Canada and the Building of a Nation: 1814 - 1867

Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly in Upper and Lower Canada?

Could be vetoed by the governor, could be vetoed by appointed councils

What are the demands for reform in the 1830s in upper and lower and upper Canada?

During the late 1820s, large scale, national petitioning campaigns were organized through a new form of organization, the "Political Union." One of the first and largest was the Birmingham Political Union founded in 1830. Its stated aim was to campaign for electoral reform of the House of Commons, 'to be achieved by a general political union of the lower and middle classes of the people'. Other more radical Political Unions, like the "Metropolitan Political Union" had their roots in Owenite Socialism.

What was the ruling elite in upper canada called?

Family Compact, it was hard for new arrivals to get into he family compact

Provincial responsibilities and federal responsibility

Federal : Military, Immigration, Postal Province: Property Education Health, Labour...

Be able to identify what a family compact is?

Group of men the controlled the political and judicial power of Upper Canada Rich white men 1812-1837 Conservatism and opposition of democracy John Robinson, John Strachan: leaders Ideal government First Nations had no say

Why was the Fenian a symbol?

It was another reason for confederation

Why was there a rebellion

Papineau though Lower Canada should have a more suitable government. - kick out oligarchy

What was the Act of Union?

united Canada

Quebec supported Louis Riel

- Riel left to Montreal, fearing arrest/assassination - not sure if he should take up his seat in the House of Commons, voted in by Quebec - there was a bounty of 5000 for his arrest: Edward Blake - retained his seat - riel was not part of the Pacific scandal - liberal Mackenzie became a temporary prime minister after J A Macdonald was removed for the scandal 1874 - Quebec supported him because he was French - metis and French had underdog status - he was expelled by brought back through the election which showed Quebec support for him

What were the responsibilities shared by both governments?

Taxation

What did they do? fenians

- They installed fear in Canada - they prepared to battle the British Army in North America - groups of Irish Americans intended on raiding Canada - rumours reached New Brunswick although occupation failed - 1866: 1500 Fenian entered Canada - battle - threatened again later

What is representation by population mean?

That each representative should represent the number of people

The Northwest Rebellion of 1885

- brief and unsuccessful uprising lead by Loius Riel - difference between last rebellion: - First Nations against Canadian government - Prairies - thought the government was leaving culture behind so they rebels, didn't protect right 1885: Saskatchewan - Northwest Rebellion 1869-70: Manitoba - Red River Rebellion - rebellion in Saskatchewan because after Metis and first nations moved there after Manitoba industrialization.

Trial of Louis Riel

- charge for high reason for rebellion - used it as a platform to fight for himself - lawyers wanted to plea that he was crazy - only way to quiet him was to kill hm - Macdonald decided to kill him - biased jury, Anglican white, British men - jury recommended not killing - created uprising - Riel died a martyr

Explain why people immigrated to Canada

- people wanted a new life in canada - to escape feudal system in Europe - although it was very similar in canada - offered jobs and land

Who were the Fenians?

- rebel Irish Catholic thugs

Provincial responsibilities

- taxation - health care - nature in the province - laws of province - stores and shops

dispute in the Alaska Boundary Dispute

- territorial dispute between US and UK - had been going on between the Russian and UK since 1821 - inherited by US in 1867 - resolution favored American position - Canada did not get an all-Canada outlet from the Yukon gold fields to the sea - anger in Canada was directed at the British gov rather than the US for betraying them - voted of three people (Can, US, UK) decied about the extra land next to BC the UK sided with the US and betrayed Canada

What is Lord Durham suggest for Canada after his investigation?

- the unification of Upper and Lower Canada - responsible government - get rid of French (he thought there were too many French and they were taking over English culture so he encouraged more English to come to Canada)

Why was there trouble with the unification?

- they wanted representation by population because the oligarchies still ruled - this led to the coalition in 1864 and the confederation of 1867

Immigrants class system ?

upper class immigrants in Upper Canada performed manual labour themselves, british plans to replicate its society in its Canadian clones angered immigrants hoping to escape the class system involved large estates, gentry and tenant farmers, led to unfair land practices

Purchase of Alaska

- Russia rival to Britan - 1867 (same as Confederation) ironic - from Russia (ended trading efforts of Russia) - Alaska: rich in resources - A threat to Canada: more borders to US, closer to the Soviet Union, sandwich

What did the class system create in upper and lower Canada?

