CERT Unit 6: Fire Safety and Utility Controls

Gas Meter Inside the Home If your gas meter is located inside your home, you should only shut off the gas flow when _____ to by local authorities. If you _____ gas or see the dials on your meter showing gas is _____ even though your appliances are off, you should _____ the premises and call 9-1-1. Do not attempt to shut off the gas from _____ the building if gas may be in the air.

instructed, smell, flowing, evacuate, inside

Natural Gas Shutoff Locate and clearly _____ the gas shutoff valve(s). There may be _____ valves inside a home in addition to the main shutoff. Know how to shut off the gas and have the proper non-sparking tool for shutting off the gas. If you are unsure of how to shut off the gas properly and safely, you should never attempt to do so. Contact your local gas company for _____. Some gas meters have automatic shutoff valves that restrict the flow of gas during an earthquake or other emergency. A licensed _____ installs these, downstream of the utility point of delivery. If you are unsure whether your home has this shutoff device, _____ your gas service company. If this shutoff device is _____, only a qualified professional should restore it.

label, multiple, assistance, automatic, plumber, contact, closed

Identifying Hazardous Materials Locations There are several ways to identify locations where hazardous materials are stored, used, or in transit. • _____ and type of occupancy • _____ and labels • Sights, sounds, and smells. Location and Type of Occupancy Hazardous materials are _____ throughout every community. Many commercial processes rely on hazardous materials and many retail outlets sell them. Despite protections in place, accidents and disasters can occur, causing these materials to release into the environment. Common locations in the community can include: • _____ locations, such as a warehouse, rail yard, or shipyard • _____ locations, including under kitchen/bathroom sinks, workshop cabinets, garages, basements • Dry cleaner • Funeral home • Home supply store • Big box store • Delivery van, such as overnight delivery services

location, placards, commonplace, industrial, household

Extinguisher Rating and Labeling The State Fire _____ and _____ Laboratories (set standards for manufactured goods) rates and approves portable ext. Ext rated based on their _____ on diff. classes of fire. Manufacturers must label _____ and _____ for each ext. with information about the types of fire it should be used for Ext. for Class A fires have a rating from ___ to ___, with a higher number for a higher ____ of extinguishing agent Ext. for Class B fires have a rating from ___ to ___ No number for an ext. for Class C, D, or K. C on label means extinguisher is safe for ___ fires Manufacturers label ext. for Class D fires to match type of ____ burning and with a list of metals that match the unit's ext. agent The exts. for _____ fires supplement fire suppression systems in ____ kitchens. They spray an ____ mixture that combine with the ____ acid of the burning oil, creates ____ foam to hold in vapors

marshal, underwriters, effectiveness, strength, capability, 1A, 40A, volume, 1B, 640B, electrical, metal, class k, commercial, alkaline, fatty, soapy

National Fire Protection Association The _____ _____ _____ _____ (NFPA) 704 Diamond is a concise _____ for identifying the hazards associated with specific materials. CERT volunteers will find the NFPA 704 _____ placard on fixed facilities where hazardous materials are used or _____. The diamond is divided into _____ colored quadrants, each with a rating number inside of it, which indicates the degree of _____ associated with the material. Numbers range from 0 to 4. The higher the number the higher the risk! • The _____ quadrant describes the material's _____ • The _____ quadrant indicates _____ hazard • The _____ quadrant indicates _____ • The _____ quadrant indicates _____ precautions.

national fire protection association, system, diamond, stored, four, risk, red, flammability, blue, health, yellow, reactivity, white, special

There are two symbols specified in the National Fire Codes, section 704. • W indicates a material that has unusual reactivity with _____ (should never be mixed with water). Example: _____ metal • OX indicates a material that possesses _____ properties. Example: Ammonium nitrate. Materials that are oxidizers _____ the potential for explosion or fire. In addition to the above symbols that are specified under the National Fire Codes, some NFPA 704 Diamonds will include additional symbols: • ACID indicates that the material is an _____. • ALK indicates that the material is a _____. • COR indicates that the material is _____. • (Rad. Symbol) indicates that the material is _____. The numbers within the NFPA 704 Diamond are used to assist professional firefighters in responding to accidents or fires. Evacuate persons who are _____, as necessary, to an _____ or upwind location

two, water, magnesium, oxidizing, increase, acid, base, corrosive, radioactive, downwind, uphill

