Catch Canine Phase 3

What type of conditioning (learning) describes when an animal learns there is a predictable relationship between their behavior and the consequence or outcome of that behavior - classical or operant?

Operant Conditioning

What type of conditioning (learning) is based on the consequence of a behavior?

Operant Conditioning

When you are working to rehabilitate problem dogs in the future, what type of conditioning will be very important to understand and use effectively?

Operant Conditioning is about behaviors leading to consequences, so we can train behaviors we want to see.

What type of conditioning is used in the majority of dog training (such as obedience and tricks)?

Operant conditioning

In all learning situations, the two types of learning you have just studied play a critical role. In your own words, describe the difference between these two types of learning by giving a very basic definition of each.

Operant conditioning - learning based on the consequence of the behavior (consequences can pleasant or unpleasant). In operant conditioning it does matter what the dog is doing because the behavior is directly associated with the consequence. The consequence should be delivered within 1 second of the behaivor Classical Conditioning- Learning through association, the presence of "something" predicts a particular delightful or scary feeling. In classical conditioning, it does not matter what behavior the dog is doing, the goal is to change the dogs emotional and automatic internal response

What is paedomorphism?

Paedomorphism is the retention of juvenile characteristics at sexual maturity, characteristics that usually fade away as the animal matures

Choose one: When a trainer responds to the dog by bringing a consequence, that is known as a _____________ consequence, whether it strengthens or weakens behavior.

Positive

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. A dog jumps into a dishwasher in order to lick the plates and knocks a pan out, causing a loud crash which scares her. The next time she's in the kitchen, she does not jump into the dishwasher.

Positive Punishment

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. A dog jumps up on the couch and at that moment, a lamp falls on him from the side table. The dog jumps off the couch and his behavior of going on the couch decreases over the next week.

Positive Punishment

What term describes when you add something unpleasant in order to make a behavior less likely to occur again?

Positive Punishment

Which Quadrant Should I Use? A dog lunges at a passing bicycle and unfortunately causes the bike and rider to fall, right in front of the dog. Everyone's okay. The owner notices that after that day, the dog stopped lunging at passing bikes.

Positive Punishment because the crash was unpleasant for the dog and she connected it to her behavior of lunging at bikes.

Which Quadrant Should I Use? A dog is in a fenced yard, and she starts barking at kids across the street who are playing. They happen to be playing with firecrackers and a few go off with loud bangs. The dog is startled. She stops barking and moves away from the fence. The next day when the kids appear, the dog doesn't bark.

Positive Punishment because the loud noise caused the barking to stop. (At least for this one time, in this example. As we have studied, with Positive Punishment, the results don't often last and they have other unwanted side effects like fear or aggression.)

What term describes when you add something pleasant in order to make a behavior more likely to occur again?

Positive Reinforcement

Which Quadrant Should I Use? A dog owner wants to teach her dog how to go lie down on his bed on cue. When his dog orients towards the bed, he marks and rewards the behavior. Soon, he marks and rewards only if his dog takes a step towards the bed. Next, he marks and rewards when his dog stands on the bed. Finally, he only marks and rewards when his dog lies down on the bed.

Positive Reinforcement (Bonus info: The training method is Shaping).

Which Quadrant Should I Use? A dog comes when her owner calls her name and claps. When she arrives, her owner plays her favorite tug game with her.

Positive Reinforcement the behavior of coming-when-called is strengthened by a fun game of tug.

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. A dog lies down on his bed without being told and his owner praises him, then tosses him a treat on the bed. The dog goes to his bed more often after this.

Positive reinforcement

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. A dog that was pulling decides to stop leaning into the collar on a tight leash and instead stays by her owner's side for three steps. The handler then runs forward with the dog and the dog loves that activity. This is an example of:

Premack principle

A dog voluntarily goes into his crate and the owner walks by and drops food into the crate. The dog goes into his crate more often after this.