- a divide - tension

which crops originated in the Americas

corn, potatoes

What were coffin ships? Quality of life on board?

they were called coffin ships because many died enroute. They were packed to the brim and out people had to stay in the bottom of the ship. There were no washrooms and water was scarce so people drank liquor. It was very filthy

Canadian surveyors

- Canadian surveyor sent by Macdonald - late 1860s - sent to industrialize lower Manitoba - Metis were not happy

When was the rebellion

1837 - 1838

Dates and Events

1837-38: Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada 1839: Durham Report 1840: Act of Union 1848-55: Calfornia Gold Rush? 1849: Rebellion Losses Bill 1861-65: American Civil War Sept 1864: Charlottetown Oct 1864: Quebec London 1866: London 1866: capitol moves to ottawa july 1867: confederation 1867: purchase of alaska 1869: Canada purchases rupert's land 1869: Red River Resistance 1870: court martial of Thomas Scott 1870: Manitoba joins Canada 1871: BC joins Canada 1876, enacted 1879: John A Macdonald's NAtional Policy 1885: railway finished 1885: northwest rebellion 1885: Hanging of Louis Riel 1891: Death of JA Macdonal 1903: Alaska boundaries dispute 1905: Sasktchewan and Alberta join

WHat was the official church of canada at the time

Anglican

A second rebellion in 1838 in Lower Canada

was quickly dispersed by the British

Would you say that reformers in lower canada were mostly made up by french? What was the makeup of reformists at the time

Both French and British... also irish... scotish?

When did BC join?

British Columbia joined Canada July 20, 1871, by an Imperial Order-in-Council enacted under the authority of the British North America Act

Caribou Gold Rush

- 1858 - 1863 - Gold fever in interior BC - Thousands of people - Conflict between native people and gold miners - Increased development in BC - Good for BC - to prevent American take over the british made it - so many people were coming from the US and Alaska bought but they just wanted the gold and left when it ran out - a colony called New Caledonia - Placer mining (found in water), cheaper - Fraser Valley Gold Rush: 30,000 people - Matthew Baillie Begbie: equality on law - Barkerville - James Douglas Road built from coast to mountains (650 km)

What was the British North America Act?

- 1867 - part of the Canadian confederation - it was a set of legal ground rules for Canada - divided provincial and federal responsibilities

US during this time - 1864

- 1867 US annexation - Canada fear US annexation - the American civil war (1861 - 1865) - the North vs the South - fought over the use of slavery - 4 years - outcome: unified country and peace, abolished slavery - Canadian was scared of the uS because after the war they had a huge army that could take over Canada very easily.

Manitoba created

- 1870 - after Red River Rebellion - Riel was banished and a wanted man for killing Thomas Scott - Manitoba Act did incorporate Riel's ideas - metis joined canda as long as if they were guaranteed property, Catholic religious, French language rights. - as attention escalated, three men were sent to Ontario to with a list of demands (Loius riel's ideas)

Sir George- Etienne Cartier

- Canada East/Lower Canada - strong supporter of confederation - conferenced involved: Charlottetown, Quebec and London - made the biggest compromise with the French Canadians

George Brown???

- Canada West - English - wanted rep by pop - didn't want any French in Canada but compromised - competition of Macdonald - major role in Charlottetown and Quebec conferences

Sir John A MacDonald

- Canada West - played huge role in created the confederation - conferenced involved: Charlottetown, Quebec and London - strong nationalist - first prime minister of Canada

Punishments of rebels

- Papineau and Mackenzie fled to US - rebels either faced death or moved to Australia or Bermuda for 7 years. \ - lower cCanadarebels got their farmland burned

John A MacDonald "National Policy"

- economic policy in 1879 - designed to favor Canadian industries and to promote consumer confidence - TO PROTECT CANADIAN BUSINESSES - Canada levied high tariffs on foreign imported goods, to shield Canadian manufacturers from American competition - the opposite of free trade - supported Canadian economy and protects jobs - tax on Canadian stuff for traders from US

Manifest Destiny

- idea of US take over Canada / world - attitude to expansion nation - to destroy everything in their way - forced assimilation - Alaska, sandwich effect

The Pacific Scandal

- late 1860s - manifest destiny - US wanted Canadian resources and trade benefits - Canadian scared of having anything to do with the US, superior - Macdonald got money from the US to pay for - the railway even thought he was a big nationalist. - the us agreed so they could trade - exposed by a newspaper - Macdonald lost job - got it back when the railway was successful - went against the trading deal with the US

Effect of clergy reserves on upper Canada

- limited land for new people - caused travelling to become difficult because large sections of land were blocked off - the best land was taken

Federal responsibilities

- military and defence - banking - criminal law - debt and property - postal - shipping - First Nations

Why was moving to Canada disappointing for black Americans?

