Carbohydrates
Triose
Has 3 carbons
Tetrose
Has 4 carbons
Pentose
Has 5 carbons
Hexose
Has 6 carbons
L monosaccharides
Has OH group on the left
D monosaccharides
Has OH group on the right. Naturally occuring
Reduction of Monosaccharides
Involves the carbonyl group and produces sugar alcohols or alditols
Starch rings
Joined in alpha glycosidic bonds.
Fructose
Ketohexose forms a 5 membered ring in solution.
D-Fructose
Ketohexose. C6 H12 O6. Converst to glucose in body. Constitutional isomer of glucose and galactose.
Aldoses
Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group C1 are aldehydes
Ketoses
Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group C2 are ketones.
Cellutose
Most of insoluble fiber in our diet
Glucosidic Linkage
New C-O bond that joins the two rings together is called
Carboxyl group
The carbonyl group of an aldose is oxidized to
Fischer Projections
Used for compounds that contain several chirality centers. Each chirality center is replaced by a cross.
Aldehydes
Reduced to an alcohol and oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
Sucrose
Contains one glucose ring and one fructose ring. Has an a, B-1,2- glycosidic bond. Cannot be oxidized.
Enatiomers
D or L. Determined by the farthest carbon.
Glucitol
D-glucose is reduced to the sugar alcohol
Galactose
Aldohexose forms a 6 membered ring in solution
D-glucose
Aldohexose with formula C6 H12 O6. Monosaccharide in polymers of starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Glucose
Aldohexose. Also called dextrose. Most abundant monosaccharide. Normal blood glucose range 70-110mg/dL.
D-galactose
Aldohexose. C6 H12 O6. Obtained from lactose. Similar structure to glucose except for the -OH on carbon 4
Chirality center
All carbohydrates except for dihydroxyacetone contains one or more.
Two common forms of starch
Amylose and amylopectin
Alcohol
An alditol or sugar alcohol
Liver and Muscles
Body stores glycogen in
Anomeric carbon
Carbon atom that is part of the hemiacetal is a new chiralty center.
Fructose
Combines with glucose to form sucrose. Ketohexose
Disaccharides
Composed of 2 monosaccharides joined together.
Polysaccharides
Composed of 3 or more monosaccharides joined together.
Lactose
Consists of one galactose ring and one glucose ring. Contains B-1,4-glycosidic bond. Enzyme lactase is required to break down.
Hydrolysis
Disaccharide cleaves the C-O glycosidic bond and forms two monosaccharides.
Maltose
Disaccharide formed from two molecules of glucose. Obtained from the hydrolysis of starch. linked by an a-1,4-glycosidic bond. Formed from the a-OH on carbon 1 of the first glucose and -OH on carbon 4.
Beta anomer
OH group drawn above ring
Alpha anomer
OH group drawn below ring
Carbohydrates
Oxidized with Benedict's reagent are called reducing sugars.
Amylose
Polymer of A D-glucose molecules found in starch. Linked by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Continuous chain.
Amylopectin
Polymer of a-D-glucose molecules found in starch. Branched chain polysaccharide. Has a-1,4-glycosidic bonds between the glucose units and a-1,6 bonds to branches
Cellulose
Polysaccharide of B-D-glucose units in unbranched chains. Has B-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cannot be digested.
Glycogen
Polysaccharide that stores a-D-glucose in muscles. SImilar to amylopectin but is highly branched
Cyclic structures
Prevalent form of monosaccharides with 5 or 6 carbon atoms. For when hydroxyl group on carbon 5.
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars are the simplest carbohydrates, Have 3 to 6 carbon atoms
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches. Compounds that can be hydrolyzed. Storehouse of chemical energy.
