CH 10 & CH 11 Vitamins
Vitamin D deficiency
Dark skin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, not drinking fortified milk; leads to rickets and osteomalcia and osteoporosis
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E?
Deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids
Vitamin B12
Depends on folate for activation, regeneration of methionine, synthesis of DNA and RNA; deficiency common in elderly; found exclusively from animal products
Carotenoids
Derived from plants and some can be converted to vitamin A
Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin?
Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients
Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins differ in:
FS require bile for digestion and absorption, travel through lymphatic system, excess stored in liver and adipose tissue, not easily excreted
Vitamin E sources
Fresh foods such as vegetables oils, seeds and nuts
Vitamin K sources
Green vegetables (spinach, kale), green fruits (avocado, kiwi)
Vitamin C deficiency
Gums bleed easily around teeth, capillaries under skin break spontaneously, scurvy
B vitamins
Help body use macronutrients for fuel; ENERGY; coenzymes
Folate sources
Lentils, asparagus, pinto beans, tomato juice, broccoli
Niacin (B3) food sources
Liver, mushrooms, chicken breast, tuna, cornflakes
Vitamin K deficiency
Most common in newborn infants; sterile intestinal tract
Vitamin B12 replacement for vegan
Nutritional yeast
Vitamin D sources
Oily fish, egg yolk, fortified milk, SUNLIGHT
Niacin deficiency is associated with:
Pellagra
Which of the following is a good source of thiamin?
Pork chop, lean
Thiamin (B1) food source
Pork chop, tomato juice, soy milk, squash, cornflakes
Vitamin C roles
Prevention and treatment of common cold, disease prevention and treatment roles, stress increases need
Vitamin C food sources
Red bell pepper, kiwi, Brussels sprouts, strawberries, broccoli
3 forms of vitamins A
Retinol (alcohol form), retinal (aldehyde form), retinoic acid (acid form)
Riboflavin (B2)
Serves as coenzyme in energy metabolism; deficiency - inflammation of membranes
water soluble vitamins
Support mental and physical health
Vitamin A
Supports the overall health of the skin and eyes; aids in the health, function, and repair of skin cells; has been shown to improve the skin's elasticity and thickness.
Niacin (B3)
2 coenzyme forms- metabolic reactions; deficiency leads to pellagra
Vitamin D
Active form is a hormone that supports bone growth, enhances or suppresses gene activity, and protects against cognitive decline
Thiamin (B1)
Assists in energy metabolism; deficiency in malnourished and alcoholics
What is a chief function of the B vitamins?
Coenzyme participation
Vitamin C cofactor
Cofactor in collagen formation
Folate
Converts B12 to coenzyme form, synthesizes DNA; deficient during pregnancy leads to neural tube defects in offspring (spina bifida)
Riboflavin food sources
Cornflakes, broccoli, milk, yogurt, egg, liver, mushrooms
Vitamin A sources
Beef liver, sweet potatoes, mango, broccoli
Vitamin E and K
Blood clotting
Vitamin K
Blood clotting and metabolism of bone proteins
Vitamin A toxicity
Bone defect, birth defect, no effect on acne; too much from animal sources, fortified foods, supplements; children most vulnerable
Vitamin A, D, and K
Bone growth and remodeling
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of
folate
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?
fortified milk
Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C?
fruit group
What population group has the highest risk for vitamin K deficiency?
newborns
Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?
night blindness
Which of the following is a good source of vitamin B12 for a vegan?
nutritional yeast
Which of the following is not a good food source for vitamin A?
peanut butter
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin K nutrition?
Green vegetables like spinach and kale are good souces.
Retinal esters and beta-carotene
Vitamin A compounds in food
Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
Vitamin A compounds in the body
The synthesis of collagen (connective tissue) requires____
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
antioxidant
What is vitamin K's major function in the body?
blood clotting
Which of the following may contribute to vitamin D deficiency?
breastfeeding without supplementation
Which of the following would be a very good source of vitamin C for the lacto-ovo-vegetarian?
broccoli
The main function of vitamin D is to promote
calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone.
Vitamin B12 food sources
Animal products, fish, milk
Vitamin E and A
Antioxidant, absorption, and storage
Which of the following people are most likely to have vitamin B12 deficiency?
vegan and vegetarian
Bioavilability
Amount of vitamin absorbed and used by body
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
Vitamin K