- they were racial discriminated although in Canada slavery was abolished. Black Canadians encountered significant prejudice in the pre-Confederation era. Although there were many who opposed it, slavery existed in New France and British North America. By the 1860s, the 40,000 black people in Canada included descendants of slaves in New France, Loyalists, Jamaican Maroons, American refugees from the War of 1812, and fugitives who came to Upper Canada to escape slavery. Many Canadians opposed slavery on moral grounds and assisted refugees from the United States. But many others feared the influx of black settlers, seeing them as backward, ignorant, immoral, criminal and an economic threat. Black people were treated primarily as a source of cheap labour. Following the final abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833, black Canadians encountered fewer legal barriers, but still faced a great deal of social prejudice. Some of the most widespread legalized patterns of discrimination occurred against Asians settling in British Columbia, where anti-Asian sentiment was endemic from the 1850s to the 1950s. Asians were regarded as alien and inferior. Organized labour groups claimed Asians took jobs from whites and lowered living standards for all workers because they were willing to work for less money than white workers. Asians were excluded from most unions, and as a matter of policy employers paid Asian workers less than others. Because of discriminatory legislation and social practices in BC, Chinese, Japanese and South Asians could not vote, practise law or pharmacy, be elected to public office, serve on juries, or have careers in public works, education or the civil service. Public opinion on Asian immigration was expressed on several occasions in violent anti-Chinese and anti-Asian riots. The most serious riots were in Vancouver in 1887 and 1907. Various attempts were also made by anti-Asian groups to exclude Asians from public schools, to restrict the sale of land to Asians and to severely limit the number of licences issued to Japanese fishermen. In 1892 and 1907 smaller scale anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Alberta, Québec, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan when legislation was passed prohibiting white women from working in restaurants, laundries and any other businesses owned by Chinese or Japanese Canadians. Black Canadians also faced a similar widespread pattern of discrimination in housing, employment and access to public services during the late 19th century and early-to-mid-20th century. They had difficulty being served in hotels and restaurants, and in being admitted to theatres and swimming pools. On occasion they were forced into segregated schools, particularly in Nova Scotia and Ontario, where black Canadians were most concentrated. The discrimination against blacks occasionally erupted into violence.

Result of rebellions

- they were very unsuccessful because they were poorly organized and the militia were farmers and untrained to fight.

What did Britain agree to?

- unification - but not the responsible government

Signing of the Alaska Treaty 1867

-offered in 1859 - 1867 - 7.2 million - William Seward took up offer - President Andrew Johnson signed May 28th - manifest destiny

When was the Durham report proposed?

1839

Red River Rebellion

1869-1870 - events relating to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by Metis leader, Louis Riel, - creation of Manitoba - Louis Riel made a temporary government - the Canadian government bought it until they had to build a railway - they took away Metis rights - Reil's government killed Thomas Scott (first arrested) and then he became a wanted man and fled to the US - the shooting was a symbol of independence from Britain (orange) - the provisional government was ove run by the British and in 1871 the Manitoba Act was put in place - Reil returned and executed - Manitoba Act did incorporate his ideas

BC joins Canada

1871 - BC was broke but rich with resources (small population) - Canada would aid that bankruptcy - British wanted BC to be less separate - Amor de Cosmos - James Douglas: father of BC confederation (he was half black and married a first nation) - BC wanted road but railway was implemented

When was Loius riel executed?

1885

What was the situation in lower canada? Cultural?

A split between French and English society

When did manitoba join

After the initial Act of Union in 1867, Manitoba was established by an Act of the Canadian Parliament on July 15, 1870, originally as an area of land much smaller than the current province

How much land did the church reserves consist of and why did they create problems?

Anglican Church, 1/7 of the land was reserved, hard to travel around, not farmed

Why did most people go to the Ontario region?

Because United Empire Loyalist received land granted, 200 acres

Why was lord durham sent to Canada? WHat was his role?

