cardiovascular & blood

Semilunar valves

between ventricle and artery Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation. Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from one type of common stem cell. Rate erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone. Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

Thrombus

blood clot. A clot in an unbroken blood vessel. Can be deadly in areas like the heart

Plasma Proteins: Albumin

regulates osmotic pressure

RBC formation

erythropoiesis. Anucleate. Don't produce proteins. Cannot reproduce themselves

Plasma Proteins: Antibodies

help protect body from antigens

Leukocytosis

increase in the number of white blood cells, Generally indicates an infection

Plasma Proteins: Clotting proteins

stop bleeding from injured blood vessels by forming a blood clot with assistance from platelets. stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

Pericardial cavity

is serous fluid to reduce friction

Visceral pericardium

is the innermost layer, same as epicardium, covers the heart

Parietal pericardium

is the middle layer, lines under the fibrous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

is the outermost layer of of the heart, dense connective tissue, attaches to the diaphragm, sternum, vertebral column, and large blood vessels around the heart

Rh blood groups

Names because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)

Papillary muscles

keep valves closed, contract when ventricle contracts, pulls chordae tendineae to keep valve closed

WBC formation

leukopoiesis. Controlled by hormones - colony stimulating factors and interleukins. Increased production of leukocytes from bone marrow. Activate immune response and production of antibody specific lymphocytes

Embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream. Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream. Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count. Abnormally low leukocyte levels. Commonly caused by certain drugs

Blood volumes

Adult human body contains approximately 4.7 to 5.0 liters of blood. Large losses of blood have serious consequences. Loss of 15 to 30 cause weakness. Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal 1 pint (normal donation) would be around 10-12 Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be one of the same blood group

Atrioventricular valves

Bicuspid valve is between atria and ventricle on the left Tricuspid valve between atria and ventricle on the right

Coronary Circulation

Blood in the heart chambers do not nourish the myocardium The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system Coronary arteries: supply blood to tissues of the heart Cardiac veins: drain blood from heart, drain into coronary sinus which empties into right atrium

Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac control center located in medulla oblongata Receives sensory impulses from throughout the cardiovascular system Sends out motor responses to the heart muscles

pericardium

Encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels that attach to the heart

valves

Flaps of tissue that open and close to allow the flow of blood in one direction only. The heart's valves are located at the entrances and exits of its chambers.

Endocardium

Inner layer. Endothelium and connective tissue

plasma

Liquid part of blood. Composed of approximately 90% water. Includes dissolved substances: nutrients, salts (metal ions), respiratory gasses, hormones, proteins, waste products

Myocardium

Middle layer. Mostly cardiac muscle, pumps out blood of the heart chambers

Rh Dangers during pregnancy

Mismatch of an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child

anemia

Not enough hemoglobin, not enough RBC

Epicardium

Outside layer. This layer is the visceral pericardium, protects heart reduces friction. Connective tissue layer

ECG Pattern

P wave; depolarization of atria, atria contract QRS complex: depolarization of ventricular fibers T wave: repolarization of ventricular fibers

Cardiac Cycle

Pressure within heart chamber rises and falls during the cardiac cycle Pressure differences cause valves to open and close

chemistry panel

Routine tests to determine general health and health of organs. Hematocrit - percent of blood that is RBC. Complete Blood Count (CBC) - routine test to determine the number of each of the different types of formed elements. Immunological assays - use antigens (proteins) to look for the presence of antibodies to infectious agents

Heart Sounds

Sounds are caused by the closing of valves (lubb dubb) First part (lubb) occurs during ventricular relaxation, when the pulmonary and aortic valves are not closing Heart murmur: when valves don't close all the way and some blood leaks back through the valve Note: heart murmurs are based on a 6 point scale; 1 = barely hear. 6 = very loud

Polycythemia

Too many RBC. Live in high altitudes. Bone marrow cancer. Can make blood thick and hard to circulate

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. RBC clot and rupture more easily

ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart Discharging chambers (pushes blood out) Right ventricle Left ventricle

atria

the two upper chambers of the heart. Receiving chambers (receives blood) Right atrium Left atrium