CERT Priorities CERTs play a very important role in neighborhood and workplace fire and utility safety. CERT volunteers help in fire- and _____-related emergencies before professional responders arrive. When responding, CERT volunteers should keep in mind the following CERT standards: Rescuer _____ is always the number one priority. Therefore, CERT volunteers should always: • Use the _____ system. Buddies serve an important purpose. They protect your safety. Do not ever try to fight a fire _____. Stick _____ at all times • Wear safety _____ (gloves, helmet, goggles, N95 mask, and sturdy shoes or boots). Unless otherwise stated, this equipment is generally not _____ PPE. • The CERT goal is to do the _____ good for the greatest number.

utility, safety, buddy, alone, together, equipment, fire-resistant, greatest

Water Extinguishers Common characteristics of _____ extinguishers include: • _____: Standard size is _____ gallons. • _____: Standard range is _____ feet. • _____: Standard pressure is _____ pounds per square inch (psi). Use extreme _____ when using a water extinguisher to ensure the water, which is under pressure, does not _____ lightweight materials and _____ the fire.

water, capacity, 2.5, range, 30-40, pressure, 110, caution, scatter, spread

Global Harmonized System The ___ ___ ___ of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) is a system developed by the United Nations as a voluntary international system for chemical hazard _____. The GHS includes methods for _____ all hazardous chemical substances and mixtures. There are three standard elements to a GHS safety label. • Symbols use _____ to communicate physical, _____, and environmental hazard information. • _____ Words indicate the severity of the hazard. "_____" is used for severe hazards and "_____" is used for less severe hazards. For lower level hazards, a signal word is not used. • _____ Statements are _____ phrases that describe each hazard presented by a chemical substance or mixture.

Globally Harmonized System, communication, classifying, pictograms, health, signal, danger, warning, hazard, standardized

If you answer "_____" to all of these questions, you may attempt to extinguish the fire. Even if you answer "YES" to all of the questions but feel unable to extinguish the fire, you should _____ immediately. _____-second rule: If the fire is extinguished in five seconds and the area is safe, you should stay and overhaul the fire. _____ is the process of searching a fire scene for _____ fire or sparks in an effort to prevent the fire from rekindling. Remember "_____, soak, and _____." _____ your local fire department even if you were able to extinguish a small fire. Fire department personnel will be able to _____ with properly overhauling and ensuring that you extinguished the fire completely. In addition, _____ companies or workplace _____ (depending on your location) may want a _____ to have on file regarding the incident, especially if there is any damage.

YES, leave, five, overhauling, hidden, sparks, cool, separate, contact, assist, insurance, management, report

Sights, Sounds, and Smells Hazardous materials are ____ around us and may be present regardless of the location or whether there are placards or other posted warnings. While hazardous materials often ____, sound, or look unusual, you may not be able ____ something toxic. Stay ____ from any unidentifiable substance and ____ building managers or authorities.

all, smell, recognize, away, alert

Natural Gas Hazards Natural gas presents two types of hazards. It is an _____, which _____ oxygen in the body, and it is _____ meaning it can readily ignite under the right conditions It is important to recognize that natural gas is _____ than air, and to understand that you will likely not be able to _____ the gas in the event of a leak. Therefore, you should place natural gas _____ as you would smoke alarms, strategically on every level of your home. Common places to place natural gas detectors are near the _____, hot water tank, and other gas appliances such as a clothes dryer or stove. Test the detector _____ to ensure it works.

asphyxiant, displaces, flammable, lighter, feel, detectors, furnace, monthly

Role of CERTs • Extinguishing small fires ________ they become major ― As a rule, if you cannot put out a fire in ________ seconds, it is already too big to handle, and you should ________ the premises immediately. • Preventing additional fires by ________ fuel sources. ― This unit will describe how to perform an "________," the process to ensure you extinguish a fire completely and permanently. • Shutting off ________ when necessary and safe to do so. ― This unit will review utility shutoff procedures taught in Unit 1. • Assisting with ________ where necessary ― When a fire is beyond the ability of CERTs to extinguish or a utility emergency has occurred, CERT volunteers need to ________ lives by evacuating the area and establishing a ________, while also ________ fire services of the situation.