Before North America Needed new government was Lord Durham Born: April 12th 1792 London Joined the military His first wife died and then he gave up his career in the military Elected to the house of commons for the Durham County (England) , seat until 1813 Recommended democratic government (responsible government) and bring lower and upper canada together He returned to england and made the durham report which stated the problems sent to canada to find solutio between rivalry Engh and french Canada needed a solution He paved to path 1838 in sent to Canada Died t age 49

Act of union: London

By the summer of 1866, the colonial legislatures of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada had agreed to proceed with Confederation, and now required the consent of the British Parliament. A draft for a British North America bill was completed in London in July. It awaited the arrival of delegates from the colonies to agree to its details so it could be submitted to the Parliament in London. The bill was already on uncertain ground. The British government of Prime Minister John Russell, which had favoured Confederation, was defeated in the House of Commons. Russell's successor, Edward Smith Stanley (Lord Derby) appointed Henry Herbert (Lord Carnarvon) as colonial secretary to take over the Confederation file. Carnarvon supported the British North America bill, but the new Derby government was weak. A political crisis in Parliament could halt the legislation's progress and give opportunity to its critics. .... In November 1866, representatives of the three colonies whose legislatures had voted in favour of Confederation met in London. Final bargaining was necessary to allow for separate schools and to confirm the number of senators representing each colony. The British government, which had favoured the movement towards Confederation, prepared a bill incorporating the agreement reached by the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The British North America Act was passed by the British Parliament and given royal assent on March 29, 1867. The BNA Act came into effect on July 1, 1867, creating the new Dominion of Canada.

confederation

Canadian Confederation (French: Confédération canadienne) was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.[1][2] Upon confederation, the old province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec; along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the new federation was thus composed of four provinces.[3] Over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current union of ten provinces and three territories.[4]

dates of conferences

Charlottetown: September 1864 Quebec: Oct 1864 London: 1866

What was the equivalent in lower canada? (ruling elite)

Chateau Clique

Durham report

Durham's famous Report led to a series of reforms and changes including the union of the two Canada's into a single colony. The unification of Upper and Lower Canada was a recommendation of the 1839 Durham Report, after an imperial mission to investigate rebellions in both colonies in 1837. Lord Durham proposed a united province to develop a common commercial system. A combined Canada would also have an overall English-speaking majority, to control the divisive forces Durham saw in French Lower Canada, making it safe to grant the responsible government he also advocated. Britain agreed to union, though not to responsible government.

Who was the leader of the Upper Canada rebellion?

Mackenzie, he got his idea from the rebellion in Lower Canada.

What was the word we used to describe a small group of people having power over a large number?

Oligarchies: Chateau clique and Family Compact

Who was the leader of the Lower Canada rebels

Papineau

Who were the Orangemen

Protestant political society in Northern Ireland.

Transportation in Canada became much easier when:

Railways were built

Timeline: Know order of Events

Rebellions in both Lower and Upper Canada Durham Report Act of Union Rebellion Losses Bill Charlottetown Conference Quebec Conference London Conference Confederation Manitoba joins Confederation BC. joins Confederation

Act of Union

The Act's main provisions were the establishment of a single parliament with equal representation from each constituent section - now called Canada East and Canada West; consolidation of debt; a permanent Civil List (the list of officials on the government payroll); banishment of the French language from official government use; and suspension of specific French Canadian institutions relating to education and civil law. The Act naturally aroused considerable opposition. In Upper Canada, the Family Compact opposed union, and in Lower Canada religious and political leaders reacted against its anti-French measures.

What heightened the threat from the united states?

The American Civil War

Rebellions

The Rebellions of 1837 (French: 'Les rébellions de 1837') were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. A key shared goal was responsible government, which was eventually achieved in the incidents' aftermath.

How did black americans escape slavery?

The Underground Railway to Canada, it was a network of secret trails and safe houses

Who were the United Empire Loyalists?

The United Empire Loyalist - people stayed loyal to the Queen even after the switch of government in the US - revolution ended in american victory - some people fled to the east coast of Canada (ontario and nova scotia predominantly) - brought culture and language - Most people went o Ontario region -

The Rebellion Losses Bill

The bill was enacted to compensate Lower Canadians who lost property during the Rebellions of 1837 and was modelled on similar measures which provided compensation in Upper Canada. Those who had participated in the Rebellion were to be compensated with taxpayer's money except for those who had been tried and convicted of high treason. These provisions angered some of Montreal's Tory citizens and provoked weeks of violent disturbances known as the Montreal Riots. It culminated in the burning of the Parliament building on April 25 which until then was in Montreal. LORD ELGIN ... Because the elected government had passed the bill

What is a responsible government? Examples

The government can be replaced if it displeases the voter, Responsible government refers to a government that is responsible to the people. In Canada responsible government is more commonly described as an executive or Cabinet that is dependent on the support of an elected assembly, rather than on the monarch. It originated in Canada in the 1830s and became an important part of Confederation. It's the method by which Canada achieved independence without revolution.

