Carbohydrates

Triose

Has 3 carbons

Tetrose

Has 4 carbons

Pentose

Has 5 carbons

Hexose

Has 6 carbons

L monosaccharides

Has OH group on the left

D monosaccharides

Has OH group on the right. Naturally occuring

Reduction of Monosaccharides

Involves the carbonyl group and produces sugar alcohols or alditols

Starch rings

Joined in alpha glycosidic bonds.

Fructose

Ketohexose forms a 5 membered ring in solution.

D-Fructose

Ketohexose. C6 H12 O6. Converst to glucose in body. Constitutional isomer of glucose and galactose.

Aldoses

Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group C1 are aldehydes

Ketoses

Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group C2 are ketones.

Cellutose

Most of insoluble fiber in our diet

Glucosidic Linkage

New C-O bond that joins the two rings together is called

Carboxyl group

The carbonyl group of an aldose is oxidized to

Fischer Projections

Used for compounds that contain several chirality centers. Each chirality center is replaced by a cross.

Aldehydes

Reduced to an alcohol and oxidized to a carboxylic acid.

Sucrose

Contains one glucose ring and one fructose ring. Has an a, B-1,2- glycosidic bond. Cannot be oxidized.

Enatiomers

D or L. Determined by the farthest carbon.

Glucitol

D-glucose is reduced to the sugar alcohol

Galactose

Aldohexose forms a 6 membered ring in solution

D-glucose

Aldohexose with formula C6 H12 O6. Monosaccharide in polymers of starch, cellulose, and glycogen

Glucose

Aldohexose. Also called dextrose. Most abundant monosaccharide. Normal blood glucose range 70-110mg/dL.

D-galactose

Aldohexose. C6 H12 O6. Obtained from lactose. Similar structure to glucose except for the -OH on carbon 4

Chirality center

All carbohydrates except for dihydroxyacetone contains one or more.

Two common forms of starch

Amylose and amylopectin

Alcohol

An alditol or sugar alcohol

Liver and Muscles

Body stores glycogen in

Anomeric carbon

Carbon atom that is part of the hemiacetal is a new chiralty center.

Fructose

Combines with glucose to form sucrose. Ketohexose

Disaccharides

Composed of 2 monosaccharides joined together.

Polysaccharides

Composed of 3 or more monosaccharides joined together.

Lactose

Consists of one galactose ring and one glucose ring. Contains B-1,4-glycosidic bond. Enzyme lactase is required to break down.

Hydrolysis

Disaccharide cleaves the C-O glycosidic bond and forms two monosaccharides.

Maltose

Disaccharide formed from two molecules of glucose. Obtained from the hydrolysis of starch. linked by an a-1,4-glycosidic bond. Formed from the a-OH on carbon 1 of the first glucose and -OH on carbon 4.

Beta anomer

OH group drawn above ring

Alpha anomer

OH group drawn below ring

Carbohydrates

Oxidized with Benedict's reagent are called reducing sugars.

Amylose

Polymer of A D-glucose molecules found in starch. Linked by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Continuous chain.

Amylopectin

Polymer of a-D-glucose molecules found in starch. Branched chain polysaccharide. Has a-1,4-glycosidic bonds between the glucose units and a-1,6 bonds to branches

Cellulose

Polysaccharide of B-D-glucose units in unbranched chains. Has B-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cannot be digested.

Glycogen

Polysaccharide that stores a-D-glucose in muscles. SImilar to amylopectin but is highly branched

Cyclic structures

Prevalent form of monosaccharides with 5 or 6 carbon atoms. For when hydroxyl group on carbon 5.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars are the simplest carbohydrates, Have 3 to 6 carbon atoms

Carbohydrates

Sugars and starches. Compounds that can be hydrolyzed. Storehouse of chemical energy.