Care and Prevention Exam 2

In managing an acute injury, the options available to the coach should include

1. standard acute care with no physician referral, but providing the individual with a written instruction sheet 2.standard acute care with physician referral prior to return to activity 3. standard acute care with immediate physician referral 4. summon EMS

in cleaning a surface that contains fluids from an open wound, a bleach and water solution should be the ratio of

1:10 ratio

3-4 weeks post injury, the tensile strength is approximately what percentage of normal

25%

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

31

if stitches are necessary in how many hours should they be applied to the wound in order to avoid infection

6 hours

How many cervical vertebrae are there

7

vertebrae

7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccyx

stress

= force x surface area affected

inflammation

0-6 days redness (rubor) heat (calor) swelling (tumor) Pain (dolar)

Areas that must be addressed in the development of an emergency action plan

1. Population being served 2. potential injuries/conditions 3. personnel 4. availability of medical/first aid equipment 5. communication 6. documentation

2 potential effects when a force acts on a target object

1. acceleration - change in velocity 2. deformation- change in shape

cranial nerves: ooo to touch and feel very good velvet ahhh heaven

1. olfactory 2. optic 3. oculomotor 4. trochlear 5. trigeminal 6. abducens 7. facial 8. vestibulocochlear 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagus 11. accessory 12. hypoglossal

functions of intervertebral discs

1. serve as shock absorbers 2. allow spine to bend

2 primary factors that dictate whether injury occurs when tissues sustain a force

1. size or magnitude 2. material properties of involved tissue

what nerve roots compose the brachial plexus

C5-T1

employers are required by OSHA standards to offer what vaccination to their employees if necessary

Hep B vaccinations

examples of bloodborne pathoges

Hep B, Hep C, Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HOPS format

History, observation, palpation, special tests

scoliosis

S-shaped curvature of the thoracic spine

appendicitis is a result of

a bacterial infection

what is a concussion

disturbance in brain function caused by a direct blow to the head of an indirect force that produces violent jarring of the brain

kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

for the emergency action plan input is needed from

facility personnel higher authorities medical personnel legal personnel

characteristics of scar tissue

fibrous, inelastic, and nonvascular

axial loading of the cervical spine occurs when the neck is in a position of

flexion

universal choking sign

grasping the throat

leading cause of unconsciousness in sport activity

head injuries

pancreas

secretes most of the digestive enzymes that break down food in our small intestines; insulin and glucagon

Emergency Action plan

should be a written document that is comprehensive, yet flexible enough to adapt to any emergency situation at any activity venue

axonotmesis

significant motor and mild sensory deficits

a sharp pain or spasm in the chest wall on the lower right side that occurs during exertion is called a

stitch in the side

neurapraxia

temporary loss of sensation and/or loss of motor function

Shear force

tends to cause one part of the object to slide against, displace, or shear with another part of the object - cruciate ligaments have higher risk as the knee joint reaches 90 degrees force moves across parallel design of fibers

brachial plexus injuries are typically attributed to

tensile forces

phagocytosis refers to

the ingestion of cellular debris and waste products

T/F: injury to the human body is not an all-or-none phenomenon

true

what should be done if someone is choking

use the Heimlich maneuver to dislodge the foreign object, preform cpr if individual becomes unconscious

acute injury

when a single force produces an injury

hemothorax

when fractured rib tears lung tissue and blood vessels in the chest or chest cavity

chronic injury

when repeated or chronic loading over time produces an injury

if it becomes necessary to contact the parent of a minor child regarding an injury sustained, the phone call should always be made by

a member of the emergency response team

an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity that may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma is called

a pneumothroax

referred pain

a type of visceral pain that travels along the same nerve pathways as somatic pain

the beginning of the acute inflammatory phase of healing involves

acting to stop blood loss from the wound

normal pulse rates adult and child

adult: 60-100 bpm child: 120-140 bpm

strain

amount of deformation with respect to the original dimensions of the structure; injury to the musculotendinous unit

injury is caused by:

an abnormal force (push or pull on the body)

what is the major vessel of the trunk

aorta

somatic pain

arises from skin, muscles, and joints - deep or superficial

application of cold

as the temperature of peripheral nerves decreases, pain perception decreases - cold, burning/aching, numbing (analgesia)