Prompting Capturing Prompting with Shaping Luring with Shaping Shaping Targeting Capturing

A dog does not know how to go through a tunnel. The owner tries luring him through with a treat but the dog keeps backing up once his head goes in. The owner lures the dog's nose inside the tunnel 2 inches, then praises and treats. Soon, the owner only rewards if the dog will follow the lure into the tunnel 5 inches. Next, the owner only rewards if the dog steps one paw into the tunnel, then two paws... Finally, the owner only rewards if the dog reaches halfway, and then all the way through the tunnel.

Prompting Capturing Prompting with Shaping Luring with Shaping Shaping Targeting Luring and Shaping

A handler places a treat right in front of a dog's nose, then lowers the treat to the ground. The dog's head follows the treat and he lies down all in one motion. When the dog is down, the handler praises and releases the treat into the dog's mouth.

Prompting Capturing Prompting with Shaping Luring with Shaping Shaping Targeting Prompting

The owner calls her dog's name and squeaks a toy. The dog gets the toy when she comes.

Prompting Capturing Prompting with Shaping Luring with Shaping Shaping Targeting Prompting

A dog places his chin in the owner's palm for eye drops and is marked & fed cheese.

Prompting Capturing Prompting with Shaping Luring with Shaping Shaping Targeting Targeting

What method of training does luring fall under? Why?

Prompting because all lures are prompts but not all prompts are lures lure is a prompt that focus's the dogs attention so he will move his body in a specific direction to follow it.

What is the difference between shaping and prompting?

Prompting is anything physical or material that is used to get a dog to perform the behavior you want Shaping is breaking down that behavior and rewarding small pieces of it until your goal is reached

Which of these methods can be used when a dog does NOT already perform the behavior you are looking to turn into a response (e.g., stand and twirl)?

Shaping

Why is it important to evaluate the treats you use during this training?

The value of the treat can make all the difference between success and failure of the drop, fresh protein may be needed for some dogs, other dogs will get distracted easily by a fabulous treat, and may be reluctant to participate in the tug game, in this case decrease the value of the treat.

Why are dogs and humans called "Peter Pan species?"

They are called the peter pan species because they retain playful natures into adulthood

Describe a potential benefit you might enjoy by teaching a dog how to "Do as I Do".

A dog can learn an entirely new behaivor simply by observing a social partner- either canine or human - performing that behavior

Give an example (other than one found in your reading) where the environment trains the dog.

A dog pulls at the plastic trash bag in the trash can and is able to pull it out and get trash, he is rewarded each time with trash. Its important to understand that people are not the only thing that influences a dogs behavior. The environment plays a huge role in training the dog

Give an example of an intrinsic motivator, other than squirrels or sniffing. What might a dog naturally enjoy doing? A) How could you use an intrinsic motivator to reward a dog for behavior you like?

Dogs of particular breeds can have intrinsic motivators such as retrievers motivated to grab and carry objects A) If a dog loves to chase, you could reward recall by grabbing a ball and letting him chase it every time he comes back. Remember, these are coming from "within" the dog without any learning needed. As a life reward! An example might be getting to sniff after walking nicely on the leash.

What is the name of the stage where food lures or other guides which help the dog perform the desired behavior are gradually removed?

Fading prompts

What is one of the big challenges you have to overcome when training a behavior with a prompt?

Fading the prompt can be difficult because it becomes a part of the signal dogs can get distracted/overly focused on the prompt instead of focusing on the behavior that earned the reward

What is the name of the stage where the dog's response is polished and consistent in many different contexts, with the behavior performance having become part of the dog's established behavior repertoire?

Fluency

Give an example of something that serves as both a visual and olfactory (scent-related) prompt used commonly in training.

Food Lures as the dog can see it and smell it

What is the name of the stage where the dog learns that the new behavior is relevant in a variety of different environments and situations?

