CH 13 MAP questions

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. True False

False rationale: Actually, the PNS includes all neural structures outside of the brain and spinal cord.

The sensory division of the PNS is also known as the efferent division. True False

False rationale: All of the sensory information is considered afferent, or flowing toward the CNS. Efferent means "from the CNS."

A

In the figure below, which letter points to an afferent neuron?

__________ are receptors that can respond to changes in pressure. Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors

Mechanoreceptors rationale: Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

A and B rationale: A monosynaptic reflex arc includes a synapse between sensory and motor neurons without the involvement of an interneuron.

The synapse between which of the following two neurons is a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc?

__________ do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation. Photoreceptors Phasic receptors Tonic receptors Sensory receptors

Tonic receptors rationale: Tonic receptors provide a sustained response with little or no adaptation. Nociceptors and most proprioceptors are tonic receptors because of the protective importance of the information.

Phasic receptors adapt quickly to a stimulus. For that reason, they are good at detecting changes instead of constantly signaling the CNS. True False

True rationale: Phasic receptors adapt rapidly; they are good at detecting changes in stimuli, which is more energetically efficient than constantly sending a signal to the CNS.

determination of muscle length rationale: The muscle spindle indicated by E is functions as a proprioceptor that is responsive to changes in the length of the surrounding muscle.

What is the specific function of the structure labeled E?

a reflex that results from practice is a(n) ________. reflex intrinsic acquired autonomic skilled

acquired

The perineurium ________. encloses all the fascicles to form a nerve surrounds axons and Schwann cells binds groups of fibers into bundles contains sensory neurons only

encloses all the fascicles to form a nerve

the connective tissue covering that surrounds the myelin sheaths of a neuron is the __________. endoneurium epineurium neurilemma perineurium

endoneurium

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds each axon in a nerve? endomysium endoneurium epineurium perineurium

endoneurium rationale: Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.

Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________. mechanoreceptors proprioceptors interoceptors exteroceptors

exteroceptors

receptors sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body are classified as _______. baroreceptors exteroceptors proprioceptors interoceptors

exteroceptors

nociceptors respond to what type of stimulus? touch sound vibration pain

pain

In order for you to realize there has been a sensory change, it has to reach the __________ level of processing. perceptual receptor abstraction circuit

perceptual rationale: The perceptual level is the third (final) level of neural integration in the somatosensory system. This is when you become aware of a stimulus.

Three main levels of neural integration operate in the somatosensory system. Which level involves processing in the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex? circuit level integrative level receptor level perceptual level

perceptual level rationale: Interpretation of sensory input (processing at the perceptual level) involves processing in cortical sensory areas. The ability to identify and appreciate sensations depends on the location of the target neurons in the somatosensory cortex.

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________. flexor reflex superficial reflex tendon reflex stretch reflex

stretch reflex rationale: The most familiar clinical example of a stretch reflex is the knee-jerk reflex. The overall goal of a stretch reflex is to maintain a muscle's length, and in turn maintain body position. For example, the knee-jerk reflex, during which the knee extensors contract in response to being stretched, helps keep your knees from buckling when you are standing upright.

Which of the following does NOT occur as people age? Muscle tone in the face and neck starts to decrease. Peripheral nerves die off. Sensory receptors atrophy. Reflexes occur more slowly.

Peripheral nerves die off. rationale: Actually, peripheral nerves remain viable and normally functional throughout life unless subjected to traumatic injury or ischemia.

CNS nerve fibers lack the intrinsic capacity to regenerate, while PNS nerve fibers are able to regenerate. True False

True rationale: Unlike peripheral nerve fibers, most CNS fibers never regenerate. Consequently, damage to the brain or spinal cord has been viewed as irreversible.

When you first enter a movie theater, the smell of popcorn overwhelms you. Once the movie has ended, however, you don't notice the popcorn smell. you have experienced ________. phasic sensation tonic sensation generator sensation adaptation

adaptation

Ascending pathways make up which level of sensory integration? receptor level circuit level perceptual level transduction

circuit level

quickly lifting your foot and leg after stepping on a rock is an example of ________. learned reflex intrinsic reflex voluntary action central program generator

intrinsic reflex

Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________. always mediated by the brain autonomic only rapid, predictable, and can be learned responses involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

_________ are stimulated when sound waves vibrate hair cells in the inner ear. mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors photoreceptors nociceptors

mechanoreceptors

Nerves that only carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS) are called __________. mixed nerves motor nerves sensory nerves afferent nerves

motor nerves rationale: Nerves that only carry impulses away from the CNS are motor (efferent) nerves.

The receptors for the stretch reflex are the __________. pain receptors muscle spindles tendon organs touch receptors

muscle spindles

Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. photoreceptors interoceptors proprioceptors nociceptors

nociceptors

Which receptors adapt most slowly? pressure receptors nociceptors touch receptors smell receptors

nociceptors

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only sensory information? oculomotor trigeminal olfactory abducens

olfactory rationale: A purely sensory nerve, the olfactory nerve carries afferent impulses for the sense of smell.

Somatic reflexes activate __________. cardiac muscle smooth muscle glands skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ________. reticular formation thalamus pons medulla

thalamus

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors? the number of dendritic endings present structural complexity the type of stimulus they detect location

the number of dendritic endings present rationale: The number of dendritic endings present is not a way of classifying sensory receptors.

Which of the following characteristics is representative of receptor-level processing, NOT perceptual-level processing? detection magnitude transduction spatial discrimination

transduction rationale: Transduction is converting a stimulus into a nervous signal; this happens at the receptor level.