Bilateral vs Contralateral vs Ipsilateral

bilateral: both sides contralateral: opposite side Ipsilateral: same side

joint

bone to bone

tendon

bone to muscle

return to play/activity following a grade 1 burner

can take place when full strength, ROM, and sensation are restored in the cervical spine and extremity

hypoxia

cell death due to disruption of oxygen supply

spleen

cleanses the blood of foreign matter and stores excess RBC

anatomic properties of connective tissue

collagen: protein that is strong in resisting tension elastin: provides elasticity

arthlerosclerosis

condition whereby irregularly distributed lipid deposits are found in the large and medium-sized arteries; cholesterol builds up plaque within the vessels, decreasing the size in which blood can flow through

an abnormal exaggeration of lumbar curve or lordosis is caused by

congenital deformities, poor posture, weak abdominal musculature, activities with excessive hyperextension

bloodborne pathogens can be transmitted when

contaminated blood or bodily fluids enter the body of another person

Open wound management

control bleeding, apply gauze pads, clean the wound, determination if emergency care is needed, dress wound

primary survey (ABC)

determines the level of responsiveness and assess airway, breathing, and circulation; begins as the coach approaches the individual observing their body language

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

the best method for controlling bleeding of an open wound

direct pressure

mass that may restrict joint motion

hematoma

mast cells are connective tissue cells that carry

heparin, histamine, and bradykinin

protrusion of the abdominal viscera through a portion of the abdominal wall is called a

hernia

a strain to the pectoralis major muscle will produce pain on resisted

horizontal abduction of the shoulder

an inability to catch one's breath, numbness in the lips and hands, spasm of the hands, chest pain, dry mouth, and dizziness are signs and symptoms associated with

hyperventilation

sprained ankle care

ice, compression, elevation

symptom

information provided by the injured individual (subjective)

marfans syndrome

inherited connective tissue disorder affecting many organs, but commonly resulting in the dilation and weakening of the thoracic aorta; associated with sudden death in athletes

Types of shock

injuries involving severe pain, bleeding, the spinal cord, fractures, but can also be caused by somewhat minor injuries -hypovolemic, respiratory, neurogenic, psychogenic (pooling of blood in abdomen), cardiogenic, metabolic, septic (infection where toxins attach to walls of blood vessels, causing dilation), anaphylactic (severe allergic reaction)

sprain

injury to ligamentous tissue

a stitch in the side occurs more frequently in

less physically fit persons

overtraining in sports that require repeated lumbar hyperextension could lead to

lordosis

signs and symptoms of concussion

loss of consciousness, headache, confusion, memory loss, nausea, tinnitus, pupillary changes, dizziness, and loss of coordination

closed wound management

main focus of reducing inflammation: PRICE- protected rest, ice, compression, elevation

exceeding the tissues yield point results in

mechanical failure of the structure, which translates to fracturing of bone or tearing of soft tissue

blood borne pathogens

microorganisms that are present in blood and other body fluids of infected individuals

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

most common cause of sudden cardiac death among young people; excessive hypertrophy of the heart

mechanism of injury factors

motion, direction of force, types of tissue that absorbed force, severity of force

neurotmesis

motor and sensory deficits persist for up to 1 year

contusions and fractures to the trachea, larynx, and hyoid bone frequently occur during

neck hyperextension

sign

objective, measurable, physical finding regarding an individual's condition

shock

occurs if the heart is unable to exert adequate pressure to circulate enough oxygenated blood to the vital organs

signs and symptoms of a brachial plexus injury

paresthesia down the arm and into the hand, transient pain, and tenderness over the supraclavicular area

secondary survey

performed to identify the type and extent of any injury and the immediate disposition of the condition: vital signs

common symptoms of a splenic rupture

persistent dull pain in the lower left chest and left shoulder - Kehr's Sign

fibroblasts

produce collagen fibers

liver

produces bile, process fats, detoxify

lifting an object with ____ movements increases compression and shearing forces of the spine.

rapid and jerky

visceral pain

results from disease or injury to an organ in the thoracic or abdominal cavity- deep, nagging, and pressing usually accompanied by nausea

sutures of the skull

sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoid

tensile force

- axial loading in the direction opposite to that of compression - pulling force that stretches the object to which it is applied

potential emergency conditions that warrant written protocol; and example that does not

Warrants: head and neck injuries, acute respiratory distress, general medical conditions Does Not: acute musculoskeletal conditons