Generalization

Why do most dogs seem to learn the basic obedience cues far more quickly with the lure-and reward method as opposed to physically placing the dogs in position?

Luring using a food treat in your hand to prompt a dogs nose and head to move in the direction you want. Where the dogs head goes the body follows. When the body reachs the desired position, the lure becomes the reward for the dog, and he quickly catches on onto the idea that is the position you are seeking

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. A dog does not know how to lie down on cue. The owner tries luring him to the ground with a treat on the nose, but the dog keeps standing up. The owner lures the dog's nose down 2 inches, then praises and gives the dog the treat. Soon, the owner only rewards if the dog will follow the lure and lower his nose 5 inches towards the ground. Next, the owner only rewards if the dog lowers his nose all the way to ground. Finally, the owner only rewards if the dog lies down after his nose touches the ground.

Luring with Shaping

What is the name of the stage where the rewards for the behavior are changed to intermittent or variable reinforcement, rather than continual rewards in order to sustain day-to-day performance of the behavior?

Maintenance

What are some of the advantages that luring with a treat has over molding (physical manipulation)? Give 3.

Molding is pushing/pulling or tucking the dog into a position by placing your hands on the dogs body or pulling with a leash and then offering a reward with a treat -Molding is harder on the dog: more uncomfortable and more stressful -With molding, a dog learns more slowly because she is forced into the position instead of deciding herself to move into that position. With luring, the dog is an active participant in the learning and figuring out what to do to earn reward -Its harder to fade a prompt with molding than it is to fade food during luring. WIthout the pushing and pulling that was present when it was originally taught

Fill in the blank: Reinforcement causes a behavior to be _____________ likely.

More Reinforcement (both positive and negative) causes behavior to be more likely to occur

Can some dogs who show no interest in object play ever develop an interest in it? A)If so, how would you begin the process? B)Would this be expected to take a long time? How long?

Yes dogs can devlop interest in some toys, its best to play with hollow toys like kongs or goodie ships, and stuff them with food, the dogs can learn first that objects are interesting because they might contain food and eventually that objects are inherently interesting in and of themselves. B) This process can take 1-2 years

Can a dog learn a new behavior by watching another dog? Give an original example (not found in the reading.)

Yes, Social faciliitation refers to the tendency of one dog to behave like the others in the group. Es. One dog does not bark, so the other does not bark one dog is afraid to go to the backyard but follows the other dog to the backyard

Do different levels of tastiness in food rewards affect the response of the dog in training? Explain your answer.

Yes, if the food is not that tasty, it might not be the largest motivator in any given situation, not allowing the dog to learn

Give an example that demonstrates this timing

You tell a dog to sit, it sits, you give a treat right after

For each of the following training scenarios below, choose whether it is an example of: Prompting Capturing Prompting with Shaping Luring with Shaping Shaping Targeting

check

List 4 reasons why life rewards are very powerful in helping to accomplish training goals. A)Give an example (other than one found in your reading) of how you could use a life reward to reinforce a desirable behavior. List the reward you would use and the behavior you would reinforce with it.

-Using life rewards is a powerful way to maintain your dogs obedience and manners after they are initially trained with session rewards. Used well, life rewards make it so that the dog "never knows" when something great is going to happen so its always beneficial to listen. -Variation creates excitement and interest,whereas the same thing over and over creates boredom and apathy -You will find life rewards available in many different situations. (Be creative and pay attention to what your dog finds interesting -Life rewards can be a surprise.This allows dogs not to rely on seeing a reward first in order to produce a greater response. -Many life rewards are even more powerful then typical session rewards A) If dog wants to roll in grass unleashed, first he needs to walk by me and come back when recalled and wait for permission to go

List the 5 main rules of correct tug play.

