cd 306 midterm #2
ideal self
the person an adolescent would like to be
selective association
the principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves
feared self
the self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming
false self
the self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking or feeling
esteem support
the support friends provide each other by providing congratulations for success and encouragement or consultation for failure
romantic love
combines passion and intimacy
empty love
commitment alone
emotional loneliness
condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy
social loneliness
condition that occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships
deviants
(burnouts), alienated from the school social environment, suspected by other students of using illicit drugs and engaging in other risky activities
academics
(geeks), known for striving for good grades and for being socially inept
athletes
(jocks), sport-oriented students, usually members of at least one sports team
others
(nobodies), students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither positively or negatively, mostly ignored by other students
elites
(popular), recognized as having the highest social status in the school
pregnancy
30% teen pregnancies end in abortion 14% end in miscarriage 5% are put up for adoption; 1/2 a million babies a yr born from teen moms; birth rates highest in latinas
necking and petting
73% of 13 year-old girls and 60% of 13 year-old boys had kissed at least once, 35% of girls had their breasts touched by a boy, 20% of boys touched breasts, by 18 60% of adolescent boys report vaginal touching and 77% of girls report penile touching
extended family in adolescents
80% of american adolescents list at least one extended family member among the people the consider most important to them, closeness to grandparents is positively related to adolescent well-being, contact with extended family is infrequent bc they often live miles away, contact declines from childhood to adolescents, exception for kids from divorced families
STIs
Chlamydia: 74% occur in 15-24 yr olds, 20% on college campus, 70% women 25% men (equivalent show symptoms) HPV: 9/10 hpv cases are asymptomatic 80% of these disappear on their own Herpes:10% of 14-19 yr olds have HSV-2 (genital sores) HIV/AIDS: 90% of infections result from homosexual or bisexual intercourse in the West, 90% of world's total of AIDS orphans are in Africa
identity crisis
Erik son's term for the intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity
identity versus identity confusion
Erikson's term for the crisis typical of the adolescent stage of life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy alternative of failing to form a stable and secure identity
marginality
in the formation of ethnic identity, the option that involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture
companionship support
reliance on each other as companions in social activities
friend's influence: risk behavior
a correlation exists between the rates of risk behaviors that adolescents report for themselves and the rates they report for their friends (true for alcohol use, cigarette use, use of illegal drugs, sexual behavior, risky driving practices, and criminal activity)
proactive scripts
a dating script, more common for males than for females, that includes initiating the date, deciding where they will go, controlling the public domain, and initiating sexual contact
relational aggression
a form of nonphysical aggression that harms others by damaging their relationships, for example by excluding them socially or spreading rumors about them
possible selves
a person's conception of the self as it potentially may be. may include both an ideal self and a feared self
self-image
a person's evaluation of his or her qualities and relations with others
self-esteem
a person's overall sense of worth and well-being
actual self
a person's perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self
baseline self-esteem
a person's stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being
self-perception
a person's view of his or her characteristics and abilities
dyadic relationship
a relationship between two persons
reasons for parent/teen conflict
adolescents are bigger and stronger making it harder for parents to impose authority through physical pressure, sexual maturity, ability to think abstractly with more complexity making teens better at arguing
informational support
advice and guidance in solving personal problems
identity foreclosure
an identity status in which young people have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices - commitment, but no exploration
identity diffusion
an identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment. no commitments have been made among the available paths of identity formation, and the person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments
identity moratorium
an identity status that involves exploration but no commitment, in which young people are trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities
family system
approach to understanding family functioning that emphasizes how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole, family is composed of a variety of subsystems
emotional self - boy
assert their opinions, emphasize justice,
critical relationship
between siblings, a relationship characterized by a high level of conflict and teasing
caregiver relationship
between siblings, a relationship in which one sibling serves parental functions for the other
rival relationship
between siblings, a relationship in which they compete against each other and measure their success against one another
buddy relationship
between siblings, a relationship in which they treat each other as friends
casual relationship
between siblings, a relationship that is not emotionally intense, in which they have little to do with one another
cyberbullying
bullying via electronic means, mainly through the internet
disequilibrium
