Ch. 14 Test: Lesson Review, Study Guide, and critical thinking

Why was the Peace of Westphalia important?

. It recognized the permanent division of Western Europe into Catholic and Protestant nations.

What role did religious missionaries play in the Reformation?

After the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church put increasing energy into helping it's orders send missions are in the world. Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits were among the catholic orders that performed missionary work. They played the role of converting people to spreading Christianity.

What about the Reformation was most threatening to the Catholic Church?

Because Luther believed that the Bible was the only source of religious truth, people read the Bible in different ways which led to to many different interpretations. Also Henry founded the Anglican Church which kept most Catholic beliefs but rejected the power of the pope.

Why did many Protestant religions develop?

Because Lutherism, Anglicanism, and Calvinism all connected to Protestantism

What is the relationship between the distribution of religions in Europe and the Americas?

Both maps have the Roman Catholic spreading the most religion.

How was much of the Church's money spent?

Buildings, art, to make people live great. Little money was spent on helping people.

According to John Calvin, what effects did good works have on a Christians chances for salvation?

Calvin argued that Christians could do nothing to earn salvation. God has chosen people for salvation even before they were born. This ideas was called predestination.

In what ways were Calvin's view of salvation different and the same as Luther's?

Calvin thought that people could do nothing to earn salvation because God had chosen people before they were born. Luther thought that you Gould earn salvation.

What impact of the Reformation have on the religious geography of the Americas?

Catholic Aries missionaries worked hard to convert Native Americans. Because Native Americans did not fully abandon their native religions, a blending of culture often occurred. Still, Catholic missionaries found many new converts. And Catholicism came to dominate Central and South America. Protestant- east coast of America

What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg?

Charles V was very powerful and in 1521 he made Luther an outlaw. But his control over the empire was limited. In Germany, many Lutheran princes went to war against Charles. Germany's Lutheran and Catholic princes eventually met in 1555 and agreed to a peace treaty known as the Peace of Augsburg.

According to the Inquisition authorities, what justified their actions?

Church officials used intimidation, and sometimes torture to get people to confess their sins.

How did the Luther's ideas about religious truth threaten the church?

Church officials were selling indulgences to finance Saint peters Cathedral in Ro Church officials were selling indulgences to finance Saint peters cathedral in Rome. Luther disapproved and wrote out all of his disputes with the church in his 95 thesis. The theses where ideas that Luther wanted to debate, such as the selling of indulgences. German princes who stayed loyal to the Church agreed to unite against Luther's ideas. Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the agreement.

What were some of the church practices that reformers spoke out against from the 14th through the 16th centuries?

During the 14th and 15th centuries, a number of important reformers spoke out against Church practices. In England, a philosopher and priest named John Wycliffe (1330-1384) called for Church reform. He questioned the pope's rights to levy taxes and to appoint Church officials without the king's approval. Dutch priest and scholar Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) urged people to pursue a Christian faith, he criticized Church officials for neglecting Christian values. But he also criticized reformers for trying to divide the Church. As a result, he was not fully trusted by either side. The work of him and other Renaissance humanists would have a strong influence in n Martin Luther, the man who started the 16th-century movement known as the Reformation.

When Might Catholic missionaries have had more success finding converts than Protestant missionaries did?

During the 16th century, the Catholic church put particular emphasis on using missionaries to spread their faith. These missions would have a great success in the Americas. Until the 19th century, Protestantism spent most successfully by European protestants settling overseas. Once there, they did little to convert local people.

What major change had taken place in Europe by 1700s?

Europe was divided along religious lines and would never be under one church again.

What belief drove mission work for the Catholic Church?

Franciscans,Dominicans, and Jesuits

What is the origin of the word Protestant?

German princes who remained loyal to the Church agreed to unite against Luther's ideas. Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the agreement. The protest earned them the name Protestants.against Luther's ideas. Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the agreement. The protest earned them the name Protestants.

How would missionaries benefit for a more direct route to Asia?

Goods from East Asia came to Europe through the established Muslim traders in southwest Asia. As a result European traders began searching for direct trade routes to Eastern Asia, and missionaries went with them

Why did Erasmus fail to gain full support from the church's reformers?

He criticized Church officials for neglecting Christian values and criticized reformers for trying to divide the Church. As a result, he was not fully trusted by either side.

What did John Wycliffe question?

He questioned the pope's right to levy taxes and to appoint Church officials without the king's approval.

How did the Great Schism weaken the Church?

In 1378, the two sides split, the Great Schism, and elected different popes. Each pope demanded obedience from the faithful , and excommunicated or excluded from the Church, the rival pope's followers. This caused confusion and doubt among Christians and weakened the Church.

What was the major difference between the Catholic Church and the early Church of England?

Instead of the Pope being in charge it is the King and Queen of England. And instead of the language English the language is Latin.