1) 1 specfic toy is designated for tugging and is not availble at other times. When the one tug toy only concept is understood the dog learns that trying to tug other toys, the leach, or your clothing is off limits 2) Does not begin until you give a specific cue like "Get it" 3) No tooth contact is permitted on hand or any other body part 4) Dog can reliably respond to cue, drop, and lets go of the toy right away 5) Brief breaks are incorprated in between bouts of tug to promote relaxed behavior and/or practice simple obedience cues

What are two things you can do to make it easy for the dog to DROP the toy in the early stages of training?

1) Begin playing at a very low level of excitement, behave calmly yourself and only tug weakly at first 2) After a short bout of gentle tugging, say the DROP cue and then immediately hold a great treat in front of their nose, they have to drop it to eat it. 3) Invite the dog to go again with "get it" command

List 3 major concerns with humans play fighting with their dogs.

1) Dogs can go from playful to serious quickly especially when it comes to kids 2) Dog playfights with a much bigger guy, and nips at a much smaller female, dogs arent considerate of size difference 3) Humans grab with paws, dogs grab with mouths 4) Dogs can lose their tempers in the middle of a game

What are the 5 reinforcers that are most rewarding to most (if not all) dogs? A)What happens if a dog gets all, or most, of these reinforcers "for free" all the time?

1) Food 2) Access to other dogs: investigation and play 3) access to outdoors and interesting smells on the ground 4) Attention from people and access to people, especially after isolation periods 5) Initiation of play or others enjoyed activity: fetch, cuddling, tug of war or keep away If a dog gets everything for free, you are losing countless training opportunities everyday.

List 2 infractions to look out for during tug play. How should you handle these infractions?

1) Grab the toy before you've said get it-smoothly move the toy out of the dogs range, and then present it farther away. Once you say get it, move it closer to canines mouth 2) Any tooth contact to hands, other body part or clothing. - Say Ouch!! and stop playing

List 4 major benefits of tug of war games, if played with consistent rules. Your answer

1) Great form of exercise 2) Valuable bonding component 3) Allows the person to be more relevent in environmental distractions 4) Can be a powerful; reinforcer 5) Toggle between high excitement and calm behaivor 6) Reinforce the idea that teeth cannot touch human flesh

Why are so many dog bites to children directed at the child's face? Give 2 main reasons.

1) In dogs, corrections involve swift inhibited bites to the muzzle 2) Kids faces are at the same level of the canine

Write an original, simple plan for how you would teach a dog to spin in a circle using small incremental changes while purely capturing & shaping the behavior. Your plan should start by listing the first behavior you would reinforce. Continue by listing the next several behaviors you would reinforce. Finish your plan by listing the final behavior you would reinforce, which tells you that the dog has learned the response you set out to teach. Do NOT use any prompting in your plan for this question! (This is an excellent one to email to your Program Director to receive feedback or discuss! [email protected]) Your answer

1) Observe dog carefully 2) When the dog faces its tail reward with treat 3) When dog starts to spin in bed reward befor spinning is fin ished

Given dogs' and humans' shared enthusiasm for play, come up with 5 major benefits of playing with dogs and why that playing can have a positive impact on training results and overall behavior. (Hint: The answer to this one is not in the book, it's for you to think about on your own given all that you have learned up to this point.) Your answer

1)Play is good for body spirit and mind 2) Teachs us, dogs and humans, to coordinate our efforts with others 3) Learn to inhibit ourselves when we are excited 4) Learn to share even when we want it for ourselvvs 5) Helps dog exercise 6) Helps dog stay engaged 7) Play is a great reward and bond builder 8) Teach to come when called 9) Teach an off switch even when excited

What is the name of the stage of learning where the dog discovers that a particular behavior will result in a specific outcome?

Acquisition

What is the best sequence for the stages of learning when teaching a new behavior?

Acquisition; Adding a Cue; Fading Prompts; Generalization; Fluency; Maintenance

What is the name of the stage where the dog appears to have learned the behavior and the trainer begins pairing a signal or word to ask for the behavior?

Adding a Cue

For most animals, what happens to the frequency of their play as their age increases?