before, five, leave, removing, overhaul, utilities, evacuations, protect, perimeter, notifying

Responding to Electrical Emergencies Electrical emergencies sometimes occur despite our best efforts. In the event of an electrical emergency, first responders, and even knowledgeable members of the household can take the following steps: • Locate the circuit _____ or _____ and know how to shut off the power. Post shutoff instructions next to the breaker box or fuse box. • _____ individual fuses or switch off smaller breakers first, then pull the _____ switch or breaker. • When turning the power back on, turn on the main switch or breaker _____, then screw in the fuses or switch on the smaller breakers, one at a time. Be certain to _____ a licensed electrician and/or utility company in the event of an electrical emergency or fire. You should not enter a _____ basement or wade into standing water to shut off the electrical supply because water conducts electricity.

breakers, fuses, unscrew, smaller, main, first, notify, flooded

Proper Fire Suppression Procedures Remember: CERT volunteers should use the ___ system in all cases. TM1 is to put ___ a fire with an ext. while TM2 ___ for hazards and ensure the ___ of both. Procedure for proper fire suppression: 1. Assume ready ___. With the pin pulled, TM1 holds the extinguisher aimed and ___, about ___ to ___ feet from the fire 2. When ready to approach, TM1 should say, "___." TM2 should repeat 3. As TM1 begins to move forward, they should say, "Going in." TM2 should ___ and stay within reach 4. Both TMs should walk ___ the fire. TM1 should watch the fire and TM2 should stay close, keeping their hand on TM1's ___. TM2's should protect TM1. 5. When TM1 is ___ the fire area, he or she should say, "___ out." TM2 repeats 6. TM2 should ___ TM1 from the area with hands as TM1 continues ___ the fire and ___ for other hazards. TM1 must never turn their ___ on the fire

buddy, out, watches, safety, position, upright, 20, 25, ready, repeat, toward, shoulder, exiting, backing, guide, facing, looking, back

Carbon Monoxide _____ _____ (CO) is a deadly, _____, _____, poisonous gas that, like natural gas, is lighter than air. The _____ burning of various fuels, including natural gas, is responsible for producing CO. _____ fuel-burning appliances such as furnaces, ranges, water heaters and room heaters; engine-powered equipment such as portable generators; fireplaces; and charcoal that is burned in homes and other enclosed areas are at _____ for producing CO. To prevent CO poisoning, install carbon monoxide _____, which meet the current safety _____ near all separate sleeping areas. You should install additional detectors on _____ level of the home and in every bedroom. Do not place detectors within _____ feet of heating or cooking appliances or in or near very humid areas such as bathrooms. Test the detector _____ to ensure it works

carbon monoxide, colorless, odorless, incomplete, malfunctioning, risk, detectors, standards, every, 15, monthly

Classes of Fires To aid in distinguishing types of fires, fires are categorized into classes based on the type of fuel that is burning. • _____ Fires: _____ combustibles, such as paper, cloth, _____, rubber, and many plastics. • _____Fires: _____ liquids, including oils and gasoline as well as combustible liquids such as charcoal lighter fluid and kerosene. Only the vapor burns when _____. • _____ Fires: Energized _____ equipment, such as _____ and motors. When the electricity is turned off, the fire becomes a Class A fire. • _____ Fires: Combustible _____, including aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. • _____ Fires: Cooking _____, such as vegetable oils, animal oils, and _____. It is extremely important to identify the type of _____ feeding the fire in order to select the correct method and _____ for extinguishing the fire.

class a, ordinary, wood, class b, flammable, ignited, class c, electrical, wires, class d, metals, class k, oils, fats, fuel, agent

Sometimes, what CERTs should not do when suppressing fires is just as important as what they should do. • DO NOT get too _____. Stay near the outer range of your extinguisher. If you _____ the heat, you are too close. • DO NOT try to fight a fire _____. Remember your first priority is your personal safety. Do not put it at risk. • DO NOT try to suppress _____ fires. Learn the capability of your equipment, and do not try to suppress a fire that is clearly too large for the equipment at hand (e.g., a fire that is larger than the combined ratings of available fire extinguishers). • DO NOT enter _____ areas. Suppressing fires in smoke-filled areas requires equipment that CERTs do not have.