Know Cartier

The leader of the Parti Bleu

Know MacDonald

The leader of the Tories

KNow what william lyon mackenzie was all about and what he is known for. Accomplishments

The leading reformer in Upper Canada in the 1820s and 1830s. Published he Colonial Advocate, criticized the government, elected in 1828

Act of union: Charlotte town

The original purpose of the Charlottetown Conference was to discuss a maritime union, The Charlottetown Conference of September 1864 set Confederation in motion. The meeting brought together delegates from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island to discuss the union of their three provinces. However, they were persuaded by a contingent from the Province of Canada — not originally on the guest list — to work for the union of all the British North American colonies.

What is representative government? Differences between the two

The origins of democracy in Canada can be traced to the development of representative government. This form of government means that laws are made and taxes levied by a body that has some accountability to the citizens it governs. The first elected assembly in what is now called Canada was held in Halifax in 1758. Prince Edward Island had an elected assembly in 1773, New Brunswick in 1784 and Newfoundland in 1832. Upper and Lower Canada received assemblies in 1791. Colonies settled by Britain have a long tradition of representative government. These colonies accepted that they should only be governed and taxed either by the British Parliament or a colonial elected assembly. In colonies conquered by Britain from other nations, the British Crown might legislate as it pleased; however, once colonies were promised or granted an assembly, that privilege could be taken away only by the Parliament in London.

Why were most immigrants attracted to Canada?

The prospect of owning their own land

Act of union: Quebec

The purpose of the Quebec Conference was to draw up the terms of confederation

Confederation in 1867 was a compromise?

There was opposition to the terms of union proposed at Québec. The "Rouges" party in Canada East argued that the proposed union would expose French Canadians to oppression by the English majority. Newfoundland had no interest in a union that focused attention away from its Atlantic interests, and Prince Edward Island feared the loss of its sovereignty. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the surrender of power to a central government dominated by the Canadians at first seemed like too high a price to pay. But the American refusal to negotiate free trade with any of the colonies and the growing Fenian menace turned the tide in favour of Confederation in the two larger Maritime colonies.

What was the biggest threat facing black Americans both in the states and when they came to Canada

They faced racial discrimination

What was the churches role in canada?

They sponsored missionaries They made decisions about education They told people who to vote for

Why was the UK scared?

They were scared of a responsible government evolving

The british north america act

This legislation, passed by the British Parliament, created Canada as a new, domestically self-governing federation, consisting of the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec, on July 1, 1867. The British North America Act (now the Constitution Act) established the new federation's distribution of responsibilities and powers for each level of government and the rights of its inhabitants.... The Head of State in Canada in the Monarch

What was the most important thing to women who lived in canada who lived alon? Role of women at this time?

To get married. Women were essential not people, Sometimes required to do physical labour; Childbirth, overcrowding in colonist cabins, poor sanitation in colonist ships

Most new immigrants were from where? settled where?

United States, Britain..... also ireland, scotland etc. settled in Upper Canada

WHere was slavery first abolished?

Upper and Lower Canada

WHo supported the chateau clique in lower canada?

Wealthy French landowners and Catholic Church

What was the biggest threat in british philosophies and ideals in upper and lower canada?

allowing colonist to adopt American attitudes and values BASICALLY the USA

When was the Act of Union?

approved: 1840 came into effect: 1841

What type of people id the british government want to settle?

aristocrats

1825 most people in upper canada lived where?

around the water systems

By 1815 who owned half of the land? What type of people? What did you call them?

land speculators

Who dominated the Chateau Clique

english merchants

19th-century newspapers would have which of the following?

idk

How would you describe an immigrants settling of a land?

mortgaged next years crops to obtain financing

what was the family compact made up of

mostly loyalist settlers descendants

Victorian Era

obsessed with social status

What predominantly was the cause of dissatisfaction in upper canada

poor roads, land restrictions and land speculators

Why did the rebellions of 1837 and 1838 fail

poorly coordinated, they were badly led and carried out

How would you describe colonial life in upper canada in the 1820s?

quiet

WHat is manifest destiny?

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. The United States would rule all of North America