As the age increases for most animals their frequency of play decreases

What are competing motivators? A) Why are they important in dog training B) Give 2 examples of competing motivators you may see in everyday situations with dogs.

At any given time there are different things in the enviornment that are competing for the dogs attention A) They are important to dog training because you as the trainer need to control the biggest motivator in the environment to keep the dogs attention B) When we have a food bowl on the table and I am calling my dog to come upstairs to sleep he often sits between upstairs and the food until I disappear, then he goes for the food and then comes upstairs. In this case the primary motivator was the food. Dogs are walking smelling around and see another dog across the street and the dogs lunge on their leashes and bark at eachother Competing motivators are a stimulus or situation that causes conflict between what the dog desires and what the human desires from the dog. For example, imagine trying to teach your dog a new trick at home vs. at the park. At home, your dog will pay attention to you and work for food because there are few competing motivators - that food is the most exciting thing in their environment. However, at the part there are squirrels in the trees, dropped food and trash on the ground, dogs playing fetch in the distance and the smell of dozens of other people who were there before you. The food in your hand isn't as effective because the environment is so rich with interesting competing motivators. They are important in dog training because the trainer needs to know how to circumvent a competing motivator from the motivator they are using to communicate with the dog

Give an example of a physical prompt in training.

Body blocking from the dog wanting to run out the door when the door is opened

Here are 4 basic methods for teaching a dog a specific response (behavior on cue): Capturing, Shaping, Prompting and Targeting Now, which of these methods can be used when a dog already (naturally) performs the behavior you are looking to turn into a response (e.g., sitting on cue)?

Capturing- rewarding a specific behavior without luring it or prompting it in any way

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. A dog is outside on a walk near a construction site when it starts raining. Just after the rain starts, an extremely loud banging sound from the construction site startles the dog so much that he won't move and the owner has to carry him home. A week later the dog is in the park when it starts raining. The dog starts to tremble in fear and won't move.

Classical Conditioning

What type of conditioning is it when a dog makes an association with something in their environment, and it then produces an emotional, visceral or involuntary response the next time the dog encounters that thing?

Classical Conditioning

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. A dog catches a beetle and chews it, then quickly spits it out, drooling and hacking with a face of disgust. Next time she sees a beetle, she begins drooling, hacking, and making the same face of disgust without even putting the beetle in her mouth.

Classical Conditioning because the neutral became aversive.

Give your best answer for the type of learning is taking place OR which method is being used in each of the following scenarios. Note: These are NOT all methods we endorse. These questions are to help you solidify your understanding of the terms used. Every time the doorbell rings, someone appears at the front door and the friendly puppy begins pacing, whining, and wagging with excited anticipation of a visitor. Over time, whenever the doorbell rings the dog begins pacing, whining, and wagging, automatically after hearing the doorbell, even before seeing whether the reason is a delivery or a visitor who is going to come inside.

Classical conditioning

For classical conditioning, describe effective timing for presenting the neutral stimulus (the 1st stimulus) and the unconditioned stimulus (the 2nd stimulus), in order to produce a learned association between the two.

Immediately after the behavior occurs (1st stimulus) so they dog can make an association with the second stimulus

Once a dog knows a particular behavior that has been taught with a food lure, why is it important to get her to respond to cues without the food lure in your hand (and the reward treat coming from the hand behind your back)?

It is a common mistake for the average pet owner to use a food lure for too long and end up with a dog who acts like he doesn't understand the cue unless the food is obviously present in front of the nose

Why is it important to intersperse training with tug play?

It motivated by being rewarding to the dog, and the dog being bale to associate tugging with what you are training/reinforcxing

Using McConnell's advice and your Study Guide reading, list the steps for teaching a young dog how to retrieve (fetch) in your own words. Be as simple as possible. Each step should be no longer than one line on the page - even shorter when you can. Be succinct, this is great practice for learning how to explain training steps to your future clients.