close, feel, alone, large, smoke-filled

_____ of a portable fire extinguisher: _____, carrying _____ and trigger, pressure _____, and _____.

components, hose, handle, gauge, cylinder

SECTION 7: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Materials are considered hazardous if they have any of these characteristics: • _____ other materials • _____ or are easily ignited • React strongly with _____ • Are _____ when exposed to heat or shock • Are otherwise _____ to humans, animals, or the environment through absorption, inhalation, injection, or ingestion. Hazardous materials include, but are not limited to: • Explosives • Flammable gases and liquids • _____ and poisonous gases • Corrosives • _____ gases • _____ • Radioactive materials

corrode, explode, water, unstable, toxic, poisons, nonflammable, oxidizers

Identifying Hazardous Materials in Transit There are three ways that hazardous materials are marked and identified while in transit: 1. The _____ _____ _____ (DOT) placard 2. The _____ _____ (UN) system 3. The _____ _____ (NA) warning placards. They can be on any _____, not only tankers. These placards should be a "_____ _____" for volunteers. Always err on the side of safety. Do not assume because there is no placard, no hazardous materials are present. Treat any unknown situation as a hazardous materials incident. • __ placard is required for less than _____ pounds of hazardous materials • Certain haz. materials (e.g., anhydrous ammonia) are placarded as a _____ gas for _____ transport but as flammable gas for international transport. (_____ _____ is a flammable gas!) • Sometimes drivers _____ to change the placard when they change their cargo. Use extreme _____ when approaching any vehicle in an

department of transportation, united nations, north american, vehicle, stop sign, no, 1000, nonflammable, domestic, anhydrous ammonia, forget, caution

Chemical Extinguishers _____ chemical extinguishers are most common. • Dry chemical extinguishers have a _____ _____ base and are effective on Class B and C fires. • _____ dry chemical extinguishers have a _____ phosphate base and are effective for Class A, B, and C fires. Common characteristics of dry chemical extinguishers include: • Capacity: Approximately _____ seconds discharge time • Range: Standard range is _____ feet. • Pressure: Standard pressure is _____ psi. While still in use, carbon dioxide and other specialized extinguishers are becoming less common.

dry, sodium bicarbonate, multipurpose, monoammonium, capacity, 10-20, range, 8-12, pressure, 175-250

_____ Hazards Here are some examples of common electrical hazards and simple ways CERT volunteers can reduce or eliminate them, such as: • Avoid the "electrical _____." Eliminate _____ of electrical cords. • Do not _____ electrical outlets. • Do not plug power strips into _____ power strips. • Do not run electrical cords _____ carpets. • Check for and replace broken or _____ cords • _____ electrical appliances. Repair or replace malfunctioning appliances

electrical, octopus, tangles, overload, other, under, frayed, maintain

Emergency Response Guidebook First responders use the ____ ____ ____ (ERG) for a ____ (e.g., highway or railway) emergency involving hazardous materials. The guide provides responders with information on how to ____ the hazards quickly, and details how to ____ themselves and the public from issues related to the hazards. Also included in the guide are the recommended ____ distances for common hazards.

emergency response guidebook, transportation, identify, protect, evacuation

Fire Suppression Safety Rules Volunteers should follow all rules regarding fire suppression safety. • Use safety _____ at _____ times. Wear your helmet, goggles, _____ mask, leather gloves, and sturdy shoes or boots. If you are not equipped to protect your personal safety, _____ the building. • Work with a _____. Buddies serve an important purpose. They _____ your safety. Do not ever try to fight a fire alone. Stick _____ at all times. • Have a _____ team, whenever possible. A backup team can _____ your fire suppression efforts and can provide help if you need it. • Always have _____ ways to exit the fire area. Fires spread much _____ than you might think. Always have a backup escape plan in case your main escape route becomes blocked. • Look at the door. If air is being sucked _____ the door or smoke is seeping out the _____ of the door, do not touch or open the door

equipment, all, dust, leave, buddy, protect, alone, together, backup, support, two, faster, under, top

Deciding to Use a Fire Extinguisher There is a series of questions to ask before attempting to fight a fire with a fire extinguisher: • Are there two ways to _____ the area quickly and safely if I attempt to _____ the fire? • Do I have the _____ type of extinguisher for the type of fire? • Is the extinguisher _____ enough for the fire? • Is the area free from other dangers, such as hazardous materials and falling debris? • Am I experienced or trained in the use of a fire extinguisher? If you answer "_____" to any of these questions or if you have been unable to put out the fire in _____ seconds using the extinguisher, you should: • _____ the building immediately (_____ fire alarm system if it is safe to do so) • While leaving, _____ all doors to slow the spread of the fire • _____ local fire department.

