter of the cerebellum is known as the

arbor vitae

Which type of cerebral white matter conducts nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere?

association tracts

White matter that conducts impulses between gyri in the left cerebral hemisphere are

association tracts

Damage to the cerebellum would cause all of the following except

auditory hallucinations

The olfactory nerve is important for

carrying smell sensations to the brain

Which of the basal nuclei has a head, body, and tail?

caudate nucleus

Brain waves indicate electrical activiy to this part of the brain.

cerebral cortex

Another name for a stroke is a(n)

cerebrovascular accident

The abbreviation CVA stands for

cerebrovascular accident

The basal nuclei are located in the

cerebrum

Cerebral spinal fluid is produced in which structure(s)?

choroid plexuses

All of the following are functions of the cerebellum except fo

control of pituitary secretions

Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei?

control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles influence attention, memory and planning help initiate and terminate movements assist in regulating emotional behaviors

Bruising of the brain is called a(n)

contusion

Bruising of the brain is called a(n) ___.

contusion

The lentiform and caudate nuclei together are referred to as the

corpus striatum

The term 'decussation' means:

crossing

If a needle were driven up through the oral and nasal cavities into the cranium, which brain region would it enter first?

diencephalon

In lab, students observe microscopic slides of brain tissue from a recently deceased 90 year-old female and a 22 year-old male.What major anatomical differences would they expect to see?

different numbers of synaptic contacts

Damage to the accessory nerve would result in which type of disorder or deficit?

difficulty in turning the head

Which drains venous blood from the brain and delivers it to the internal jugular veins?

dural venous sinuses

Which of the following applies to the nervous system as we age?

eflex time decreases

The lining of the ventricles develops from the

ependymal layer cells

The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves all have which common function?

eye movement

The optic nerve is formed by axons of

ganglion cells

If a person is having difficulty controlling salivation from the parotid gland, which nerve is likely to be damaged?

glossopharyngeal

If a person is having difficulty tasting with the posterior third of the tongue, which nerve is likely to be damaged?

glossopharyngeal

Which of the following cranial nerves monitor blood pressure along with oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

glossopharyngeal (IX)

Nuclei in the pons are associated with all but which of the following cranial nerves?

glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves

Which statement is false in reference to the cranial meninges?

have three layers of the dura mater

Which portion(s) in the cerebrum has cells capable of mitosis?

hippocampus

High CSF pressure can result in a condition known as

hydrocephalus

What does excess accumulation of CSF in the ventricles cause?

hydrocephalus

Which of the following cranial nerves are involved in the act of swallowing?

hypoglossal (XII) glossopharyngeal (IX) vagus (X)

Brain growth early in life is due to all of the following except

increase in number of neurons present

Anosmia, a loss of the sense of smell, can occur for multiple reasons. Which cause would respond most favorably to the administration of antibiotics?

infection of the nasal mucosa

Which of the following contains tracts that connect the cerebellum to a greater variety of other brain regions than do the others?

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Which of the medullary nuclei communicates with the cerebellum?

inferior olivary nucleus

The three cerebellar peduncles are the ______________ cerebellar peduncles.

inferior, middle, and superior

Which part of the hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

A bridge of gray matter called the ______________ joins the two halves of the thalamus in most human brains.

intermediate mass

The thalamus connects to the cerebral cortex with a lateral, thick band of white matter called the

internal capsule

An electroencephalogram would be useful in diagnosing all of the following except.

intestinal blockage

Cerebrospinal fluid

is produced at a rate of about one-half liter per day.

Tissue plasminogen activator is often used to treat

ischemic CVAs

Which of the following is true of the thalamus?

it is a component of the diencephalon

Which is NOT true about the blood-brain barrier?

it is created in part by the end feet of oligodendroglia

Which statements are TRUE about the indicated structure?

it is the choroid plexus

Which statement about the cerebellum is true?

its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function

The right optic tract contains ganglion cell axons from the

lateral portion of the retina of the right eye and the medial portion of the retina of the left eye.