Its important to keep in mind the dog is trying to teach you their game just like you are trying to teach them yours. 1)Start with young dogs only throwing the ball a short distance away 2)Do not throw it very often, just 2-3 times is enough 3) After you throw the ball, once the dog grabs it, move away from the ball clapping and smooching to get him to run in your direction 4) As you continue actively run away from him as he approachs so he can become closer and closer to you 5) Throw it back instantly after they drop it to reward them for dropping it

Fill in the blank: Punishment causes a behavior to be _____________ likely.

Less Punishment (both positive and negative) causes behavior to be less likely to occur.

Give 3 examples of life rewards.

Life rewards are anything your dog loves that you can connect to his behavior during everyday activities Dog sits and waits to be let outside and then gets to run outside dog doesnt get to go anywhere until by owners side, then owner walks Dog drops ball out of mouth to be thrown again for dog to chase

What is the major difference between the way humans wrestle and dogs wrestle, which makes dogs far more dangerous?

Like most primates, we have major differences in the way males and females play. Even in our species, wrestle play is more of a guy thing

Can learning occur without motivation? Explain why or why not.

Motivation is key to learning for 3 major reasons 1) motivation directs attention and drives learning 2) Motivation plays a big role in whether or not learned behaviors are performedI 3) The BIGGEST/most valuable motivator in the environment at any given moment will win the dogs attention and direct the dogs behaivor Learning and motivation are entwined, thus learning does not usually occur without motivation. Once a behavior has been learned, it may not be performed if the animal is not motivated to respond

For any dogs you see regularly, can you think of classically conditioned associations that the dogs have obviously made? For example, one of the most common classically conditioned associations with dogs is the sound of a crinkling bag being connected with getting a treat. We have met very few dogs who hear that sound and don't come running in hopeful anticipation of a treat. That behavior is driven by the association between the sound and the treats that often follow. What other examples can you think of?

My girlfriends mom whenever she comes over our dog gets extremely excited as she is more likely to give food. The dog has created that association.

If you see a dog that has a complete lack of interest in playing with toys, what is the most likely general reason for this? Explain your answer.

Nature (Our genetic blueprint) provides a foundation on which nurture (the enviorment) can build. How we grow up affects how we play, whether with objects or not. Dogs who are rescued from abusively sterile enviorments often dont play with any kind of toy

Choose one: When a trainer responds to the dog by removing a consequence, that is known as a _____________ consequence, whether it strengthens or weakens behavior.

Negative

What term describes when you take away something pleasant in order to make a behavior less likely to occur again?

Negative Punishment

Which Quadrant Should I Use? At the dog park, Phil is about to open the gate when his dog starts barking and jumping at the other dogs. He immediately closes the gate in response to his dog's behavior. What quadrant is Phil using?

Negative Punishment because access to the dogs is removed and held back in order to decrease, or weaken, barking and jumping.

Which Quadrant Should I Use? At the front door, a dog who is protective of his owner shoves himself between the owner and the person she is shaking hands with. The owner immediately walks away from her dog, goes out to the front porch, gently shuts the door behind her, and continues talking to her friend. The next day the friend comes over again and this time when the owner shakes her friend's hand the dog does not shove between them. The owner walking away from her dog was an example of...?

Negative Punishment because the behavior is weakened or decreased when something the dog wants is removed. (Note: We are quite sure this method will take more than one experience.)

Which Quadrant Should I Use? In the home office, a dog repeatedly nudges her owner for attention while she's working at her desk. The owner ignores the dog and the dog finally lays down and sighs. The owner decides she is going to keep ignoring this behavior rather than give attention when the dog nudges. After a few days of this, the dog stops nudging the owner while she is working.

Negative Punishment because the owner's attention is removed, which weakens, or decreases, the behavior of nudging.