exit, extinguish, right, large, NO, five, leave, activate, shut, contact

CERT Fire Size-up Step 1: Gather _____ Step 2: Assess and _____ the Damage Step 3: Consider Possibilities Step 4: Assess Your Own _____ Step 5: Establish Priorities Step 6: Make _____ Step 7: Develop A Plan of Action Step 8: Take _____ Step 9: Evaluate _____ Size-up is a _____ process. Evaluation of progress—Step 9—may require you to go back and gather additional facts.

facts, communicate, situation, decisions, action, progress, continuous

• _____ closed doors with the back of the hand, working from the _____ of the door up including the space between the door and its frame. Do not touch the door _____ before feeling the door. If the door is _____, there is fire behind it. Do not _____! Opening the door will feed additional oxygen to the fire. • _____ the fire, whenever possible, by _____ doors and keeping them closed. • Stay _____ to the ground. Smoke _____ is the leading cause of fire-related _____. _____ will naturally _____ and keeping low to the ground will provide you with fresher air to breathe. • Maintain a safe _____. Remember the effective _____ of your fire extinguisher. Do not get closer than necessary to extinguish the fire. • Never turn your _____ on a fire when backing out. • _____ the fire to be sure that it is extinguished—and stays extinguished.

feel, bottom, handle, hot, enter, confine, closing, low, inhalation, deaths, smoke, rise, distance, range, back, overhaul

Flammable Liquid Hazards Tips for reducing hazards from _____ liquids: • Read _____ to identify flammable products • _____ them properly, using the L.I.E.S. method (_____, _____, _____, _____). If you need to use a fire extinguisher, you should only extinguish a flammable liquid using a portable fire extinguisher rated for _____ fires

flammable, labels, store, limit, isolate, eliminate, separate, class b

Ordinary Solid Materials: - Extinguishing Agent: Water, _____, Dry chemical - Extinguishing Method: Removes heat, Removes air and heat, Breaks _____ reaction Flammable _____: - Extinguishing Agent: Foam, _____, Dry chemical - Extinguishing Method: Removes _____, Breaks chain reaction Electrical _____: - Extinguishing Agent: _____, Dry chemical - Extinguishing Method: Removes air, Breaks chain reaction Combustible _____: - Extinguishing Agent: Special _____ - Extinguishing Method: Usually removes _____ Kitchen _____: - Extinguishing Agent: _____ - Extinguishing Method: Usually removes air

foam, heat, chain, liquids, co2, air, equipment, co2, metals, agents, air, oil, chemical

The Fire Triangle Fire requires three elements to exist: • _____: Heat is required to elevate the _____ of a material to its ignition point. • _____: The fuel for a fire may be a solid, _____, or gas. The type and _____ of the fuel will determine which method you should use to extinguish the fire. • _____: Most fires will burn vigorously in any atmosphere of at least _____ percent oxygen. Without oxygen, most fuels could be heated until entirely consumed yet they would not _____. These three elements, called the fire _____, create a chemical _____ reaction, which is fire.

heat, temperature, fuel, liquid, quantity, oxygen, 20, burn, triangle, exothermic

SECTION 6: FIRE AND UTILITY HAZARDS This section will deal with _____ and preventing fire and utility hazards in the home and workplace. Each of us has some type of fire or utility hazard in our home and workplace. Most of these hazards fall into the following categories: • _____ hazards • _____ gas hazards • Flammable or _____ liquids. Homes and workplaces can and do have other hazards, including _____ materials stored in close proximity to each other, such as flammables/combustibles, corrosives, compressed gases, and explosives. Simple fire prevention measures will help reduce the likelihood of fires: • First, locate potential _____ of ignition; then • Do what you can to _____ or eliminate the hazards.