How did the invention of the printing press affect the Reformation?

It helped spread Luther's ideas. It was becoming cheaper and the printing shops were more common. Europeans could read, and printers produced an increasing variety of works in vocal languages.

What were some of the ideas that Luther wanted to debate?

Luther's ideas led to a conflict with the Catholic Church. The conflict began in 1517 in Wittenberg, Germany. Church officials were selling indulgences to finance Saint Peter's Cathedral in Rome. Luther disapproved and wrote out all his disputes with the Church in his Ninety-Five Thesis. These theses were ideas that Luther wanted to debate such as the selling of indulgences. Luther's ideas included; 1. The Bible is the only source of religious truth. 2. People do not need the clergy to interpret the Bible. 3. Salvation can be gained only through faith in Christ.

What event was considered the start of the Reformation?

Martin Luther's 95 Theses is put on the Church door.

What areas of Europe remained Catholic and what areas became Protestant?

New Spain, Portuguese Brazil, New Spain, New Spain, New France All the British colonies.

Where were the first Protestant settlements established in the Americas?

North American east coast

How did peasants use Luther's ideas to support their revolts?

Peasants across Europe were complaining more about economic and social things than religious things. But they thought that Luther's ideas of individual freedom meant that their protests had God's support. So, peasants used Luther's ideas to justify revolts.

How did reformers interpret the sale of indulgences?

Reformers also objected to the sale of indulgences. Sometimes indulgences were sold as if they were a pardon for sin, and people bought these thinking they could avoid punishment in the afterlife. Reformers were enraged that the hierarchy of the Church appeared to allow people to believe they could buy their way into heaven.

How did the growing of national states affect the papacy?

Some monarchs grew powerful enough to force the church to support their policies. The French king used his political power to have Clement to force the church to support their policies. The French king used his political power to have Clement V elected pope. Two years later, the pope moved the center of the church to Avignon. After the move to Avignon, most of the popes where French. This made other Europeans, and many church officials, feel that the French King was controlling The pope. This resulted in a struggle for control of the pope. Because they were so powerful they could control what the pope does.

Why did William Tyndale translate the Bible into English?

Some reformers believed the Anglican Church should reject Catholic beliefs and practices completely. A reformer, William Tyndale, worked on an English translation of the New Testament.

How did the Reformation influence the Catholic missionary movement?

The Catholic Church put emphasis on using missionaries to spread its faith around the world during the 16th century. These missionaries would have great success in the Americas.

What was the result of the Counter Reformation?

The Council of Trent, Jesuits, and the Inquisition

How does the protestants influenced the development of democratic practices?

The Protestant practice of Church self-government helped the development of democratic practices. They show democracy, power to people. They gives people power. Catholic Church is not democratic.

What did Luther believe about salvation?

The assurance of salvation by letters of pardon is vain, even though .... the Pope himself, were to stake his soul upon it.

How would monarchs of other countries veiw thw pope's move to France?

The growth of national states weakened the power of the church so some monarchs grew powerful enough to dorce the churvh to support their politics

How did people feel about paying taxes to Rome?

The medieval Church became an enormous institution. The Church leaders needed lots of money to maintain such a big institution. Critics and reformers were angered by some of the ways in which the Church earned and spent its money. Many Europeans, especially those who lived outside Italy, disliked paying taxes to the Church in Rome. They were also upset that the Church paid no taxes on its vast landholdings.

Why did Catholic missionaries achieve little success in Eastern Asia?

There were many more converts to Islam in South Asia than to Catholicism. Catholic missionaries did convert many Japanese people. The Japanese militaries leader forced Japanese Christians to either give up their foreign faith or to be killed.

What shared goal did Catholics and Protestants have?

They both had missionaries that they wanted to grow.

How did the views of Reformers change over the years?

They changed because of the way they get money

What enabled the Jesuits to be successful in spreading the Catholic faith across Asia, Africa, and the Americas?

They studied languages so they would have tools to spread Catholicism across Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

In what ways did the Puritan idea of covenant influence concepts of government?

This led to the belief that Christians could agree to join together and voluntarily form a church. This democratic view of church membership would have political results. These same people could join together and voluntarily form a government.

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

When high-level Church officials gathered they wanted to clarify how Catholic faith differed from Protestantism.

What advantages did the Catholic Church have when beginning the Counter Reformation?

When many high level church officials gathered together, the counter reformation, they met to reform and define the Catholic belief system. This was an advantage because they were looking at the Catholic Church. They mentioned that truth also came from church tradition. The Church made use of the Inquisition and the Church officials used intimidation or even torture to force people to confess their sins. By the end of the Counter Reformation reformers had breathed new life into the Church which began the next century in a powerful position.

How did the Council of Trent make the Catholic Church stronger?

When the high-level Church officials came together to reform and define the Catholic belief system.