Which Quadrant Should I Use? A dog wearing a head halter is pulling on leash and consequently his head keeps getting turned to the side, with a steady pressure on his neck. He stops pulling and is able to keep his head in a natural, comfortable, position as the leash goes loose. He keeps the leash loose for the rest of the walk. The dog choosing to keep the leash loose is a result of...?

Negative Reinforcement because pressure is being removed and the behavior increases.

What term describes when you take away something unpleasant in order to make a behavior more likely to occur again?

Negative reinforcement

Is there one "superior way" to train responses? Support your answer.

No there is no superior way to train, each method will have advantages and disadvantages and each is useful with different dogs, different behaviors, and different situations. Its important to understand the disadvantages so you know how to overcome them and use the training method thta best fits the situation.

Will well-trained behaviors continue to be performed even if you stop practicing and rewarding them?

No they will slowly fade away over time

Describe what trainers mean when we say that a behavior has become "stronger." A)How can you make a behavior stronger? B) What would make a behavior weaker

Stronger means the behavior is more likely to occur in the future A)Just as you must continue to workout if you want to maintain strong muscles, you must continue training your dog. The more behavior is rewarded, the stronger it gets. To say a behavior is stronger the dog would be able to do it in variety of situations and environments to do this you need reinforcement B) If you do not practice, or punish a behaivor can be beocme weaker

How is targeting similar to using a prompt? Your answer

Targeting can be used as a prompt. Once you used a target in your training, you are prompting by definition. With targeting, you teach the dog to touch something with a part of its body as a terminal behavior or on the way to another behavior

Why is knowing the Premack Principle valuable for dog trainers? A) Give your own example of how the Premack Principle can be used in dog training.

The Premack principle is using a desired behavior as a reward, we call these activities life rewards because they are available in everyday life. A simple way to look at it is "If you do this, I will let you do that". or grannys law "eat your veggies, and you can eat dessert" An example would be a dog dropping the ball into my hand and being rewarded to go catch itr Another example could be if you sit and wait at the door I will let you go outside

What happens if the consequence of a behavior is pleasant?

The behavior will increase

Why might motivators be different for a dog, depending on the time of day, context, etc.? A)Why are motivators different from one dog to the next?

The behavioral choices in the moment are a result of the dog's genetics, past learning, and whats most important to the dog in THAT MOMENT. This can change at any time A) Motivators are different from one dog to the next because just like humans, dogs have preferences, one might think cheese is nasty, the other might love it. Motivators change based on the situation and what is important to that dog in that moment. This is why training with food right before dinner is usually more effective than training with food right after the dog has eaten a meal. They're a little more hungry before they eat, so they work a little harder to earn that food. Dogs have different preferences and are individuals

Who determines the value of the reinforcer - the person or the dog?

The dog

Why is a delayed reward ineffective?

The dog is unable to make the connect between the reward and the behavior

Choose examples of an extrinsic motivator, other than food.

Toys, Praise, and Attention

In dogs, does one sex play fight more than another or are there no obvious differences?

Unlike Primates, both male and female dogs seem to equally love rolling around and sparring eachother

Describe two ways you could use targeting to teach a dog to Stay. Your answer

Using a hand lure to guide the dog to its dog bed as you walk outside. You can also target all 4 paws on a certain location and capture and reward whenever he does it.

Describe one benefit you can get from varying the rewards you give a dog during training.

Variation creates excitement and interest, whereas the same thing over and over creates boredom and apathy

For operant conditioning, how long should the delay be between the response and the reinforcer in order for optimum learning to occur?

Wait 1 second of the behavior being performed

What session reward is ideal for most dogs, because it is high value and easy to dispense in small amounts over and over?

food is ideal as a session reward because it is high value to most dogs and can be broken into small pieces for repeated rewards that are easy to dispense

What is a one-word term that can be used interchangeably with the word "reinforcer?"

reward and reinforcer

What happens if the consequence of a behavior is unpleasant?

the behavior will decrease