identifying, electrical, natural, combustible, incompatible, sources, reduce

Gas Meter Outside the Home You should turn off the meter from _____ the building if you smell gas or you see dials on the meter showing gas is flowing even though appliances are off. If there is a fire you cannot extinguish, call 9-1-1 and turn off the gas only if it is safe to do so. Never enter the _____ of a structure that is on fire to turn off any utility. Be sure to use a _____, not a candle, if you need additional light to locate and shut off the gas valve. If you are unsure of the proper procedures, do not attempt to turn the utilities on again yourself, particularly in multiple-unit dwellings. Always follow your local fire department's _____. Remember that, in all cases, after the natural gas has been shut off, only a trained _____ can restore it. Inappropriate or _____ engagement of gas service may cause gas leaks inside the house.

outside, basement, flashlight, guidelines, technician, abrupt

Placards Warning _____ are required whenever large amounts of hazardous materials are being _____, used, or transported. These placards act as an immediate _____ system for emergency responders, helping them _____ the kinds of materials present and the dangers they pose. CERT volunteers should consider these placards a "_____ _____."

placards, stored, warning, identify, stop sign

GHS labels also include the following additional elements: • _____ Statements and Pictograms provide information to _____ or prevent the effects from a hazard • Product _____, or the _____ or number used on a product's safety data sheet • Supplier Identification includes the name, address, and telephone _____ of the product's manufacturer or supplier • _____ Information is _____, non-harmonized information that is not required or specified under the GHS

precautionary, minimize, identifiers, name, number, supplier, supplemental, additional

P.A.S.S. The acronym for operating a fire extinguisher is P.A.S.S.: • _____ (_____ the extinguisher after pulling the pin.) • _____ • _____ • _____ To ensure the extinguisher is working properly, _____ it before approaching any fire. Be sure to aim at the _____ of the fire; it is important to extinguish the _____, not the flames. Any fire extinguishers that have been completely depleted should be _____ down and stored on their _____ so no attempt will be made to use them until they are _____.

pull, test, aim, squeeze, sweep, test, base, fuel, laid, side, recharged

SECTION 3: FIRE SIZE-UP CONSIDERATIONS _____ is a _____ process that enables professional responders to make decisions and respond appropriately in the areas of greatest need. CERT size-up consists of nine steps and should be used in any emergency, including during fire situations. Size-up of a situation involving a fire will dictate whether to attempt fire _____ and will help you plan for _____ the fire. The _____ of individual CERT volunteers is always the top priority. An effective fire size-up will allow participants to answer all of the following questions: • Do my buddy and I have the right _____? • Are there other _____? • Is the building structurally damaged? • Can my buddy and I _____? • Can my buddy and I fight the fire safely?

size-up, continual, suppression, extinguishing, safety, equipment, hazards, escape

Interior Wet Standpipes Interior wet _____ are usually in _____ and apartment buildings and consist of _____ feet of 1.5-inch jacketed hose with an adjustable spray nozzle. They deliver at least 100 gallons of _____ per _____. Because of the size of the hose and the _____ of water discharged, interior wet standpipes can be difficult to _____. Therefore, CERT volunteers should _____ operate interior wet standpipes. Confinement In interior spaces, it is possible to _____ a fire and _____ the spread of smoke and heat by closing interior and exterior doors.

standpipes, commercial, 100, water, minute, volume, manage, never, confine, restrict

SECTION 5: FIRE SUPPRESSION SAFETY Small fire _____ may be one of your roles as a CERT volunteer. Your personal _____ must always be your number one concern. You will be unable to help anyone if you have injured yourself through careless size-up or unsafe acts.

suppression, safety

SECTION 4: FIREFIGHTING RESOURCES The most common firefighting resources are: • Local fire departments • Fire alarm _____ • _____ systems • Portable fire _____ • Interior wet _____ (water hoses found in commercial or residential buildings, not for public use). Fire Extinguishers Portable fire extinguishers are invaluable for putting out small fires. A well-prepared home should have _____ portable fire extinguishers (locations could include kitchen, garage, workshop space, and _____). Workplaces are governed by _____ or fire code and should have the appropriate number of fire extinguishers as defined by regulation or fire _____. Keep in mind that the _____ of fuel that is burning will determine which resources to select to fight a fire. Types of Fire Extinguishers There are four types of extinguishers: 1. _____ 2. _____ chemical 3. Carbon dioxide 4. _____

systems, sprinkler, extinguishers, standpipes, multiple, basements, regulation, code, type, water, dry, specialized