change in any family member or family subsystem results results in an imbalance until the family system adjusts to the change
sexual scripts
cognitive frameworks, often different for males and females, for understanding how a sexual experience is supposed to proceed and how sexual experiences are to be interpreted
companionate love
combines intimacy and commitment
permissive cultures
cultures that encourage and expect sexual activity from their adolescents
semirestrictive cultures
cultures that have prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded
instrumental support
help with tasks of various kinds
authoritative parents
high demandingness, high responsiveness; kids are independent creative, self-assured, socially skilled
authoritarian parents
high demandingness, low responsiveness; kids are dependent, passive, conforming
Marcia's measure of identity
identity status model - diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, or achievement
bullying
in peer relations, the aggressive assertion of power by one person over another
bidirectional effects
in relationships between parents and children, the concept that children not only are effected by their parents but affect their parents in return (reciprocal effects)
assimilation
in the formation of an ethnic identity, the approach that involves leaving the ethnic culture behind and adopting the ways of the majority
seperation
in the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture
biculturalism
in the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture
friend's influence: support and nurture
informational, instrumental, companionship, esteem
consummate love
integrates all three aspects of love into the ultimate love relationship
liking
intimacy alone
fatuous (silly) love
involves passion and commitment
crowds
large, reputation-based groups of adolescents
emotional self - girl
lose their "voice," emphasize care, sensitive to nuances of human relationships, observant of subtleties of social interactions, interested in cultivating intimacy in their relationships, perceive independence and assertiveness as valued in the culture but realize women are valued for physical appearance, quiet their "voice" to be socially accepted
permissive parents
low demandingness, high responsiveness; irresponsible, conforming, immature
disengaged parents
low demandingness, low responsiveness; impulsive, delinquent, early sex and drugs
masturbation
majority of boys begin at age 13, 90% by age 19; half of girls report by ages 14 - 17 and about three fourths by 20
coming out in America
many parents respond with dismay even anger when they learn that their adolescents are lesbian, gay, or bisexual; face potential mistreatment from peers including harassment, verbal abuse and even physical abuse; 3/4 report verbal abuse 15% report physical attacks
reactive script
more common for females than males, that focuses on the private domain, responding to the dates gestures in the public domain, and responding to the sexual initiatives
Sternberg's theory of love
passion - involves physical attraction and sexual desire intimacy - involves feelings of closeness and emotional attachment commitment - the pledge to love someone over the long run
infatuation
passion alone
self concept
person's views of themselves, usually including concrete characteristics (such as height and age) as well as roles, relationships, and personality characteristics
how we use self-esteem to evaluate ourselves
scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, job competence, romantic appeal, behavioral conduct, close friendship
benefits of "alone" time
self-reflection and mood regulation
choosing friends
similarities in age, gender, educational orientation, media and leisure preferences, participation in risk behavior, and ethnicity
cliques
small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group
developmental sequences of love
step 1) adolescents in same-gender groups go to places where they hope to find other-gender groups step 2) adolescents take part in social gatherings arranged by adults, such as parties and school dances, that include interactions between boys and girls step 3) mixed-gender groups arrange to go to some particular event together such as a movie step 4) adolescent couples begin to date as pairs in activities such as movies, dinners, concerts or just hang out
sexual intercourse and oral sex
students in 9 - 12 grade: white (42%), latino (49%), african american (65%)
popularity vs unpopularity
tend to be consistent from childhood through adolescents bc of stability in their qualities that contribute to popularity and unpopularity such as intelligence and aggressiveness, popular kids are reinforced everyday in their popularity strengthening their confidence giving them daily opportunities to develop social skills
dating scripts
the cognitive models that guide dating interactions
responsiveness
the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them
demandingness
the degree to which parents set foe rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them
intimacy
the degree to which two people share knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. adolescent friends talk about their thoughts and feelings, confide hopes and fears, and help each other understand what is going on with their parents, their teachers, and peers to a far greater degree than younger children
barometric self-esteem
the fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day
identity achievement
the identity status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices following a period of exploring possible alternatives
double standard
two different sets of rules for sexual behavior, one applying to males and the other females, with rules for females usually being more restrictive
10 common break up reasons
we didn't have common interests, we had communication problems, we had conflicting sexual attitudes and marriage ideas, our backgrounds were different, i wanted to be independent, i was bored with the relationship, my partner wanted to be independent, my partner was bored, my partner was interested in another person