cardiovascular & blood
Semilunar valves
between ventricle and artery Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation. Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from one type of common stem cell. Rate erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone. Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
Thrombus
blood clot. A clot in an unbroken blood vessel. Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Plasma Proteins: Albumin
regulates osmotic pressure
RBC formation
erythropoiesis. Anucleate. Don't produce proteins. Cannot reproduce themselves
Plasma Proteins: Antibodies
help protect body from antigens
Leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells, Generally indicates an infection
Plasma Proteins: Clotting proteins
stop bleeding from injured blood vessels by forming a blood clot with assistance from platelets. stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Pericardial cavity
is serous fluid to reduce friction
Visceral pericardium
is the innermost layer, same as epicardium, covers the heart
Parietal pericardium
is the middle layer, lines under the fibrous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
is the outermost layer of of the heart, dense connective tissue, attaches to the diaphragm, sternum, vertebral column, and large blood vessels around the heart
Rh blood groups
Names because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)
Papillary muscles
keep valves closed, contract when ventricle contracts, pulls chordae tendineae to keep valve closed
WBC formation
leukopoiesis. Controlled by hormones - colony stimulating factors and interleukins. Increased production of leukocytes from bone marrow. Activate immune response and production of antibody specific lymphocytes
Embolus
A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream. Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream. Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cell count. Abnormally low leukocyte levels. Commonly caused by certain drugs
Blood volumes
Adult human body contains approximately 4.7 to 5.0 liters of blood. Large losses of blood have serious consequences. Loss of 15 to 30 cause weakness. Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal 1 pint (normal donation) would be around 10-12 Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be one of the same blood group
Atrioventricular valves
Bicuspid valve is between atria and ventricle on the left Tricuspid valve between atria and ventricle on the right
Coronary Circulation
Blood in the heart chambers do not nourish the myocardium The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system Coronary arteries: supply blood to tissues of the heart Cardiac veins: drain blood from heart, drain into coronary sinus which empties into right atrium
Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac control center located in medulla oblongata Receives sensory impulses from throughout the cardiovascular system Sends out motor responses to the heart muscles
pericardium
Encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels that attach to the heart
valves
Flaps of tissue that open and close to allow the flow of blood in one direction only. The heart's valves are located at the entrances and exits of its chambers.
Endocardium
Inner layer. Endothelium and connective tissue
plasma
Liquid part of blood. Composed of approximately 90% water. Includes dissolved substances: nutrients, salts (metal ions), respiratory gasses, hormones, proteins, waste products
Myocardium
Middle layer. Mostly cardiac muscle, pumps out blood of the heart chambers
Rh Dangers during pregnancy
Mismatch of an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
anemia
Not enough hemoglobin, not enough RBC
Epicardium
Outside layer. This layer is the visceral pericardium, protects heart reduces friction. Connective tissue layer
ECG Pattern
P wave; depolarization of atria, atria contract QRS complex: depolarization of ventricular fibers T wave: repolarization of ventricular fibers
Cardiac Cycle
Pressure within heart chamber rises and falls during the cardiac cycle Pressure differences cause valves to open and close
chemistry panel
Routine tests to determine general health and health of organs. Hematocrit - percent of blood that is RBC. Complete Blood Count (CBC) - routine test to determine the number of each of the different types of formed elements. Immunological assays - use antigens (proteins) to look for the presence of antibodies to infectious agents
Heart Sounds
Sounds are caused by the closing of valves (lubb dubb) First part (lubb) occurs during ventricular relaxation, when the pulmonary and aortic valves are not closing Heart murmur: when valves don't close all the way and some blood leaks back through the valve Note: heart murmurs are based on a 6 point scale; 1 = barely hear. 6 = very loud
Polycythemia
Too many RBC. Live in high altitudes. Bone marrow cancer. Can make blood thick and hard to circulate
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. RBC clot and rupture more easily
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart Discharging chambers (pushes blood out) Right ventricle Left ventricle
atria
the two upper chambers of the heart. Receiving chambers (receives blood) Right atrium Left atrium