Which component of the brain is referred to as the "emotional brain" as it plays primary role in a wide range of emotions?

limbic system

Brains of Alzheimer's victims show all but which of the following?

loss of neurons that liberate dopamine

The accessory (XI) nerve is closest to which structure in the brain?

medulla oblongata

Which of the following terms are matched correctly with their definition?

microcephaly - development of a small brain and skull

Which of the following contains tracts that connect the cerebellum to the pontine nuclei?

middle cerebellar peduncle

Which of the following is the largest of the bundles of tracts that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the brain?

middle cerebellar peduncle

If the functions of the vagus nerve include detecting taste and creating vocalizations, then the nerve is to be classified as a _________ nerve.

mixed

All of the following can cross the BBB except for

most antibiotics

Fom which brain vesicle does the medulla oblongata develop?

myelencephalon

The cranial nerves develop from the

neural crest

The raised edges of the neural plate are called

neural folds

Common causes of strokes include all of the following EXCEPT

neurofibrillary tangles

Brain function decreases in the elderly for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

number of neurons decrease significantly

If an individual has very rapid involuntary movements of the eyeball, which disorder may they have?

nystagmus

The primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain?

occipital

Ptosis, drooping of the upper eyelid, is most likely to be caused by damage to which cranial nerve?

oculomotor

The olfactory (I) nerve projects first to the

olfactory bulb

The olfactory nerve (I) passes through which foramen?

olfactory foramina in the cribiform plate

If an individual has difficulty feeling damage done to the side of his nose, it could be due to damage to which branch of the trigeminal nerve?

ophthalmic

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve travels through the superior orbit fissure?

ophthalmic

The brain requires an almost continuous supply of

oxygen and glucose

Sensory axons of the facial nerve _____________________________.

pass to the geniculate nucleus

During brain surgery, after opening a hole in the cranium, the surgeon's scalpel will penetrate the layers of brain coverings in which order (first - to-last)?

periosteal layer - meningeal layer - arachnoid mater - pia mater

Cranial nerves are a part of the nervous system.

peripheral

All of the following are part of the diencephalon EXCEPT for the

perithalamus

A patient in clinic is diagnosed with an invasive glioma (cancer associated with a glial cell) located in the middle cerebellar peduncle. Which nucleus/nuclei might be unable to transmit information to the cerebellum due to this tumor's presence?

pontine nuclei

Anopia, a type of blindness due to loss of or damage to an eye, may be caused by trauma to the orbit. The resulting blindness could affect ___.

possibly one or both eyes

Men are more likely than women to experience aphasia after a stroke. This is thought to be contributed to all of the following except

posterior commissure is larger in females

Which hypothalamic region participates in regulating certain autonomic activities?

preoptic

The postcentral gyrus functions as the _________ area.

primary somatosensory area

Which of the following are located in the occipital lobe?

primary visual area

The hypothalamus

produces hormones plays a major role in regulating homeostasis, visceral activity and temperature regulates certain emotions like rage, sexual arousal, aggression, pain and pleasure regulates eating and drinking behavior

The diencephalon and telencephalon develop from which primary brain vesicle?

prosencephalon

Which is a true statement regarding the effects of aging on the brain

reflex times increase and brain mass declines

If a person has damage to the visual association area, he/she will

see, but be unable to understand what he/she is viewing

All of the following would provide input to the RAS except for

smelling dinner cooking

Where is cerebrospinal fluid NOT found?

subdural space

Which of the following is the midbrain structure that contains neurons that release dopamine to the basal nuclei?

substantia nigra

These structures are functionally linked to the basal nuclei.

substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei

Which of the following is the midbrain structure that serves as a center for certain visual reflexes?

superior colliculi

Which area is responsible for the head and eye movement in response to visual stimuli?

superior colliculus

Olfactory epithelium is located on the inferior surface of the ethmoid bone and the

superior nasal conchae

A person with damage to the hypoglossal nerve may have a hard time performing which function?

swallowing

The number of _____ in the brain significantly declines with age.

synaptic contacts

The lateral ventricles develop in which secondary brain vesicle?

telencephalon

Which of the following is the extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

tentorium cerebelli

Which statement is true?

the lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

Which statement is true regarding cranial nerves?

they are part of the peripheral nervous system

An episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to part of the brain is known as a(n)

transient ischemic attack

If an individual is in a car accident and has damaged the accessory (XI) nerve, which muscle may not function properly?

trapezius

When a football player puts on a helmet, he experiences searing pain for a few seconds along the side of his face. What condition might this be?

trigeminal neuralgia